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Molecular Prevalence of Anaplasma Marginale in Cattle and Identification of Rhipicephalus, Boophilus, Hyalomma, And Amblyomma Ticks from District Mirpurkhas and Hyderabad
Full text linkIntroduction: Anaplasma marginal is a rickettsial organism and is the causative agent in cattle anaplasmosis. This Parasite attacks the red blood cells after infection of sensitive bovine and is transmitted by ticks. Methodology: The study was aimed to detect Anaplasma marginale through PCR the prevalence of four genera (Rhipicephalus, Boophilus, Hyalomma, and Amblyomma) of ticks, twelve hundred animals were observed, 560 samples of blood randomly taken from cattle that possesses ticks on their body and these samples were shifted to the Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. The infected cattle exhibited clinical signs such as Temperature, decrease in appetite, nausea, and chills. The study was conducted over a period of one year from November 2020 to November 2021. Results: The results of the study showed a high rate of Anaplasma infection (88.33%) and a prevalence of ticks at Mirpurkhas. Month-wise data reveals that the maximum infection was shown in the month of June and the minimum in the month of November at District Mirpurkhas, while at Hyderabad, the month-wise data indicates the Maximum infection rate in the month of May, and the minimum infection was found in the month of November. Conclusion: Ticks collected from two districts of Mirpurkhas and Hyderabad proceeded for identification of Tick’s genus, and the mostly ticks which were infested on animals concerned with the Hyalomma genus (26.11%) Amblyomma genus (25.37%), Boophilus genus (24.62%), and Rhipicephalus genus (23.88%)
Role of Interleukin-8 with Special Progress of Atopic Dermatitis
Full text linkAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a recurrent pruritic chronic inflammatory skin disease, also known as atopic eczema and neurodermatitis sown. Its actual cause is still unknown, but association of disease progression may be related to immune system abnormalities. Many studies reported that AD lesions are linked with mainly increased no. of T lymphocytes with other inflammatory cells including monocytes, eosinophils and macrophages. T Lymphpocytes mediate inflammation and local immune response by secondary antibody production which are involved in cell-mediated immunity and delayed type hypersensitivity inflammatory reactions. IL-8 which is a proinflammatory cytokine and have high chemotactic activity on neutrophils, T lymphocytes and basophils along with activation of proinflammatory cells to perform immune functions. High expression of IL-8 was also reported in AD lesions which can cause chemotaxis, aggregation and activation of inflammatory cells. It also promotes IL-4 and IL-3 overexpression resulting in the proliferation and differentiation of mast cells which further aggravates AD. Here, in this manuscript IL-8 and related cytokines involved in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis and progression are reviewed more than spring season in dogs
Optimizing Fungicide Sprays to Tackle Powdery Mildew (Uncinula necator) At The Right Time For healthy grapes production
Full text linkIntroduction: Powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Uncinula necator, is a prevalent and harmful disease affecting grapevines, resulting in decreased fruit set and yield. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various fungicides and spray timings in managing U. necator in grape vineyards. Methods: A field trial was conducted in Pishin, Balochistan in 2020, employing a randomized complete block design with two factors: four fungicides (control, protective fungicide-Bordeaux mixture, curative fungicide-Elite 45 wp, systemic fungicide-Quintec) and four spray timings (dormant spray, bud break, one week before bloom, and berry formation). Results: The findings revealed significant variations in disease severity (PDI) among leaves, inflorescence, and bunches across different fungicides, spray timings, and their interactions. Application of the protective fungicide one week before bloom proved highly effective in preventing U. necator infection, resulting in the lowest PDI values for leaves (0.44%), inflorescence (0.67%), and bunches (0.0%). Curative fungicides sprayed at bloom stage also reduced PDI for inflorescence (2.17%) and bunches (3.56%). Systemic fungicides applied during berry formation exhibited lower PDI for inflorescence (6.44%) and bunches (4.0%) compared to other fungicides. The highest grape production (27.10 t ha-1) was achieved with the protective fungicide sprayed at bloom stage, followed by the curative fungicide at bloom stage (25.87 t ha-1). The negative and highly significant relationship (R2=0.809) between PDI of leaves and grape yield indicated that higher disease severity led to decreased yield. Conclusion: In conclusion, a protective fungicide spray before bloom, followed by a systemic fungicide spray at berry formation, effectively controls U. necator and ensures healthier and higher grape yields
Inhibitory potential of Phaseolus lunatus L. Seeds to Digestive Enzymes
Full text linkIntroduction: Study was taken with an objective to investigate the inhibitory effect of Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract on three enzymes (α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase) which are involved in diabetes. The disadvantages related with the use of synthetic drugs make it necessary to search for alternative drugs from medicinal plants. One therapeutic approach for the treatment of postprandial hyperglycaemia is to decrease the plasma glucose level which can be attained by lowering the starch hydrolysis by digestive enzymes such as α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase. The use of synthetic antidiabetic agents caused gastrointestinal side effects. Methods: Hence, the research was aimed to evaluate the potential of Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract to inhibit α-amylase, maltase and glucoamylase as a possible mechanism of hypoglycemia caused by this plant with less side effects. Phaseolus lunatus, also known as Lima bean, is native to Tropical America and are grown throughout the world. Lima bean has been prescribed traditionally to treat different diseases including diabetes. Result: The results of the present study showed that Phaseolus lunatus seeds extract have exerted both time and concentration dependent significant inhibitory effect on these digestive enzymes which might be due to cumulative effect of phytoconstituents present in the plant extract. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said that the part of mechanisms by which Phaseolus lunatus exhibited its antidiabetic activity might be through the inhibition of these digestive enzyme
Effect of Stress, Depression and Anxiety on Blood Glucose Level in Pregnant Women
Full text linkIntroduction: Pregnancy is a rollercoaster ride for a woman. With joy and excitement, there are also times of stress, anxiety, and depression. This research aims to investigate the effect of anxiety, depression and stress on blood glucose levels in pregnant women. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 123 pregnant women were included using random sampling. DASS-21 questionnaire, a validated tool, was used to determine stress, anxiety and depression. Random Blood glucose levels of the study participants were measured. The Chi-square test was used, and p values were determined. Results: Among 123 females, 56.91% (n=70) were stressed, 78.86% (n=97) were depressed, and 84.55% (n=104) were anxious. Blood glucose level was significantly higher in stressed and depressed pregnant females (X2 = 12.77, P-value = 0.0004 and X2 =5.75 0.016, P-value: 0.016 respectively). Conclusion: Stressed and depressed pregnant women were found to have higher blood glucose levels. Anxiety didn’t significantly affect blood glucose levels in pregnant females
Multiplex System: Identification of Vancomycin (Vana) And Methicillin (Meca) Resistance Genes In Staphylococcus Aureus
Full text linkIntroduction: Emergence of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) strain from different regions of the world poses a grave concern to human health. Antibiotic resistance in S. aureus is mainly because of the genetic factors which modify or disrupt their target site on bacteria. Methods: This study is focused to identify the vancomycin and methicillin resistance gene in antibiotic sensitive and resistant S. aureus. The pure cultures of S. aureus were isolated, subjected to morphological and biochemical characterization. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done to check the resistance pattern. DNA isolation was followed by genotyping of the antibiotic resistance genes (VanA and MecA) and housekeeping gene (AroE) was done through multiplex PCR method. All the strains showed the colonial, microscopic and biochemical characteristics (catalase and coagulase positive) specific for S. aureus. Results: Majority of the strains were resistant to cefixime (80 %) and least resistance was observed with fusidic acid (0%), while resistance frequency of the remaining antibiotics falls between them. All the strains showed the presence of housekeeping AroE gene with frequency of VanA is 2% and MecA is 24% which coincides with the findings of antibiotic resistance testing. For VanA, there might be other resistance genes of vancomycin cassette which confer the resistance against it. Conclusion: The study will help to discriminate the vancomycin and methicilin sensitive and resistance strains of S. aureus based on their respective genetic factors and help to validate the underlying mechanism in the acquisition of antibiotic resistance
Pathological Study On Experimental Infection With Mycoplasma Mycoides Subspecies Capri In Different Age Groups of Goats
Full text linkIntroduction: To determine clinico-pathology caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri (PG3) in goats of different age groups and antibody titers. Methods: Twenty-one goats of three age groups viz; 1, 2 and 3 years with 7 goats of each age. Goats were divided in four groups i-e; G1, G2, G3 each contain 5 goats of each age while G4 comprise 6 goats; 2 from each group. Goats in G1, G2 and G3 were infected with Mycoplasma mycoides (PG3) dose (1×107 CFU/ml/kg) whereas, G4 was kept as control. Clinical examinations were recorded at 12-h intervals. The blood samples collected were tested through cELISA and the specimen of trachea, lungs, kidney, and liver were collected at the end of experiment for gross and histopathology. Results: Temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate nasal discharge, coughing and lacrimation were noted higher in G1 compared to G2 and G3 groups. Gross pathology showed severe multifocal and diffused necrosis G1 compared to G2 and G3 groups. Histopathology showed sloughing of tracheal mucosa in all groups while hypertrophic secretary glands in G1. Lungs showed emphysema in all groups except G4. Kidneys showed glomerulonephritis while Liver showed congestion and hyperemia in all groups. cELISA, revealed the antibody titers rose from 1st to 3rd week post infection afterwards, reduced slowly. Antibody titers were higher in G1 compared to G2 and G3 groups. Conclusion: Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri (PG3) can cause infection in goats of all ages, yet the infection is more severe in young animals compared to old
The Impact of Bypass Fat on Milk Contents And Yield in Indigenous Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) of Sindh, Pakistan
Full text linkIntroduction: Buffalo and cow milk have a great affinity for strong bones, healthy teeth and in various heart diseases. The study was carried out on Kundi buffalo to assess the outcomes of bypass fat on dry matter, milk output, milk contents, body mass gain, nutrient digestibility, and production costs. Methodology: 12 buffaloes of early third and fourth lactation were selected, divided into two groups (six each) for ninety days experiment. In the test animals, additional 300 mg bypass fat was given with balance ration containing 16% of crude proteins, while in control group only balance routine ration was provided. The data was statistically evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance in a completely randomized design (CRD), and differences were assessed using a t-test. Results: The results indicated that mean values in group-A regarding the dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly elevated (P<0.05) (14.29±1.42 kg) as compared to control group (13.65 ± 2.174 kg). At the end of experiment the mean of daily milk production (7.73±1.115 liters/day) was also reported higher (P<0.05) in group-A. The milk yield of Group-A was raised up to 15.39% than the control group. Though, the buffaloes under bypass fat treatment were not found significantly higher in weight gain, but the milk contents in context of solids not fat, fat and total solids presented as P<0.05 between the treatments. Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded from the conducted study that, bypass fat can be employed to produce milk both quantitatively and qualitatively at a reasonable cost
A Comparative Analysis of Inflammatory Markers and Disease Activity Score between Seropositive and Seronegative Rheumatoid Arthritis
Full text linkIntroduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that is characterized by persistent inflammation in the joints and other tissues, leading to significant joint damage irrespective of the serogroups i.e. seropositive and seronegative RA. C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are commonly used biomarkers to monitor inflammation in RA and to inform therapeutic decision-making. Methods: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between CRP and ESR levels and the severity of disease among seronegative and seropositive patients. ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria were used to recruit RA patients in the study. Clinical assessments were performed to estimate the RF, ACCP antibodies, ESR and CRP. Swollen and tender joints were also taken into account for the calculation of disease activity score-28. Results: The results indicated that significantly elevated CRP levels were consistently observed in seropositive RA, in conjunction with seronegative RA patients (p=0.036). ESR levels were found elevated between the two groups but were not found to be statistically different (p=0.885). DAS28-CRP and DAS28-ESR results showed high severity of disease (>5.1) in both seronegative and seronegative RA patients. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight the diagnostic and prognostic significance of ESR and CRP levels in RA among seronegative and seropositive patients, particularly in differentiating seropositive and seronegative cases and in guiding therapeutic decisions
Identification of Pathogenic Variants Causes Microcephaly In Sindh Families
Full text link Introduction: The study was designed to identify the genetic mutation in families with autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH). Methodology: The present study was cross-sectional and conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad in 2017. The two families (A and B) with MCPH phenotype randomly selected from Hyderabad and Tando Adam districts respectively. Informed written consent was taken, physical parameters were measured and blood samples were collected from both families. DNA was extracted from whole blood and PCR was performed. The ASPM gene located on chromosome 1 is known to play a vital role in mitotic spindle fiber regulation during neurogenesis, and also is the most probable causative agent of microcephaly. Therefore targeted Sanger sequencing method for the ASPM gene was selected for variant identification in both families. Results: The Sanger sequencing result showed the novel missense variant (c.5841T/C; p. K1862E) in 18 exon of ASPM gene in Family A and this variant predicted as damaging in mutation tester, and provean and also exhibited deleterious in Polyphen 2 and SIFT public database. Similarly in family B we found a previously reported protein pre termination variant (c.3978G/A; p.Trp1326*) (rs137852995) in exon 17 of ASPM gene. The later mutation was most predominant cause of microcephaly in KPK families. Conclusion: Therefore it is concluded that mutation in the ASPM gene is the most prominent genetic player of Microcephaly in Pakistani families. The current study aids in the genetic analysis of MCPH phenotype families in Pakistan alongwith the counseling of MCPH families