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Base cation deposition to forest in Europe
No full textSammanfattning Deposition av baskatjoner utgör en betydande källa till baskatjonförrådet i skogsmark och är en viktig parameter för att kvantifiera kritisk belastning och överskridande, liksom för att prediktera återhämtning från försurning. På senare tid har baskatjonbalansen i skogsmark diskuterats allt mer, på grund av de ökade förlusterna av baskatjoner till följd av ökat uttag av avverkningsrester (grenar, toppar och stubbar) för att producera förnybar energi. Det är viktigt att kunna mäta eller beräkna baskatjondepositionen till skog med någorlunda hög noggrannhet. Under 1980- och 90-talen pågick mycket arbete för att förbättra uppskattningarna av baskatjondeposition till skogen. Därefter har insatserna på området varit mer begränsade. En workshop anordnades 21-22 november 2012, för att få en överblick över den senaste utvecklingen och framstegen inom området. I denna rapport summeras resultaten från workshopen. Vikten av att kombinera olika metoder för att mäta eller beräkna baskatjondepositionen betonades. Modellering av baskatjondeposition på Europanivå sågs som önskvärt och möjligt att genomföra, och en uppdelning mellan olika källor för att underlätta arbetet (antropogena källor, havssalt och andra naturliga källor) föreslogs. Fortsatt samarbete på Europanivå skulle vara fördelaktigt och bör främjas, och olika sätt för att få det till stånd diskuterades.Summary Base cation deposition represents a major input to forest nutrient pools and is an essential parameter for quantifying critical loads and its exceedances as well as predictions for the recovery of ecosystems from acidification. Lately, concern about removal of base cations from the forest in connection with intensive forest biomass harvesting has become a much discussed issue. It is essential to be able to measure or estimate the base cation deposition to forests with a reasonable accuracy. During the 1980s and 90s a great deal of work was performed in order to determine the input of base cation to forests whereas there has not been much new literature since the 1990s. A workshop was arranged November 21-22, 2012 in order to explore the latest developments and advancements within the area. In this report we summarize the workshop outcomes. The importance of combined methods for measuring or estimating BC deposition was emphasized. European-wide BC modelled maps seems feasible and was considered desirable. A division between different sources (ocean sea-salt spray, Saharan dust, European land born dust and anthropogenic emissions) was suggested. Continued cooperation on a European level should be promoted and different ways for this was discussed
Framtidens trähus - energieffektiva med god innemiljö
No full textI projektet "Framtidens Trähus - Energieffektiva med god innemiljö" har IVL som mål att miljömässigt utveckla och utvärdera energieffektiva och sunda bostäder i trä genom att delta i uppförandet av Kvarteret Portvakten i Växjö från idéstadium via byggnation och idrifttagning. Portvakten har kombinerat träbyggnadsteknik med koncept för mycket låg energianvändning, och två byggnader som ägs av Hyresbostäder i Växjö har uppförts med tekniken. Inom detta projekt analyserades byggnad (A1), som ligger på den nordvästra delen av byggplatsen som kallas Portvakten Söder. Tidigare har rapporten " Framtidens trähus – energieffektiva med god innemiljö. Documentation of project’s development, planning, and building phases. Building’s energy performance " publicerats som beskriver projektets utvecklings-, planerings- och byggfaser. I denna rapport redovisas uppföljningen av byggnad (A1) med kvalitativa och kvantitativa analyser av uppmätta energiprestanda, brukar- och drifterfarenheter samt beräkning av byggnadens miljöprestanda genom livscykelanalys (LCA) med verkliga driftdata. Även byggnad B1 har analyserats för uppmätt energiprestanda samt brukar- och drifterfarenheter för att kunna jämföra med resultaten från byggnaden A1. I energiprestandan har energianvändning uppmätts för uppvärmning, varmvattenanvändning, elanvändning (hushålls- och fastighetsel), återvunnen energi från avloppsvattenvärmeväxlaren och inomhustemperaturen registrerats i några representativa lägenheter. Under den analyserade perioden var den uppmätta energianvändningen för uppvärmning (normaliserad) mer än dubbel så hög jämfört med beräknade värden (22,2 kWh/m2 jämfört med 8,9 kWh/m2). Förklaringen tros ligga i injusteringsproblem av tekniska system, låg uthyrningsgrad och hur brukarna nyttjat lägenheterna under den analyserade perioden. Den köpta volymen av tappvarmvatten är nästan hälften av svenska genomsnittet för 2009, vilket är i linje med den beräknade mängden som ges i de svenska frivilliga passivhuskriterierna [12]. Om uppmätt energianvändning för uppvärmning och varmvatten justeras till 100% uthyrningsgrad motsvarar denna siffra en fjärdedel av den energi som används i ett genomsnittligt svenskt flerfamiljshus (under perioden 2005-2009) [27]. Fastighetsel, som förutom el för belysning av gemensamma utrymmen och hiss inbegriper el för fläktar och pumpar, utgör en betydande post, motsvarande nästan 20% av den totala energi som används i byggnaden A1. Under den analyserade perioden motsvarar det dubbelt så mycket jämfört med rekommendationerna i de svenska frivilliga passivhuskriterierna. Inomhustemperaturer under sommarperioden, vilket var ett bekymmer under projektets utvecklingsfas, visade goda resultat under mätperioden. Inomhustemperaturen var jämn i de övervakade lägenheterna oavsett deras läge och beläggning (uthyrningsgrad). Effektiviteten av avloppsvärmeväxlaren kunde inte bedömas på grund av den låga uthyrningsgraden av huset. Den totala viktade köpta energin i Portvakten Söder var 61,1 kWh/m2a (Byggnad A1) och 45 kWh/m2a (Byggnad B1), vilket var lägre för båda byggandera jämfört med andra energisnåla flerbostadshus, som Värnamo, Frillesås, Lidköping, och de renoverade lägenheterna i Brogården i Alingsås. Skillnaden i uppmätt energiprestanda mellan byggnaderna A1 och B2 kan förklaras av hur elanvändningen för fastighetselen i de två byggnaderna mäts. Elmätaren för fastighetselen i byggnaden A1 registrerar även el som används i förrådet (separat byggnad) där pumpar för vattencirkulationen för båda byggnaderna är belägna. Livscykelanalysen av Portvakten Söders byggnad visar att den minskade energianvändningen för uppvärmning gör att hushållselsanvändning nu står för den procentuellt största andelen av primärenergianvändningen sett på 60 års drift. En lösning skulle kunna vara att installera solceller för att minska denna miljöpåverkan, men då ska analysen också inkludera miljöpåverkan från produktion och drift av solceller. Den minskade energianvändningen för uppvärmning får vidare effekten att den procentuella andelen av den totala miljöpåverkan från produktion av byggmaterial ökar. En slutsats från utvärderingen är att analys av energiprestanda under första årets drift bör undvikas. Ytterligare en vintersäsong bör förlöpa för justering av system under en mer normal uthyrningsgrad av lägenheter. Detta blir särskilt viktigt för lågenergihus där energiåtervinning från människor och apparater ingår i energikonceptet. Även avloppsvärmeväxlaren kräver att byggnaden är fullt belagd för att kunna fungera optimalt.For the first time in Sweden an eight storey high building has been constructed in timber according to the voluntary Swedish passive house criteria. Within the Vinnova (the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems) research project “Framtidens trähus – energieffektiva med god innemiljö” IVL has the aim to perform an environmental evaluation and document the development of the energy-efficient multi-family housing built in timber construction. Two buildings, built in Växjö, are owned by the Rental Housing Company in Växjö (“Hyresbostäder i Växjö”). Only building A1 was analysed, which lies on the north-western part of the building site called Southern Portvakten (“Portvakten Söder”). In the first report “Framtidens trähus – energieffektiva med god innemiljö. Documentation of project’s development, planning, and building phases. Building’s energy performance” [1] the project’s development, planning, and building phases were presented. In this report, results of the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the Southern Portvakten building in Växjö are presented. It includes results of the evaluation of the measured energy performance, user and operational experiences during the first year in operation, as well as the building’s environmental performance analysed with LCA
Short Lived Climate Pollutants - method development for emission inventories of Black Carbon
No full textThere is an increasing attention and interest in the role of Black Carbon (BC) in climate change and the possibilities to slow down the on-going temperature increase by reducing emissions of BC and other so called Short Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP). Reduced emissions of SLCP, and in particular BC, will give a more rapid response in climate change in comparison to reducing CO2 emissions, due to the shorter life time of these species in the atmosphere. Furthermore, BC is a component of emitted particulate matter (PM), and recently national reduction targets for emissions of PM2.5 in 2020 were included in the amended CLRTAP Gothenburg protocol, agreed in May 2012. In the amended protocol text, a general recommendation is given that sources with the largest emitted fractions of BC should be prioritised when implementing emission reduction actions for PM2.5. Currently PM2.5, but not BC, is included in the emission reporting program under the UNECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). The national Swedish inventory of PM2.5, and other air pollutants, is performed and reported on an annual basis. The current project builds on present knowledge and established structures regarding emission inventory work and the aim is to improve earlier preliminary estimates of total Swedish BC emissions, which for 2005 were estimated to 5.1 kton. Available estimates of BC emissions for Sweden indicate that stationary biomass combustion and emissions from diesel vehicles and machinery are the most important sources, together contributing in the order of 75-80% of national BC emissions. As the emissions of BC are calculated as a fuel- and technology specific fraction of emitted PM2.5, the quality and accuracy of the PM2.5 emission estimates are crucial for reliable estimates of BC emissions. This study includes and presents, for important Swedish BC sources, the results of a literature review of emission factors and emissions of PM2.5 and of published data on the BC content in PM2.5. Example calculations of emissions of PM2.5 and of BC for stationary biomass combustion and for mobile diesel combustion are made based on the different sets of emission factors reviewed. The review of emission factors for PM2.5 for stationary biomass combustion shows that the emission factors are highly variable, particularly for residential sources. The variability is due to operational factors but importantly also due to the sampling method applied for the PM emission measurements that are used in developing emission factors. The differences in emissions of PM between hot flue gas measurements and measurements performed after cooling of the flue gases in a dilution tunnel have been reported to be between 2-10 times. This of course also affects the subsequent estimates of BC as a fraction of PM2.5. A comparison of emission factors for PM2.5 and for BC between the Swedish national factors, factors from the EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook and from IIASA shows large differences, especially for small scale biomass combustion. The Swedish emission factors are based on hot flue gas measurements, which give lower results, while the emission factor data in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook generally are based on measurements in dilution tunnel, resulting in higher numbers. Example calculations of Swedish emissions, using different sets of PM2.5 and BC factors for stationary biomass combustion and for diesel vehicles and machinery, show that this can result in substantially different estimates. For stationary biomass combustion the differences are most pronounced for residential/small scale technologies, but also for power plants. For mobile diesel combustion the estimated BC emissions can differ about a factor of 2 for heavy duty vehicles and for off-road vehicles and machinery depending on choice of factors. The review of available emission factors for PM2.5 and BC, as well as the differences in the examples calculated for Swedish emissions, show that further work is needed to assess the representativeness of published factors for Swedish conditions, in order that a future national total emission inventory of BC will be as accurate and with as low uncertainty as possible. Reliable source specific emission data for BC are essential as background information when assessing and prioritising sources for implementing emission reduction actions.There is an increasing attention and interest in the role of Black Carbon (BC) in climate change and the possibilities to slow down the on-going temperature increase by reducing emissions of BC and other so called Short Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP). Reduced emissions of SLCP, and in particular BC, will give a more rapid response in climate change in comparison to reducing CO2 emissions, due to the shorter life time of these species in the atmosphere. Furthermore, BC is a component of emitted particulate matter (PM), and recently national reduction targets for emissions of PM2.5 in 2020 were included in the amended CLRTAP Gothenburg protocol, agreed in May 2012. In the amended protocol text, a general recommendation is given that sources with the largest emitted fractions of BC should be prioritised when implementing emission reduction actions for PM2.5. Currently PM2.5, but not BC, is included in the emission reporting program under the UNECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). The national Swedish inventory of PM2.5, and other air pollutants, is performed and reported on an annual basis. The current project builds on present knowledge and established structures regarding emission inventory work and the aim is to improve earlier preliminary estimates of total Swedish BC emissions, which for 2005 were estimated to 5.1 kton. Available estimates of BC emissions for Sweden indicate that stationary biomass combustion and emissions from diesel vehicles and machinery are the most important sources, together contributing in the order of 75-80% of national BC emissions. As the emissions of BC are calculated as a fuel- and technology specific fraction of emitted PM2.5, the quality and accuracy of the PM2.5 emission estimates are crucial for reliable estimates of BC emissions. This study includes and presents, for important Swedish BC sources, the results of a literature review of emission factors and emissions of PM2.5 and of published data on the BC content in PM2.5. Example calculations of emissions of PM2.5 and of BC for stationary biomass combustion and for mobile diesel combustion are made based on the different sets of emission factors reviewed. The review of emission factors for PM2.5 for stationary biomass combustion shows that the emission factors are highly variable, particularly for residential sources. The variability is due to operational factors but importantly also due to the sampling method applied for the PM emission measurements that are used in developing emission factors. The differences in emissions of PM between hot flue gas measurements and measurements performed after cooling of the flue gases in a dilution tunnel have been reported to be between 2-10 times. This of course also affects the subsequent estimates of BC as a fraction of PM2.5. A comparison of emission factors for PM2.5 and for BC between the Swedish national factors, factors from the EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook and from IIASA shows large differences, especially for small scale biomass combustion. The Swedish emission factors are based on hot flue gas measurements, which give lower results, while the emission factor data in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook generally are based on measurements in dilution tunnel, resulting in higher numbers. Example calculations of Swedish emissions, using different sets of PM2.5 and BC factors for stationary biomass combustion and for diesel vehicles and machinery, show that this can result in substantially different estimates. For stationary biomass combustion the differences are most pronounced for residential/small scale technologies, but also for power plants. For mobile diesel combustion the estimated BC emissions can differ about a factor of 2 for heavy duty vehicles and for off-road vehicles and machinery depending on choice of factors. The review of available emission factors for PM2.5 and BC, as well as the differences in the examples calculated for Swedish emissions, show that further work is needed to assess the representativeness of published factors for Swedish conditions, in order that a future national total emission inventory of BC will be as accurate and with as low uncertainty as possible. Reliable source specific emission data for BC are essential as background information when assessing and prioritising sources for implementing emission reduction actions
Nationell miljöövervakning - luft
No full textPå uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket, Enheten för luft och klimat, bedrivs mätningar av luftens och nederbördens sammansättning, främst i bakgrundsmiljö, inom olika mätprogram. IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet har ansvar för genomförandet av merparten av verksamheten inom luftområdet. Därtill ombesörjer både Institutionen för Tillämpad Miljöteknik (ITM) vid Stockholms universitet och Institutionen för Mark och Miljö vid Sveriges lantbruks-universitet (SLU) delar av övervakningen. SMHI genomför, med hjälp av beräknings-modeller, en geografisk kartläggning av halter i luft och deposition av försurande och övergödande ämnen på nationell nivå. De samlade resultaten från mätningar till och med 2011 och beräkningar till och med 2010 redovisas i denna rapport. Det har generellt sett skett en avsevärd förbättring avseende såväl halter i luft som deposition i bakgrundsmiljö för flertalet av de luftförorenings-komponenter som övervakas inom den nationella miljöövervakningen sedan mätningarna startade för mellan 10 och 30 år sedan. Utvecklingen har dock varierat i något olika utsträckning beroende på komponent och lokalisering i landet. Föroreningsbelastningen är oftast lägre ju längre norrut man kommer. För de flesta de ämnen som det finns miljökvalitetsnormer (MKN) respektive miljömål för ligger halterna avsevärt lägre än angivna gräns- och målvärden. Halterna av ozon överskrider i dagsläget MKN för hälsa. För såväl ozon som för bensen (i urban bakgrund) finns risk för haltnivåer som överstiger miljömålens preciseringar
Estimating air pollution emission abatement potential in Sweden 2030
No full textThe two principal aims with this project was to adjust the discrepancy between Swedish official air pollution emission projections and scenarios for Sweden developed by other international institutions, and to analyse the emission abatement potential in Sweden by 2030. Data used to support the Swedish official emission projections was collected and reformatted to enable a comparison with scenario data for Swedish emissions developed by IIASA. The results of this comparison were discussed with IIASA during the bilateral consultation carried out as a part of the on-going revision of the EU Thematic Strategy for Air Pollution. In parallel to this consultation, the potential for further emission abatement in Sweden by 2030 was analysed by interviewing representatives of power plants and large industrial facilities. The comparison with IIASA emission scenarios for Sweden identified that much of the differences between Swedish projections and IIASA emission scenarios originate from the transport sector, small scale domestic combustion in households, as well as from burning of agricultural waste. The potential for NOx emission abatement was estimated for the sectors: power plants; refineries; pulp & paper industries; and the iron & steel industry. If all plants in these sectors were to use the best available technology in 2030, NOx emissions could be reduced by some 13 kton NOx, or ?38% of the 35 kton emissions projected from these sectors by 2030. Abatement costs could in this project only be estimated for 2.3 kton. For these, the abatement cost would be ?170 million Swedish crowns per year.A
Översiktlig klimat- och sårbarhetsanalys Haninge kommun
No full textIVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet har genomfört en Översiktlig klimat- och sårbarhetsanalys av Haninge kommun. Syftet med uppdraget var att undersöka hur klimatförändringar kommer att påverka Haninge kommuns geografiska område, hur Haninge kommun bör planera för att undvika ökad sårbarhet samt föreslå anpassningsåtgärder. Resultaten visar att kommunen i stor grad kommer att påverkas av klimatförändringar. Till exempel kommer områden längs med kusten och i skärgården att riskera översvämmas på grund av höjda havsvattennivåer, och risken för lokala översvämningar till följd av intensiva och långvariga regn kommer att öka. Även risken för skador på kommunikationer och infrastruktur kommer att öka. Haninge kommun bör vidta eller verka för att ansvariga myndigheter vidtar anpassningsåtgärder för att minska sårbarheten för klimatförändringar.
Comparative review of variations in LCA results and peatland emissions from energy peat utilisation
No full textSeveral studies using a life-cycle perspective of energy peat* have come to different results depending on the choice of peatland, the production method and the after-treatment alternative etc. These studies also show that the climate impact of energy peat can be significantly reduced compared to fossil fuels such as coal, by applying different production methods, using certain peatland types for production and applying different after-treatment strategies. Based on the knowledge available, more is now known about the relationship between peat and climate and how it can be affected. According to this study which is a review of existing studies on energy peat and climate impact, a life-cycle perspective is needed in order to understand the total emissions and uptakes that occur throughout the peat utilization chain. The results from these studies show, despite of great uncertainties in emission estimates, that the climate impact of energy peat utilisation can be significantly reduced compared to today’s production by choosing drained peatlands with initially high greenhouse gas emissions for peat production. Combustion emissions are just one part of the total life-cycle emissions. *(Holmgren, Kirkinen et al. 2006; Kirkinen, Minkkinen et al. 2007; Hagberg and Kristina Holmgren 2008; Väisänen, Silvan et al. 2013)A
Compilation of data for Sweden to the GAINS model
No full textThe purpose with the project was to create a robust system for development of national emission scenarios in the GAINS model that are consistent with Swedish official emission inventories and emission projections. Such a system required a structured compilation of information sources as well as a systematic method for re-formatting data. The basis for the data compilation was the data used in the official Swedish emission inventory and emission projections. These data sometimes needed to be complemented for more detailed information from official sources such as the Swedish Transport Administration, Swedish Energy Agency, and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Following this a data conversion tool was developed. After introducing Swedish data and projections into the GAINS model we could compare and analyse differences between emissions in the Swedish scenario in the GAINS model and the emissions in the official Swedish national reporting. The results showed that emissions were suitably aligned for SO2, while NOx and PM2.5 emissions differed. All in all, this project describes the process of developing a scenario for Sweden in the GAINS model based on national data. Special attention, and a systematic approach, is needed in the re-aggregation and re-allocation of fuels and sectors from a Swedish format to a GAINS model format. Further development of the approach used during re-allocation and re-aggregation of data is needed, as well as increased national knowledge regarding the current and expected use of air pollution emission control technologies in Sweden.The purpose with the project was to create a robust system for development of national emission scenarios in the GAINS model that are consistent with Swedish official emission inventories and emission projections. Such a system required a structured compilation of information sources as well as a systematic method for re-formatting data. The basis for the data compilation was the data used in the official Swedish emission inventory and emission projections. These data sometimes needed to be complemented for more detailed information from official sources such as the Swedish Transport Administration, Swedish Energy Agency, and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Following this a data conversion tool was developed. After introducing Swedish data and projections into the GAINS model we could compare and analyse differences between emissions in the Swedish scenario in the GAINS model and the emissions in the official Swedish national reporting. The results showed that emissions were suitably aligned for SO2, while NOx and PM2.5 emissions differed. All in all, this project describes the process of developing a scenario for Sweden in the GAINS model based on national data. Special attention, and a systematic approach, is needed in the re-aggregation and re-allocation of fuels and sectors from a Swedish format to a GAINS model format. Further development of the approach used during re-allocation and re-aggregation of data is needed, as well as increased national knowledge regarding the current and expected use of air pollution emission control technologies in Sweden
Self-declarations of environmental classification in www.fass.se
No full textIn parallel to the implementation of the environmental classification system at www.fass.se, IVL has conducted a study of the review process with the aim to identify and address the pitfalls of the system. With experience from the reviewing process, IVL took part in a discussion, led by LIF, with the pharmaceutical companies about how to improve the implementation of the guidelines for environmental risk assessment developed by LIF and their expert group on environment. The goal of this reviewing process was to establish a common praxis for the implementation of the guideline among the different companies and to provide feedback from the experience of the self-declaration process to the system owners, LIF. The review of pre-published environmental risk assessments and system evaluation is an on-going task and the present report describes the experiences from the review process during the year 2012.A
Mätning av metanemission från slamlagret vid Slottshagens avloppsreningsverk
No full textMätning av metan från källor där organiska restprodukter hanteras behövs eftersom det kan uppstå utsläpp till luft i olika delar av systemet. En av dessa källor är slamlager vid avloppsreningsverk. Denna rapport redovisar mätningar av metanutsläpp i slamlagret vid avloppsreningsverket Slottshagen som ägs av Norrköping Vatten. Mätningar som genomfördes av IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet enligt en mätmetod som valdes enligt önskemål från ARV och rapporten innehåller även en diskussion kring osäkerheter med vald metod samt vilka kompletterande mätningar som rekommenderas för att få en mer fullständig uppfattning av de totala utsläppen av metan och andra växthusgaser. Enligt dessa mätresultat släpps runt 30 kg metan ut från slamlagret under ett dygn. Utifrån dessa mätvärden kan en genomsnittlig metanavgång på 0,17 kg CH4 per m3 slam in i slamlagret och dygn skattas.A