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Understanding polar atmosphere-ocean-sea ice momentum transfer using remote sensing and modeling techniques
No full textOver the last half a century, the Arctic sea ice extent and volume have been decreasing as a result of the amplified warming taking place in the Arctic. Similarly, the Antarctic summertime sea ice extent maximum has been the lowest in the satellite record for the last three years. As sea ice at both poles is changing in a warming climate, it is necessary to better understand the fundamental processes that determine sea ice properties such as extent, thickness, volume and drift. These processes, namely dynamic and thermodynamic ones, are triggered by the surrounding atmosphere and ocean. The overarching goal of this dissertation is to study dynamic processes while also considering thermodynamic aspects. Chapter 3 delves into the abovementioned dynamic and thermodynamic processes at mesoscale in the study of polynya events and thin sea ice anomalies above Maud Rise in the Antarctic. Chapter 4 looks at parameters that quantify dynamics, specifically at drag coefficients (Cd) that determine the momentum transfer between the atmosphere and sea ice, on a pan-Arctic scale. Finally, Chapter 5 implements the derived estimates of drag from observations into a coupled regional atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model in order to investigate the impact of variable drag on sea ice properties Arctic-wide.
The Weddell Sea Polynya (occurring in 1974-1976 and 2016-2017) is an excellent case study in the impact of mesoscale as well as synoptic scale processes on sea ice. My analysis of the events corroborates past studies that identify the Weddell Sea polynya as one that is driven by dynamic as well as thermodynamic processes. In addition, using satellite-borne microwave imaging radiometers, large thin sea ice anomalies have been identified in polynya-free years (2010-2020). Given the reported links between the polynya and different dynamic and thermodynamic ocean and atmosphere processes, our results suggest that when an insufficient amount of these processes are active, a thin sea ice anomaly may emerge instead.
The neutral sea ice-atmosphere Cd data-set is the first-ever assessment of drag on both pan- Arctic spatial and sub-yearly temporal scales. Leveraging the high resolution of Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite 2 (IS2), as well as near-coincident Operation IceBridge (OIB) airborne surveys of sea ice topography, it was possible to observe the spatiotemporal evolution of drag from November 2018 to May 2022. My results showed the ice area directly north of the Canadian Archipelago and Greenland to have a Cd consistently above 2.0 × 10−3, while for most of the multiyear ice portion of the Arctic it is typically around ∼1.5 × 10−3. The first-year and young ice portion of the Arctic has a comparatively lower Cd (∼9 × 10−4) with an increase along the marginal ice zone that exceeds 1.5 × 10−3. This dataset was then used to derive a parameterization linking Cd to coincident IS2 sea ice thickness measurements, which was implemented into the regional atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model HIRHAM-NAOSIM. By running the model with and without the implementation, my results showed reasonable albeit small differences between the sea ice properties modelled by the two runs. Using sensitivity studies that varied the coefficients and integration of the Cd parameterization, I was then able to explain the differences observed. The main findings from the model study are that atmospheric and oceanic drag have the opposite effect on both sea ice drift and thickness on a pan-Arctic scale, and that over a period of three years, regardless of the range in drag variability, the impact of drag on sea ice in a coupled model is typically small in magnitude (<5% differences in both sea ice drift and thickness)
Empowering novices through playful self-expression - the role of creativity and video games in the context of virtual reality exposure therapy
No full textVideospiele lösen Emotionen unterschiedlichster Art aus. Von der einfachen Freude über den Abschluss eines Levels oder dem Erfolgserlebnis beim Überwinden einer schwierigen Herausforderung bis hin zu den emotionalen Bindungen, die SpielerInnen zu virtuellen Charakteren aufbauen, wenn sie von einer fesselnden Geschichte in den Bann gezogen werden - das Spektrum der emotionalen Reaktionen beim Spielen ist breit. Neben linearen Spielen, die sich auf Fortschrittssysteme wie das Abschließen von Levels, das Fortschreiten einer Geschichte oder das Aufrüsten eines virtuellen Charakters konzentrieren, bieten Spiele mit offenem Ende ein emergentes Gameplay. Diese Spiele legen bestimmte Regeln und Mechanismen fest, zwingen SpielerInnen aber nicht dazu, ein festgelegtes Ziel auf eine bestimmte Weise zu erreichen. Sie erlauben es den SpielerInnen, den Inhalt des Spiels auf neugierige und freie Weise zu erkunden. Zu den Spielgenres, die mit einer solchen Offenheit in Verbindung gebracht werden, gehören Sandkastenspiele und City-Builder, die den SpielerInnen die Möglichkeit geben, sich spielerisch und kreativ auszudrücken. Mit den Werkzeugen, die die Spiele bereitstellen, erschaffen und gestalten die SpielerInnen Welten, sie formen das Terrain dieser Welten, indem sie Hügel, Täler, Flüsse und Schluchten erschaffen. Außerdem können die SpielerInnen diese Welten mit städtischen Strukturen wie Straßen oder Gebäuden verschönern. Diese Spiele regen die Kreativität an und schaffen ein Gefühl der spielerischen Auseinandersetzung, das es den SpielerInnen ermöglicht, die Herausforderungen im Spiel auf neugierige und neuartige Weise anzugehen.
Neben der Unterhaltungsindustrie wird der Nutzen von Spielen für ernsthafte Zwecke seit Jahrzehnten von der HCI-Forschung erkannt und untersucht. Da Spiele in der Lage sind, emotionale Bedürfnisse zu befriedigen, wurden sie auf ihr Potenzial hin untersucht, das Lernen, die Verhaltensänderung, die Motivation zur Bewegung und viele andere Bereiche jenseits der Unterhaltung zu unterstützen. Ein solcher Bereich ist die Psychotherapie. Speziell für die Behandlung von Phobien deuten Studien darauf hin, dass die Einbeziehung von Videospielen den Therapieverlauf positiv beeinflussen kann. Diese Spiele enthalten in der Regel Konzepte aus den Bereichen der Verhaltens- und Konfrontationstherapie, der gängigsten Behandlungstechnik für einfache Phobien. Durch die Gamifizierung dieser Techniken oder die Implementierung von Serious Games kann die Motivation, eine Therapie in Anspruch zu nehmen, gesteigert werden, so dass mehr Menschen Zugang zu professionellen psychotherapeutischen Interventionen erhalten.
In dieser Arbeit untersuche ich das Zusammenspiel von Spielen, die kreativen Selbstausdruck ermöglichen, und Psychotherapie zur Behandlung von Phobien. Die hier vorgestellte Arbeit setzt sich aus drei verschiedenen Untersuchungsbereichen zusammen, die unterschiedliche Aspekte dieses Ansatzes beleuchten. Zunächst untersucht die Arbeit auf der Grundlage einer Anforderungsanalyse und von Praxisevaluierungen mit BranchenexpertInnen aus den Bereichen Animation, Film und Theater den Einsatz von NUI zur Unterstützung von Fachleuten mit geringem technischem Fachwissen, aber hochtechnischen Aufgaben in ihrem Alltag. So zeige ich, wie NUI TherapeutInnen bei der Konfiguration, Wartung und Nutzung von VRET-Systemen unterstützen kann. Der zweite Bereich befasst sich mit der Definition einer Spiel-Design-Strategie, die für die Behandlung von Phobien geeignet ist. Im Verlauf dieser Arbeit argumentiere ich, dass das Spieldesign für die Behandlung von Phobien spezifische Anforderungen berücksichtigen muss, die von der bisherigen Forschung in diesem Bereich nicht abgedeckt wurden. Basierend auf diesen Anforderungen, die mit TherapeutInnen identifiziert wurden, wird in dieser Arbeit ein neuartiges Konzept - PUT - vorgestellt, das diese Anforderungen für eine anwendbare Ergänzung der Therapie berücksichtigt. Eine Evaluation in Form einer Nutzerstudie und einer Expertenbefragung zeigt Chancen und Herausforderungen auf, die PUT mit sich bringt. Das dritte und letzte Forschungsthema befasst sich mit der Einbeziehung von PCG in das PUT-Konzept, um die technische Komplexität zu verringern und die Mensch-Computer-Ko-Kreation zu fördern. Dieser Abschnitt behandelt die Auswirkungen von PCG auf die selbsteingeschätzte Kreativitätsunterstützung und die Einbeziehung der BenutzerInnen bei einer spielerischen Stadtentwicklungsaufgabe, wie sie im PUT-Konzept definiert ist.
Auf der Grundlage der in dieser Thesis berichteten Arbeiten wurden die folgenden Erkenntnisse gewonnen. Bei der Entwicklung von Systemen, die von Nutzern mit hohen technischen Anforderungen und geringen technischen Kenntnissen wie TherapeutInnen und PatientInnen in einem VRET-Kontext verwendet werden sollen, können NUI als Werkzeuge dienen, um die technische Komplexität zu verringern und gleichzeitig die Vorteile neuartiger Technologien zu nutzen. Darüber hinaus müssen bei der Implementierung von spielerischen VRET-Systemen spezifische Anforderungen im Designprozess berücksichtigt werden, um den Therapieerfolg nicht zu beeinträchtigen. Die vorgestellte PUT-Designstrategie erfüllt diese Anforderungen und kann verwendet werden, um die positiven Effekte des spielerischen kreativen Selbstausdrucks in einem VRET-Szenario zu nutzen. Schließlich zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit, dass die Einbeziehung von PCG in ein PUT-basiertes System die selbstberichtete Kreativitätsförderung nicht beeinträchtigt.
Durch die Untersuchung dieser Forschungsthemen leistet diese Arbeit einen Beitrag zu den Bereichen der natürlichen Interaktion, wie sie durch NUI ermöglicht wird, motivationale Aspekte von GUR, PCG in Videospielen, Kreativität und Selbstausdruck durch spielerische Auseinandersetzung und die Einbeziehung spielerischer Elemente in das VRET-Verfahren
Entwicklungslinien des Wissenstransfers in der BMBF-geförderten Arbeitsforschung von 1990–2020: Empirische Ergebnisse einer Dokumentenanalyse im Projekt WiTraDis
No full textDer vorliegende Aufsatz stellt die Ergebnisse einer Dokumentenanalyse der BMBF-Förderprogramme der Arbeitsforschung zwischen 1990 und 2020 dar. Dabei wird insbesondere den Fragen nachgegangen, wie das BMBF in seinen Förderprogrammen zur Arbeitsforschung den Transfer von Wissen konzeptualisiert, welche Instrumente für einen erfolgreichen Wissenstransfer über die Zeit hinweg eingeführt und modifiziert wurden und welche Rolle dabei transdisziplinäre Kooperationen zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis spielen. Die Analyse gewährt interessante Einblicke in (sich wandelnde) Verständnisse des transdisziplinären Wissenstransfers, dessen Funktionsweise und in die vom BMBF angeführten Qualitäts- und korrespondierenden Erfolgskriterien. Die Erkenntnisse werden abschließend in acht Punkten zusammengefasst und diskutiert. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf die wissenschaftliche Anschlussfähigkeit des transdisziplinären Forschungsmodus in der BMBF-geförderten Arbeitsforschung gelegt.4
Life goals and well-being: the role of work-family interference
No full textThe objective of this doctoral thesis is to empirically test theory-based hypotheses related to the role of work-family interference in the relationship between life goals and well-being. While the relationship between work-family interference and well-being is well-documented in the literature, the role of individual motivational function of life goals has been largely overlooked. Life goals are conceptualized as agentic, representing independence and success, and communal, representing interdependence and care. Additionally, while some studies have explored the relationship between life goals and well-being, little is known about how these life goals affect different life domains. The study draws on established theoretical frameworks, including the Work-Home Resources model (ten Brummelhuis & Bakker, 2012), Conservation of Resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989), Personal Resource Allocation framework (Grawitch et al., 2010), and the Strength Model of Self-Control (Muraven & Baumeister, 2000), to highlight the critical role of managing personal and contextual resources in mitigating negative well-being outcomes while balancing work-family dynamics and pursuing life goals.
The overarching research question this thesis addresses is: What is the relationship between life goals, work-family interference, and well-being? Three empirical studies were conducted as part of this thesis, testing the following core hypotheses: (1) Life goals modify the impact of work-family interference on well-being; (2) Life goals act as antecedents to work-family interference, with effects varying across cultural contexts (Turkey and Germany) and levels of self-control; (3) Self-regulation interventions aimed at reducing work-family interference may have varying effects depending on individual differences in self-control.
The first study, utilizing secondary data from the German Family Panel (pairfam) with N=2656 participants residing in Germany, supports the hypothesis that life goals significantly moderate the relationship between work-family interference and life satisfaction. Specifically, individuals who prioritize agentic goals tend to experience lower life satisfaction when work interferes with family (ß = –0.18, p ≤ 0.001), while those who prioritize communal goals may face a similar decline in life satisfaction when family interferes with work (ß = –0.07, p ≤ 0.05). These results underscore the importance of understanding the type of life goals individuals prioritize as they critically shape how work-family interference affects overall life satisfaction.
The second study, using primary data from N=1252 white-collar employees in Germany and Turkey, expands on the findings of the first study by providing further support for the hypothesis, showing that life goals not only moderate the relationship between work-family interference and well-being but also serve as antecedents to it. Specifically, focusing on agentic goals is positively associated with work-to-family interference (ß = 0.30; p < .001), while focusing on communal goals is positively associated with family-to-work interference (ß = 0.19; p < 0.001), both of which contribute to a decline in life satisfaction (ß = -0.12; p < .001; ß = -0.05; p < .001) and an increase in stress (ß = 0.16; p < .001; ß = 0.08; p < .001). Furthermore, cultural context and self-control levels significantly moderate these relationships. For example, Turkish women experience a greater positive impact on stress when their agentic goals conflict with societal gender role expectations (ß = .14; p < .05). Individuals with high self-control, despite higher life satisfaction (ß = .17; p < .01), often underestimate the demands of communal goals, resulting in increased family-to-work interference (ß = .29; p < .001). These findings highlight the complex interplay between life goals, cultural context, and self-control in shaping the experience of work-family interference and its impact on well-being, suggesting the need for targeted interventions that address the specific challenges posed by agentic and communal goals within different cultural contexts. To address these challenges, the third study implements action planning and action control interventions aimed at helping individuals better manage work-family interference and enhance well-being.
The third study assessed the effectiveness of self-regulation intervention designed to reduce work-to-family interference in N=662 white-collar employees residing in Germany. Contrary to the hypotheses, the results showed no significant differences in work-to-family interference between the intervention and control groups (F(1, 427) = .055, p = .82), indicating that the intervention had no overall effect. However, further analysis revealed that changes in self-control were key. Participants in the intervention group who showed moderate improvements in self-control initially experienced an increase in WtFI, suggesting that high self-control may, under certain conditions, exacerbate rather than alleviate role interference. In contrast, those with greater self-control improvements experienced a decrease in WtFI over time, suggesting long-term benefits. This challenges the assumption that self-control always leads to better management of work-family demands and highlights the need for more nuanced interventions tailored to individual differences.
These three studies collectively draw on and extend the theoretical frameworks introduced earlier. The findings demonstrate that life goals play a pivotal role in both moderating and predicting the relationship between work-family interference and well-being, highlighting the importance of resource allocation between work and home, the preservation and enhancement of resources, as well as the role of life goals in guiding resource investment across different life domains. Additionally, the findings challenge the strength model of self-control by revealing that, under certain conditions, high self-control can exacerbate rather than alleviate role interference. These insights underscore the need for tailored interventions that consider personal and cultural differences in life goals and self-control to effectively manage work-family interference and improve well-being, providing actionable insights for future research and practical interventions
Studying Platform Governance of Hate Speech
No full textThe study of platform governance involves the analysis of a multitude of ‘infinitesimal techniques’ that platforms employ to influence our lives and entails comprehending the knowledge and intentions underlying these techniques. Drawing from Foucauldian studies, ‘infinitesimal techniques’ (Finlay, 2015) encompass every element identifiable within and by platforms, which, arranged in a particular way, lead to a suitable end. From a button on the left side of the screen, passing through the fabric of relationships with stakeholders, to a large set of public statements held by platform leaders, all the elements we can identify are governing techniques that wield power and unveil, for example, the foundational philosophies internally held by platforms, the significance they attribute to user engagement or how they adapt to external regulations. Fundamentally, following Foucault (2007) and Miller and Ross (2008), I argue that identifying all possible techniques created by platforms and understanding the knowledge shaping those techniques reveal the underlying intentions of platforms and the manner in which they govern our lives. It is acknowledged that not all techniques have governing intentions; nevertheless, they govern.1
Ein ArcGIS-Pro-Modell zur Ermittlung von Eignungsbereichen für Wärmeversorgungsoptionen am Beispiel der Stadt Bremen
No full textDie vorliegende Ausarbeitung versteht sich als Handbuch zur Nutzung des bereitgestellten ArcGIS-Pro-Modells. Das Modell eignet sich zur (halb-)automatisierten Durchführung der Berechnung von Grundlagen für daraus abzuleitende Wärmeversorgungsoptionen (iterativ und nicht-iterativ). Neben der Berechnung dieser wesentlichen Parameter werden für die zu präferierenden Versorgungsarten (Einzelversorgung, Nahwärme in verschiedenen Ausführungen, Fernwärme sowie indifferente Über-gangsbereiche) aussagekräftige Visualisierungen anhand der vorgegebenen Eingangsparameter für ein ausgewähltes Gebiet erzeugt.
Die Benutzbarkeit ist möglichst einfach gestaltet. Als Input werden im Wesentlichen vier Vorgaben benötigt: das Untersuchungsgebiet (als Polygonfläche), das gewünschte Gitter (ebenfalls als Polygon-fläche), auf welches die Daten aggregiert werden sollen, ein Straßennetz im Untersuchungsgebiet (welches als Grundlage für den möglichen Verlauf von Wärmenetzen angenommen wird) und gebäudescharfe Wärmebedarfsdaten (z. B. aus vorhandenem Wärmeatlas des Energieversorgers/ Netzbetreibers).
Im Ergebnis erhält man nach Durchlaufen der Modellschritte folgende Kennwerte zur Charakterisierung der Wärmeabnehmerstruktur: Anzahl der Wärmeabnehmer, Wärmebedarf je Rasterzelle, Wärmenetzlänge und aggregierte Netzlänge je Rasterzelle sowie durchschnittliche Netzlänge, Wärmeliniendichte je Rasterzelle und Benennung der favorisierten Wärmeversorgungs-option je Rasterzelle.
Vorhandene Modellrestriktionen (Straßennetzqualität, präzise Gebäudestandorte, aussagekräftige Wärmebedarfsdaten verschiedener Sektoren) sowie die Einordnung der Ergebnisse über verschiedene Entwicklungsszenarien (insbesondere Bevölkerung, Sanierung, Klima) werden im Schlusskapitel diskutiert.BMW
Plasmonic porous ceramics for molecule detection via surface-enhanced Raman scattering
No full textA plasmonic porous ceramic can be defined as a three-dimensional porous ceramic matrix
with embedded plasmonic nanoparticles. Like regular ceramics, this material class shows
advantages like high temperature and pressure stability, chemically inertness, along with
dielectric properties. Plasmonic porous ceramics have a high potential for a broad range of
applications in various fields, for example ultrasensitive chemical detection under high temperature/high-pressure conditions, for biomarker detection in biological systems or for
highly efficient energy generation through plasmonic photothermal heating.
In general, plasmonic materials are developed because of their ability of confining and
manipulating electromagnetic radiation, which enables highly sensitive and rapid detection of
molecules, for example via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Typical
plasmonic nanoparticles used for SERS are gold and silver nanoparticles. Because of the high
density of mobile electrons, plasmonic nanoparticles (Au, Ag nanoparticles) can couple with
the electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths that are far larger than the nanoparticles
themselves. Light absorption and scattering by plasmonic nanoparticles can be tailored by
varying their size, geometry and relative positions.
This thesis aims to present the new concept of plasmonic porous ceramic by introducing
plasmonic nanostructures in open-cell foam ceramics and to investigate application
possibilities of this substrate due to its advanced optical properties. These optical properties
of the plasmonic porous ceramic lead to significant magnification of the Raman scattering
signal, that enables this substrate serving as SERS substrate and providing molecule
“fingerprint” for sensitive and real-time detection.
Therefore, the first cornerstone of this work is proof-of-principle of plasmonic porous ceramics.
Open porous ceramic structures based on zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) were processed,
sintered and functionalized with silver nanoparticles. The Raman enhancement of the
plasmonic structures was analyzed as a function of the amount of deposited silver
nanoparticles, pore diameter and strut diameter of the ceramic structure using the probe
molecule pyridine. Flat substrates of the same chemical composition and non-porous
fragments of the porous structure were used for comparison. The Raman signal is found to be
significantly augmented by the porous structure compared to that collected on flat substrates
with similar composition. Accordingly, the plasmonic porous ceramics were supposed to be
well suited as 3D SERS substrates, allowing real-time Raman sensing of trace amounts of
molecules
Investigation of interface stability during the filling of liquid into a tank under reduced gravity
No full textLong-range and long-term space exploration missions can be accomplished in the future with the help of in-space propellant depots. The spacecraft can dock at the orbiting propellant depot and refill their tanks. The spacecraft tanks can be filled with liquid either by venting or not venting the gas in reduced gravity. However, to effectively accomplish the orbital refueling, the fluid mechanics coupled with thermodynamics under reduced gravity conditions has to be fully understood.
In this thesis, the investigation of interface stability during the vented filling was carried out by performing experiments and 2D numerical simulations under isothermal conditions. A multi-species multiphase system of the storable test liquid HFE-7500 and air was used in the experiments and simulations. The vented filling experiments were conducted on the ground, in the Bremen Drop Tower and on a parabolic flight. The 2D numerical simulations were performed using the multiphase volume of fluid (VOF) model of ANSYS Fluent.
The drop tower experiments were carried out in the Bremen Drop Tower with the catapult mode, which offers a longer microgravity time of about 9 s. The initial liquid fill height was set to 30 mm in all the drop tower experiments. The liquid jet that entered the partially filled cylindrical tank interacted with the interface and formed different geyser patterns for different volumetric flow rates in the range between 1.00 mL/s and 1.50 mL/s. Subcritical, critical and supercritical flow regimes were observed and the interface was termed unstable when the geyser disintegrated into droplets. The critical flow rate was found to be 1.30 mL/s and the corresponding critical Weber number was 1.04. The gas-free liquid filling into a rectangular experiment tank under variable accelerations was demonstrated by performing parabolic flight experiments on the Airbus A310 Zero-G aircraft. Each parabolic maneuver provided a reduced gravity time of 22 s. The filling of liquid into an initially empty tank was predominantly tested during the parabolic flight experiments for different volumetric flow rates. For tests with a pre-filled tank, a violent sloshing of the bulk liquid caused by variable accelerations was observed.
The 2D numerical simulations over-predicted the geyser height and did not capture the unsteady movements of the geyser, in comparison to the drop tower experiments. Nevertheless, a parametric study of different initial liquid fill heights and refined volumetric flow rates was performed using the numerical simulations and the corresponding critical Weber numbers were found. The critical Weber numbers from the simulations and drop tower experiment were compared with the existing literature. It was found that the centreline velocity, which is dependent on the velocity profile of the incoming liquid jet that enters the tank, directly affects the stability of the interface. Some more dimensionless numbers that describe the filling problem were defined and their influence on the interface stability was also discussed. All these results lead to the design of an international space station (ISS) experiment to demonstrate the filling and transfer of a storable liquid under microgravity conditions
Supplement to the DigCompEDU Framework: Outlining the Skills and Competences of Educators Related to AI in Education
No full textThe supplement outlined in this document aims to build upon the existing DigCompEdu framework from the European Union by integrating critical competencies relating to artificial intelligence (AI) in education. It recognises that AI is rapidly transforming teaching and learning processes, and Vocational and Adult educators need to be equipped with skills to understand, evaluate and utilise AI technologies effectively and responsibly.EUROPEAN EDUCATION AND CULTURE EXECUTIVE AGENCY (EACEA
Wie erleben Pflegende Angehörige, die ältere Menschen betreuen, die Palliativ-/End-of-Life-Pflege in Altenheimen, und beeinflussen ihre Erfahrungen ihre Lebensqualität?
No full textThis study focuses upon the area of Bremen and Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. It aims to ascertain the nursing care experiences of the Family caregivers of older people at the end of life in a nursing home setting.These are Family caregivers whose loved ones are faced with chronic life-threatening diseases, including cancer and dementia, and includes Family caregivers who have been bereaved within one year of this study. Both structured and semi-structured Interviews, including a quesstionaire, were used to provide an overview of how family caregivers experience end of life care in nursing homes