Revistas Científicas da Universidade Católica Portuguesa
Not a member yet
13577 research outputs found
Sort by
A suspensão da execução da pena de prisão no regime geral das infrações tributárias – o dever de imposição obrigatória de pagamento do imposto devido e acréscimos legais
Full text linkThe legislator has enshrined in the RGIT a special regime of a substitution penalty for the suspension of execution of the sentence, which consists of the provision of a single mandatory modality of suspension of the imposition of predetermined duties, in a typical and exhaustive manner, in addition to the mandatory imposition of a specific pecuniary duty in a predetermined amount. In this study, from a dogmatic and jurisprudential perspective, including the case law of the Constitutional Court, this controversial regime is analysed when it enshrines the mandatory imposition of ‘payment of the tax instalment and legal increases’ and ‘the amount of benefits unduly obtained’. Thus, it should be emphasised that the suspension of the penalty, by virtue of the content of the obligation to impose it, is configured as a fixed penalty with a preponderantly reparative substitution. In order to conclude, with regard to the fixed nature of the penalty, that the rule is unconstitutional and that there is a need for a legislative change, so that the suspension of the penalty also includes, in order to satisfy the legitimate demands for reparation in this domain, the mandatory imposition of the duty to pay an amount, to be determined by the judge, that takes into account the tax due and unpaid.O legislador consagra, no RGIT, um regime especial de pena de substituição de suspensão da execução da pena, que consiste na previsão de uma modalidade única obrigatória de suspensão de imposição de deveres pré-determinados, de forma típica e taxativa, além disso de imposição obrigatória de um específico dever pecuniário numa quantia pré-determinada. Neste estudo, aprecia-se, de uma perspetiva dogmática e jurisprudencial, incluída a jurisprudência do Tribunal Constitucional, este regime, objeto de controvérsia, quando consagra a imposição obrigatória do «pagamento da prestação tributária e acréscimos legais» e «do montante dos benefícios indevidamente obtidos». Assim, destaca-se que, a suspensão da pena, mercê do conteúdo que lhe confere o dever a impor, está configurada como uma pena fixa de substituição preponderantemente reparadora. Para se concluir, quanto à fixidez da pena, pela inconstitucionalidade da norma nesse segmento e pela necessidade de uma alteração legislativa, no sentido de a suspensão da pena incluir, também para satisfazer as exigências, legítimas, de reparação, neste domínio fiscal, a imposição obrigatória do dever de pagamento de uma quantia, a determinar pelo juiz, que tivesse em conta o imposto devido e não pago
Absolución y reconciliación en la tradición de la Iglesia. Del pasado a los desafíos del presente
Full text linkThis article presents the sacrament of penance or reconciliation in the context of the theological tradition of the Church. Through a historical- theological approach, the study analyzes the evolution of the sacrament, its transformations, and the different emphases in the configuration of essential and non-essential elements. It also addresses some of the challenges that have emerged in recent years, which require reflection to ensure that the sacrament remains accessible to contemporary individuals. The article concludes that the sacrament of reconciliation holds significant potential to promote personal and social transformation. By adapting to contemporary realities – such as digitalization and the need to renew the focus on the communal dimensions of sin and forgiveness – the Church can revitalize its practice without compromising its theological integrity. The study highlights the possibility of aligning sacramental practice with contemporary concerns such as justice, social peace, and digital ethics, making the sacrament more accessible and relevant to today’s believers.Este artículo presenta el sacramento de la penitencia o reconciliación en el contexto de la tradición teológica de la Iglesia. A través de un enfoque histórico-teológico, el estudio analiza la evolución del sacramento, sus transformaciones y los diferentes acentos en la configuración de elementos esenciales y no esenciales. Presenta, además, algunas de las problemáticas −o desafíos− surgidas estos años sobre las que habría que reflexionar para que el sacramento siga siendo accesible para los hombres y las mujeres de hoy. Concluye que el sacramento de la reconciliación posee un potencial significativo para promover la transformación personal y social. Al adaptarse a las realidades modernas −como la digitalización y la necesidad de renovar el énfasis en las dimensiones comunitarias del pecado y el perdón− la Iglesia puede revitalizar su práctica sin comprometer su integridad teológica. El estudio destaca la posibilidad de alinear la práctica sacramental con preocupaciones contemporáneas como la justicia, la paz social y la ética digital, haciendo el sacramento más accesible y relevante para los creyentes actuales
‘Forgiving what is in fact unforgivable’: systematic-theological perspectives on a soteriopraxis of hope
Full text linkHow is it possible to forgive the unforgivable? Against the backdrop of experiences of clerical abuse of children, youth and women, this essay starts from systematic theological perspectives to explore paths towards a soteriopraxis of hope. The philosophical foundations of Paul Ricoeur\u27s theory of memory and Jürgen Moltmann\u27s theology of hope are guiding principles of this article.¿Cómo es posible perdonar lo imperdonable? Con el telón de fondo de las experiencias de abuso clerical de niños/as, jóvenes y mujeres, este ensayo parte de perspectivas teológicas sistemáticas para explorar caminos hacia una soteriopraxis de la esperanza. Los fundamentos filosóficos de Paul Ricoeur en su teoría de la memoria y la teología de la esperanza de Jürgen Moltmann son principios rectores de la reflexión en el artículo siguiente.How is it possible to forgive the unforgivable? Against the backdrop of experiences of clerical abuse of children, youth and women, this essay starts from systematic theological perspectives to explore paths towards a soteriopraxis of hope. The philosophical foundations of Paul Ricoeur’s theory of memory and Jürgen Moltmann’s theology of hope are guiding principles of this article
Balancing competition authorities’ investigative powers and fundamental rights in the EU legal order
Full text linkCompetition authorities across the European Union wield extensive investigative powers in enforcing antitrust laws. These powers – including dawn raids, home searches and document seizures – can impinge upon fundamental rights such as privacy, the inviolability of the home, legal privilege, the right to communications and secrecy, and fair trial guarantees. This article examines how EU law seeks to balance effective antitrust enforcement with the protection of fundamental rights, analysing key jurisprudence from the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU), the General Court, and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), and the increasing tension with national constitutional defences. It discusses the evolution of this balance from early permissive approaches to more recent decisions that impose stricter safeguards on investigative practices. A comparative perspective is provided through the lens of several Member States – Portugal, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain – illustrating diverse national approaches and constitutional constraints in implementing EU competition law. The article further explores the rule of law principle, the doctrine of national procedural autonomy, and the convergence between the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), to conclude that uncovering cartels and abuses of dominance shall not come at the expense of Europe’s foundational commitment to fundamental rights and the rule of law
What does “by object”, in effect, mean? In search for the ultimate determination criterion
Full text linkThis article is dedicated to an EU competition law evergreen – by object restrictions. The CJEU established in its early case law that Article 101(1) TFEU (or its predecessors) could be infringed by restricting competition (i) by object or (ii) by effect. Once the former is present, the latter does not have to be. In other words, if an agreement restricts competition by object, it is superfluous to analyse and prove the actual restrictive effects on competition. The concept seems simple, yet it is far from it. As many other concepts, the concept of by object restrictions has developed with time. We believe that the last dozen of years has shown a particularly interesting development; recent judgements, delivered in 2023 and 2024, being no exception. It seems that the borderline between by object and by effect restriction is getting blurred and the whole concept of by object restriction more elusive, to the detriment of public as well as private enforcement of competition law. Thus, this article asks: which criteria are used in classification of a restriction as a by object one? Is there any ultimate criterion which is the most decisive in the classification process? In order to answer the questions, the article dives into case law on restrictions of competition by object. A qualitative analysis of selected (landmark) cases from Allianz Hungaria (2013) to recent judgements is conducted. The factual background of the analysed cases is presented briefly. The focus of the analysis is on the identification of criteria used by the CJEU when determining whether a restriction of competition is a by object one. The CJEU often repeats the same criteria, however, in certain cases it also adds new criteria which may (but not always are) repeated in the subsequent case law. Therefore, the qualitative analysis leads to the identification of a spectrum of criteria. Moreover, since the analysis is qualitative and not merely statistic, it also leads to the answer to the question what is, pursuant to the CJEU, the essential criterion in determination of whether a competition is restricted by object
The extra-capitalist potential of intimate cooking: Tracing practices of eating and cooking
Full text linkIn this paper, I present intimate cooking as an extra-capitalist and relational practice. Intimate cooking is the nourishing act of cooking and sharing meals between close relationships (familial, platonic or otherwise), often involving recipes that hold deep personal or familiar resonance. I argue that this practice offers a differing perspective of daily practice that is not beholden to the logic of capitalism: including our understandings of standardised time, reproducibility, commodification, and labour. My analysis places observations of the rhythms, atmospheres, and experience of intimate cooking in conversation with theory on cooking and everyday practice from scholars including Ben Highmore, Elizabeth Freeman, Sara Ahmed, and Nancy Fraser. I will explore the ways time and labour—often associated with capitalist logics—work differently through the practice of intimate cooking, and the political implications of these differences. I discuss how the temporalities of intimate cooking orient toward slower and unmeasured time, unlike the highly efficient and timed rhythms of the cooking industry. I also delve into care labour, which both diverges from capitalist logics of labour by fitting within economies of relation and gift-giving, while also being vulnerable to exploitation as undervalued domestic labour propping up traditional labour economies. Throughout my analysis, I position intimate cooking and eating as an aesthetic experience and practice that builds relational bonds with the resulting meals becoming a material representation of collectivity outside of capitalist logic.
Food and ethics: How German far-right defend their dietary ideology in times of climate change
Full text linkThis article examines how the German far right – specifically the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) and die Heimat – instrumentalizes food politics to advance ideological narratives amid contemporary debates on climate change. While these parties present themselves as defenders of “ordinary people” against environmental “hysteria,” their rhetoric surrounding food, purity, and health reveals deep continuities with historical fascist thought. Through a qualitative analysis of Facebook posts, party documents, and far-right media, the study shows how concerns about pesticides, synthetic meat, insect-based foods, and halal/kosher practices are reframed as threats to the purity of the German nation and its soil. This food discourse is intertwined with broader themes of anti-elitism, climate denialism, ethnopluralism, and masculinist identity politics. Drawing on the historical precedent of Nazi dietary propaganda – which linked plant-based eating, bodily purity, and racial superiority – the article highlights how contemporary actors selectively adopt ecological language to legitimize xenophobic and exclusionary agendas. While die Heimat occasionally draws on a vegan tradition rooted in Aryan purity myths, the AfD emphasizes meat as a cultural asset tied to national identity and male strength, even as both parties claim to champion animal welfare. The study shows that far-right food politics function simultaneously as lifestyle guidance, coded extremist messaging, and a strategic tool for mainstream appeal. Ultimately, it argues that dietary discourse provides the far right with a subtle yet powerful means to normalize eco-fascist ideology under the guise of health, tradition, and environmental concern.
A utilização em processo penal dos meios de prova recolhidos nas investigações internas empresariais
Full text linkIn the context of privatisation of criminal proceedings and the growing importance of compliance programmes, the problem arises as to whether evidence obtained through internal corporate investigations may be used in criminal procedure. Based on Portuguese criminal procedural law, but also drawing on foreign legal scholarship and case law, this article examines the admissibility of such evidence in cases where the collection of evidence respected the fundamental rights of employees, as well as in situations where it was conducted unlawfully. Given that the right to the confidentiality of communications and the right to privacy must serve as limits to such investigative measures (despite the situations in which there is no “reasonable expectation of privacy”), and considering the inherent difficulty of transferring criminal procedural safeguards into a domain governed by labour law, the use of evidence obtained through internal corporate investigations in criminal proceedings must be rejected.Num quadro de privatização do processo penal e com o crescente relevo dos programas de compliance, coloca-se o problema da utilização em processo penal dos meios de prova recolhidos nas investigações internas empresariais. Tendo por base o direito processual penal português, mas recorrendo a contributos da doutrina e da jurisprudência estrangeiras, devem ser confrontadas as hipóteses em que a recolha de prova respeitou os direitos fundamentais dos trabalhadores e os casos em que decorreu de modo ilícito. Uma vez que o direito ao sigilo das telecomunicações e o direito à reserva da intimidade da vida privada devem representar um limite para estas diligências (apesar das situações em que não haja uma “expetativa razoável de privacidade”) e dadas as dificuldades na transferência das garantias do processo penal para um domínio regido pelo direito do trabalho, é de recusar a utilização em processo penal das provas recolhidas nas investigações internas empresariais