Journal of Science and Inclusive Development (JSID)
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Evaluation of food barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties on yield and yield components at different rates of blended nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and boron fertilizer rates at Kechi, Southern Ethiopia
Get PDFBarley is an important cereal crop in Ethiopia, accounting for nearly 25% of the total production. However, the trend of food barley production in the area has been declining for the past few years. The major production constraints for food barley production in Ethiopia, including the study area, are soil acidity and soil fertility. As a result, a field experiment was carried out during the 2019/20 cropping season at Wolaita Sodo University's Kechi testing site with the objective of evaluating the response of food barley varieties to NPSB fertiliser rates. Three food barley varieties (HB 1307, EH 1493, and local cultivar) and five NPSB fertiliser rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg/ha) were used in the treatments. The treatments were combined in a factorial design and laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data for yield and yield related parameters were recorded during the specific phenological stage of the crop. The results revealed that days to heading and maturity were prolonged for all varieties as NPSB rates increased, with the longest days to heading and maturity recorded for variety BH 1307 at a NPSB rate of 200 kg/ha. At a NPSB fertiliser rate of 200 kg/ha, variety EH 1493 had the tallest plant heights and the longest spike length. The highest number of seeds per spike was observed for variety EH1493 at an NPSB rate of 150 kg/ha, whereas the highest TSW was seen for variety EH1493 at an NPSB rate of 100 kg/ha. The greatest biomass yield was obtained from variety BH 1307 at an NPSB fertiliser rate of 200 kg/ha, and the highest grain yield was observed for variety EH 1493 at an NPSB rate of 100 kg/ha. This result revealed that varieties EH 1493 and BH 1309 showed superior performance with better grain over local cultivars at NPSB fertiliser rates of 100 kg/ha. Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that this blended NPSB application rate is superior for the production of food barley in the study area.  
An analysis of causal relationship between economic growth, exports, and imports in Ethiopia: Toda Yamamoto Approaches
Get PDFThere has been economic growth associated with the increase in exports. Even though figures show a correlation between exports and economic growth in Ethiopia, they cannot guarantee that the export sector has been supporting the Ethiopian economy's double-digit growth rate. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify whether there is a short-run or longrun causal relationship between imports, exports, and economic growth. A multivariate Granger causal framework and time series data (1988–2021) were employed. The Johansen Cointegration test is used to determine the presence of a co-integrating vector in the variables. Accordingly, there is a long-run relationship between economic growth, exports, and imports. In the study, the Granger Causality and Toda Ymamoto tests revealed that there is a long run bidirectional causal relationship between imports and economic growth (GDP), as well as a unidirectional causal relationship between economic growth (GDP) and exports in the long-run. This indicates that exports and imports cause economic growth both individually and jointly, lending support to export or import growth. Individual granger economic growth causes imports in both directions. That means GDP granger causes imports, and import granger causes GDP. As a result, the researchers conclude that in Ethiopia, there is a dynamic relationship between imports, exports, and economic growth. To boost Ethiopia's economic growth and development, the government should develop export-led policies and ensure a higher level of exports
The effect of inclusion of fish waste meal on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken
Get PDFThis research was carried out with the aim of assessing the effect of incorporating fish waste meal as a substitute for soybean on the growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. A total of 180 day-old broiler chicks of the Cobb-500 strain were used in this study. They had an average initial body weight of 41.36 ± 0.5 g. The chicks were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments, with three replications per treatment. Each replicate consisted of 15 chicks, and a completely randomized design (CRD) was used. The four broiler starter and finisher diets that were tested contained different levels of fish waste meal (FWM), specifically: 0% (T1), 7% (T2), 13.5% (T3), and 20% (T4). The daily DM, crude protein (CP), and metabolizable energy (ME) intakes of broilers were highly significant (P < 0.001) during the starter, finisher, and entire experimental periods. During the starter, finisher, and entire period, broilers in the T4, T3, and T2 groups had significantly better daily DM intake (P < 0.05). The daily CP intake of broilers in T4 and T3 had significantly better CP intake (P < 0.005) than the control group (T1) during the finisher and entire phase. Similarly, improved ME intake and BW gain (P < 0.05) were observed in T4, T3 and T2 during the finisher phase and the entire experimental period. The FCR of broilers fed FWM in the diets was considerably lower (P < 0.05) than the control group during the finisher and entire phase. The eviscerated carcass yield, breast, and drum-thigh weight were significantly better (P < 0.05) in FWM treatment diet groups compared to the control group. There is a significant decline (P < 0.05) in the weight of abdominal fat in T4 and T3 compared to the control group. Including 20% FWM in broilers' diets has resulted in a lower feed cost per kg of BW gain and the highest net return (NR) and marginal rate of return (MRR) than T3, T2, and control T1. Therefore, incorporating fish waste meal at 20% has improved DM intake, body weight gain performance, carcass yield, and is economically viable for broiler production
Floristic composition and diversity of epiphytes in Farante Forest, Sodo Zuria District, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Get PDFAlthough epiphytes play a significant role in the functioning of forest ecosystems, their ecological importance has often given less attention. The objective of this study was to assess the floristic composition and diversity of epiphytes in the Farante Forest. A total of sixty (25m x 25m) plots/quadrates were systematically laid. They were laid on the line transacts that were established in the Farante forest for vegetation for data collection. Phorophytes’ vertical structure, diameter at breast height, bark texture, abundance of epiphytes and phorophytes, and elevation of each plot were collected as data. Voucher specimens of both epiphytes and phorophytes were collected for identification in the national herbarium of Ethiopia. Twenty-six (26) vascular epiphytes belonging to 22 genera and 10 families were recorded in Farante Forest. Polypodiaceae was the most abundant family. Acacia abyssinica, Ficus vasta, and Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata harbored the highest species richness of epiphytes. The relative distribution of epiphytes on the vertical structure of the phorophyte indicated 37% on the trunk, 36% on the canopy, and 27% on the base. The relative distribution of epiphytes on the texture of the phorophyte indicates 63% on a rough texture and 37% on a smooth texture. A significant (p = 0.002) and positive correlation (r = 0.96) were observed in the abundance of epiphytes and the size of the DBH of phorophytes. The diversity and evenness of epiphytes were 3.01 and 0.924, respectively, in the forest. The finding, therefore, confirmed the dominance of a few epiphytes harbored by a few host species, the highest epiphyte composition in the trunk zone, and the rough bark of phorophytes
Urban development and associated cultural heritage management practices: Evidence from the World Heritage Site of Lalibela, Ethiopia
Get PDFThe recent urban development policy discourse highlights the integration of urban development features and the cultural heritage management approach. Further, there is limited study on the existing serious concerns regarding proper heritage management and urban development matters. Therefore, this study was aimed at examining urban development and associated cultural heritage management practises using evidence from the World Heritage Site of Lalibela, Ethiopia. Both quantitative and qualitative exploratory research designs were used to conduct the study. Data were collected using a questionnaire from 126 heritage stakeholders. Data were also supplemented through key informant interviews and focus group discussions with 69 heritage stakeholders. Moreover, 47 years of land use- land cover change detection data were used to analyse urban development patterns. The finding revealed that the World Heritage Site is affected by the rapid population growth and urban expansion that have been observed in the last four decades and above. The processes also contribute to and aggravate the physical deterioration of the cultural heritage. Therefore, failure to monitor the urban expansion directly affects cultural heritage management practises. The implication of the result confirmed that urban development features and the cultural heritage management approach need urgent concern so as not to put the values and properties of the world heritage site at risk
Determination of metals in fresh cow's milk under different feeding regime in Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia
Get PDFMilk is an important food in the human diet, both in its original form and in various dairy products. Feed is one of the sources of accumulation of heavy metals in milk and determining these elements in milk under different feed types is vital. Thus, this study was conducted to determine some selected metals in the fresh milk of two cow groups: grass-eaters; and "frushka" (wheat bran) and grass-eaters in Wolaita Sodo Zuriya woreda, southern Ethiopia. Eighteen milk samples were collected from both cow groups in three representative kebeles. Before the sample analysis, the working procedure was optimized, and the determination of metals was made by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The percentage recoveries of the metals were in the range of 83.3% to 118%. The ranges of the concentrations (in mg/l) of the metals on a dry weight basis are magnesium (Mg) (130.72 – 164.26), calcium (Ca) (627.95 – 847.70), iron (Fe) (1.43 – 2.40) and Zinc (Zn) (2.85 – 5.53). Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were below the detection limit. There is a significant difference in the mean concentrations of the detected metals between the milk samples from three kebeles and under two feeding regimes. According to the findings, fresh milk is rich in calcium and magnesium and has better zinc and iron content. In most cases, the metal concentration in milk obtained from "frushka" and grass-eating cows is greater than that of grassonly eaters
Determination of fluoride levels and other selected physico-chemical properties in drinking water from the Duguna Fango district of Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia
Get PDFIn Ethiopia, most people use rivers, wells, and springs for drinking and other related purposes without any form of treatment. This study aimed to determine the levels of fluoride and other selected physico-chemical properties of drinking water sources in the Duguna Fango district, southern Ethiopia. Thirteen water samples were collected from different sites in Duguna Fango. The determination of the fluoride level was done by a fluoride ion-selective electrode. All other selected physico-chemical properties were measured by the standard method. Then, the results were compared with those of the specified standardized limits prescribed by appropriate organizations such as WHO (World Health Organization) and ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research). The fluoride content was found to be between 1.14 and 4.71 mg/L, confirming that its level was exceeding the permissible limit. The average values of pH (6.32, 6.77, and 7.29); total solids (121.6, 123, and 137.89 mg/L); total hardness (186.27, 248.07, and 215.11 mg/L); and total suspended solids (103, 92.6, and 115.11 mg/L) for spring, tap, and well water samples, respectively, were found to be within the acceptable range. On the other hand, measured values of temperature (28.6, 25.3, and 31.8 0C), turbidity (30.89, 11.15, and 17.18 NTU), electrical conductivity (2280.33, 1799.53, and 2763.33 μS/cm), total dissolved solids (989.33, 735.53, and 1933.56mg/L) and total alkalinity (230.93, 221.93, and 269.67 mg/L) in spring, tap, and well water samples, respectively. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that water in the study area is not potable without removing impurities
EFL Teachers’ and Students’ Beliefs in Teaching and Learning English Speaking Skills in the Multilingual Classrooms: Teachers and First Year Students at Wolkite University in Focus
Get PDFThis study aimed to investigate EFL teachers’ and first year students’ beliefs in teaching and learning English speaking skills in the multilingual classrooms of Wolkite University. To this end, the research design employed for this study is descriptive survey design which makes use of quantitative method for data analyses. Therefore, the quantitative data were collected using a questionnaire from thirty-nine (39) teachers and two hundred fifty-one (251) students’ that were selected using simple random sampling techniques. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. The results from the qualitative data analyses revealed that the teachers and students believe that teaching and learning English speaking skills is possible in multilingual EFL classrooms provided that appropriate pedagogy which entertains the linguistic diversity is applied. The teachers and students believe that teaching and learning English speaking skills in multilingual classroom by itself has no problem, but the inclusive pedagogy will matter to address teachers’ and students’ interests towards learning considering the existing linguistic diversities. This inclusive pedagogy helps teachers to let their students practice speaking skills. To overcome the challenges of teaching and learning English speaking skills in the classroom of linguistic diversities, multilingual pedagogy that maximizes teachers’ teaching and students’ learning capacity is recommended
Diversity, disturbances and endemism of plants in Dens Natural Forest of Ankober District, Ethiopia
Get PDFThe population pressure on the vegetation of Ethiopia is not only declining the diversity, but also decreasing the endemism and forest resources by degrading land and causing the invasion of alien species. The current study was carried out to assess the diversity, endemism, and threats of Dens natural forest, which covers a total of 107 hectares. A total of 65 (20m x 20m) quadrats were laid in seven-line transects thrown from the edge of the forest using the systematic sampling method for trees and shrubs, and 325 sub-plots (1m x 1m) for herbaceous species were established at the four corners and at the center of the main quadrat. Among the five communities identified, community type 3 (Croton macrostachyus - Maytenus arbutifolia) had the highest species richness (89 species), diversity (H’=3.85) and species evenness (J=0.856). Community type 5 (Bersama abyssinica - Allophylus abyssinicus) had the least species richness (75 species), but its species diversity (H’ = 3.58) was higher than community type 2 (Podocarpus falcatus - Croton macrostachyus) (H’ = 3.54) because of higher equitability. Among the 129 plant species of Dens Forest, 10 plant species (7.8%) were identified as endemic to Ethiopia. Firewood collection (22.5%), collection of woods for house construction (21.8%) and farm instrument preparation (21.1%) were severe anthropogenic activities in the forest. Even though the endemism in Dens natural forest is lower, the diversity of Dens forest is the highest when compared with other forests
Evaluation of immune response of small ruminant flocks to ovine Pasteurellosis and Peste Des Petits Ruminants vaccines in North Shewa, Ethiopia
Get PDFThe present study was conducted to evaluate the flock immune response of small ruminants to ovine pasteurellosis Bio type A and Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccines and to determine their effects on the morbidity and mortality of animals due to ovine pasteurellosis and PPR from October 2017 to November 2019 in selected districts of the north Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. A total of 553 serum samples were collected and examined by using the Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and an indirect haemagglutination inhibition test for PPR and ovine pasteurellosis antibodies, respectively. Based on the results, the number of animals with an antibody titer of 1:10 after 28 days and six months of vaccinations of P. multocida Biotype A was 161 (93.1%) and 152 (81.7%), respectively. Also, the positive antibody level (i.e., percent of colour inhibition PI > 50) after 28 days and 12 months of PPRV vaccinations was 82 (86.3%) and 69 (69.7%), respectively. There was a statistical difference (p < 0.001) between the antibody levels after 28 days and six months of vaccination against ovine pasteurellosis and after 28 days and 12 months of vaccination (p < 0.01) for PPRV vaccines. During three consecutive years of intervention, out of a total of 2350 study animals, 500 cases (21.3%) showed respiratory signs, out of which 45 (1.9%) died. The PPR and ovine pasteurellosis vaccines applied in the field were effective in developing antibodies above the threshold herd immunity level of 80% and 70% respectively. Periodic vaccination against ovine pasteurellosis and PPR according to the epidemiology of the diseases results in a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality of small ruminants. Therefore, the current ongoing efforts to control ovine pasteurellosis and PPR of small ruminants through vaccination should be encouraged and strict sero-surveillance and monitoring of these diseases should be done side by side