Revistas Científicas da Universidade Católica Portuguesa
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The value of liability tests in abuses of dominance
Get PDFCurrently, there is a debate in the European Union regarding the European Commission’s approach in assessing the behaviour of dominant firms. It is argued that as digital ecosystems become more powerful, there is increasing pressure on the Commission to act against their practices, regardless of whether they meet the test established by the European Courts to find out liability. This article aims to demonstrate that the Commission’s approach, which occasionally deviates from liability tests, is legitimate, because it aligns with the effects-based notion of abuse and the teleological interpretation of treaty rules. Moreover, this article maintains that if such liability tests were unalterable, their individual components would be elevated to essential elements of the concept of abuse, which directly contradicts the current interpretation of this notion. Finally, the article asserts that the liability tests used thus far represent a collection of factual circumstances that hold substantial evidential value in demonstrating the effects of dominant firms’ practices. It however acknowledges that, while this evidential value has remained high over time, it may still vary depending on the circumstances. This is why the particular circumstances that make up the elements of these tests can be substituted with alternative circumstances, depending on the specific scenario being analysed
Justificando o injustificável: eclesiologia em contexto moderno
Get PDFA good deal of opposition to critical theory in modern theology is founded upon a defensive shift against the erosion of authority, an allegiance to the tautological grounds of justifying what ultimately cannot be justified: why I belong here, in this particular community, and not over there in another one. By being more attentive to the nature of the ‘necessary illusions’ that community must adhere to, while also learning to listen more attentively to the marginalized voices within a given community, we might be able to move beyond the rigid dualisms that typically characterize ecclesial politics (e.g. conservative versus liberal) by reducing the complexity of our identities. By engaging a Pauline philosophy of selves divided against themselves, we can locate a more viable ecclesial model that challenges current and historical notions of belonging to a community.O que constitui uma boa parte da oposição à teoria crítica na teologia moderna baseia-se numa mudança defensiva contra a erosão da autoridade, na fidelidade à tentativa tautológica de justificar o que, em última análise, não pode ser justificado: por que pertenço aqui, a esta comunidade particular, e não acolá, a uma outra. Estando mais atentos à natureza das ilusões necessárias às quais a comunidade deve aderir, ao mesmo tempo que aprendemos a ouvir mais atentamente as vozes marginalizadas dentro de uma determinada comunidade, seremos capazes de ir além dos dualismos rígidos que normalmente caracterizam a política eclesial (por exemplo, conservador versus liberal), reduzindo a complexidade das nossas identidades. Ao adotar uma filosofia paulina de um eu dividido contra si mesmo, podemos localizar um modelo eclesial mais viável que desafie as noções atuais e históricas de pertença à comunidade
Doença crónica – um conceito longínquo na ilha do Príncipe. Relato de prática: Relato de prática
Get PDFIntroduction: Between 1990 and 2019 the diagnosis of Arterial Hypertension (AH) in adults has doubled. The case of São Tomé and Príncipe (STP) stands out – is the country with the fifth highest prevalence of AH among women (48%). The pertinence of its diagnosis is related to its strong relationship with the incidence of several cardiovascular events, being the main cause of premature mortality in 2015. About the treatment, it is known that AH is only adequately controlled in about 13% of people diagnosed worldwide, and in sub-Saharan Africa a large number of people with AH are unaware of their risks, remaining undiagnosed, untreated or treated inappropriately. Aim: Screening AH in Príncipe Island and increase the health literacy of the population for this topic. Materials and methods: For 4 non-consecutive years, in periods of 2 weeks, health interventions were carried out by 2 Portuguese doctors on Príncipe Island, in STP. Interventions mainly consisted of medical consultations, with the help of basic diagnostic and assessment components, as well as teaching activities. Results: A total of 640 adults were consulted in 806 consultations, in which a prevalence of 72,3% of AH was found, with a total of 50.5% of initial diagnoses of AH. Adherence to the registered antihypertensive therapy was 25,5% overall and 36,6% in the subgroup in which the medication was instituted by us. We also identified the prevalence of 12,5% of obesity and 11,7% of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Conclusion: In a country with a high prevalence of AH, efforts are needed to prevent its existence, especially through the increase of health literacy and advice for a healthy lifestyle adapted to the local reality. On the other hand, the concept of chronic medication is not widespread in the population, and adherence to therapy is a major barrier to clinical success, aggravated by the lack of regular medical follow-up. New actions will be carried out by us with the population in order to encourage these measures.Introdução: Entre 1990 e 2019 houve uma duplicação do número de adultos com o diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial (HTA). Nestes, destaque para o caso de São Tomé e Príncipe (STP), país com a quinta maior prevalência de HTA entre mulheres (48%). A pertinência do seu diagnóstico está relacionada com a sua forte relação com a incidência de vários eventos cardiovasculares, sendo a principal causa de mortalidade prematura em 2015. Relativamente ao tratamento sabe-se que a HTA apenas é adequadamente controlada em cerca de 13% das pessoas diagnosticadas em todo o Mundo, sendo que na África subsariana grande parte das pessoas com HTA desconhece os seus riscos, permanecendo não diagnosticada, não tratada ou tratada inadequadamente. Objetivos: Rastrear a HTA na ilha do Príncipe e aumentar a literacia em saúde da população para este tema. Material e métodos: Durante 4 anos não consecutivos, em períodos de 2 semanas, foram realizadas intervenções em saúde por parte de 2 médicos portugueses na ilha do Príncipe, em STP. As intervenções consistiram sobretudo em consultas médicas, com o auxílio de componentes de diagnóstico e avaliação básicos, bem como em ações de formação.Resultados: Foram realizadas 806 consultas, a um total de 640 adultos, nos quais se constatou uma prevalência de HTA de 72,3%, com um total de 50,5% de diagnósticos inaugurais de HTA. A adesão à terapêutica anti-hipertensora registada foi de 25,5% na globalidade, tendo sido de 36,6% no subgrupo em que a medicação foi instituída pela equipa médica. De referir ainda a prevalência de 12,5% de obesidade e de 11,7% de diabetes mellitus tipo II.Conclusão: Num país com uma elevada prevalência de HTA são necessários esforços no sentido de prevenir a sua existência, sobretudo através do aumento da literacia em saúde e de aconselhamentos para um estilo de vida saudável adequados à realidade local. Por outro lado, o conceito de medicação crónica não está enraizado na população, sendo a adesão à terapêutica uma grande barreira no sucesso clínico, agravado pela inexistência de um seguimento médico regular. Serão protagonizadas novas ações junto da população no sentido de fomentar essas medidas
Relatório de estágio no Hospital São Francisco do Porto
Get PDFIn this article that is part of the special issue in honor of Mr. Professor Alexandre Castro Caldas, I present my experience and subsequent reflection on one of the optional subjects of the second year of the Faculty of Medicine of the Catholic University of Portugal in which I had the opportunity to have an internship of observational at Hospital São Francisco do Porto.Neste artigo que intrega o número especial de homenagem ao Sr. Professor Doutor Alexandre Castro Caldas apresento a minha experiência e posterior reflexão numa das disciplinas opcionais do segundo ano da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Católica Portuguesa na qual tive a oportunidade de ter um estágio de cariz observacional no Hospital São Francisco do Porto
Instructions and Reflections on How to Play with Time: an Illustrated Story Around the Futuroscopio
No full textThis contribution delves into the philosophy and design process behind Futuroscopio, a tabletop roleplay game aimed at recovering the players’ agency to transform their present. The article charts the multiple prototypes and insights gained along its iterative development across manifold scenarios. Upon assessment, Futuroscopio emerged as a tool fostering exploration, collaboration, and dialogue, adept at addressing weighty subjects while maintaining players’ engagement. Aligned with Farnè’s Pedagogy of Play, this experience embodies the two fundamental states of education: a spontaneous immersion in natural chaos and a structured reflective process that leads players to learn what they need at their own pace. The conclusions point into an unexplored territory, where play is not limited to basic education, but entails an open attitude for discovery across multiple professional fields, therefore transversal to disciplinary thinking; where games act as provocations to imagine alternative scenarios and transform our present into better possible places
Inovação controlada ou autónoma? A visão dos diretores sobre os planos de inovação
Get PDFThis paper reports on findings from a study focusing on the Portuguese principals’ views of the Innovation Plans. Data are drawn from a broader 3-year research project which included, in the first phase, semi-structured interviews (n=25) and, in the second phase, a survey (n=379) with principals from public schools in mainland Portugal (N=809). Findings point to a critical view on the part of the school principals regarding the policy initiative which they associate with a controlled and instrumentalist innovation. The participants spoke of the parameters setting up from above which is subject to a normative and bureaucratic scrutiny, establishing a priori what counts or does not count as innovation. Conversely, principals refer to a perspective of innovation which is informal and inorganic focused on the classroom context. Findings show the paradoxes of innovation, particularly the design of the policy initiative and its designation, and also aspects related to its implementation which is incompatible with a bottom-up and autonomous innovation.Neste artigo apresentam-se resultados de um estudo que incidiu na perspetiva dos diretores acerca dos Planos de Inovação. Os dados decorrem de um projeto de investigação mais amplo que envolveu, numa primeira fase, entrevistas semiestruturadas (n=25) e, numa segunda fase, um inquérito por questionário (n=379) a diretores de estabelecimentos de ensino públicos de Portugal continental (N=809). Os resultados apontam para uma visão crítica por parte dos diretores em relação à medida, que associam a uma inovação controlada e instrumentalista, cujos parâmetros são superiormente definidos e sujeitos a um escrutínio sobretudo normativo e burocrático, que delimita a priori o que pode ou não pode constituir inovação. A esta medida contrapõe-se a uma perspetiva mais informal e inorgânica com foco na sala de aula. Os dados evidenciam os paradoxos da inovação, destacando-se, concretamente, o desenho da medida, incluindo a própria designação, e aspetos ligados ao seu processo de implementação, o qual é incompatível com uma lógica instituinte e autónoma
How to protect the patent right in a standardization context—property rule or liability rule?
Get PDFHigh transaction costs are involved in the SEPs licensing process, and the FRAND policy essentially represents a collaborative effort by SSO members to reduce such costs. In order to facilitate the SEPs licensing process, the law must operate in a way that promotes the effective implementation of the FRAND cooperation mechanism. To achieve this goal, appropriate remedies for SEPs matter significantly. According to the transaction cost theory, SEPs should be protected by the property rule rather than the liability rule, and the parties’ subjective fault demonstrated during the negotiation process is not the deciding factor for the issuance of an injunction, but merely a factor to be considered when determining the amount of damages. The eBay ruling provided factors to identify the appropriate remedies to reduce transaction costs for patent licensing, which do not consider the subjective fault of both parties. The problem with the application of the eBay rule in FRAND-related cases currently by U.S. courts is that it links subjective fault to the issuance of an injunction inappropriately. The EU addressed the issue under the competition law perspective; however, it improperly expanded the scope of antitrust law regulating FRAND-related issues, rigidly linking the issuance of an injunction to the party’s subjective fault. The court’s definition of subjective fault is constantly changing, which means that the number of FRAND-related disputes will continue to increase. The scope of antitrust law applicable to FRAND disputes should be limited; in this case, the German courts established an appropriate standard in the Orange Book Standards
