The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences
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Därför skolkar jag från idrottslektionen : En kvalitativ studie om varför elever inte deltar i ämnet idrott och hälsa
No full textSyfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka varför elever väljer att skolka från idrottslektionerna. Studiens frågeställningar är: Vad är det som gör att elever inte vill delta på idrottsundervisningen? Vad hade motiverat dessa elever till att delta i undervisningen? Hur upplever eleverna sin undervisningsmiljö? Metod Studien har utförts med en kvalitativ ansats med intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod för att få en beskrivande data. Vi genomförde semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex elever som går i åk 8-9, urvalet har en jämn könsfördelning. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter är KASAM teorin samt de teoretiska begreppen inre motivation, yttre motivation och control value. Resultat Resultaten visar att eleverna inte deltar på idrott och hälsa lektionerna eftersom de upplever en trötthet, att lektionerna är tråkiga samt negativa känslor som uppstår i grupper eller i vissa undervisningsmoment. Det som motiverar eleverna till att delta på idrottslektionerna är när deltagande sker med sina vänner samt viljan till ett betyg. De flesta av eleverna befann sig i en undervisningsmiljö som hade förutsättningar för att skapa hanterbarhet hos eleverna dock kunde vissa undervisningsmoment upplevas obegripliga. Alla elever upplevde någon form av meningsfullhet för ämnet idrott och hälsa. Slutsats Elevernas klasskamrater kan både skapa positiva känslor och negativa känslor som påverkar elevens deltagande. Det är viktigt att läraren arbetar med gruppensammanhållningen och normkritik för att skapa en trygg miljö. Läraren bör arbeta med elevernas inre motivation samt skapa undervisningsupplägg som främjar den upplevda hanterbarheten. Det är även viktigt att läraren presenterar information på ett sätt som gör informationen intressant och begripligt för eleverna.
The association between physical activity patterns, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cortical thickness in aging : a population-based neuroimaging study
No full text‘Free but not free-free’ : teaching creative aspects of dance in physical education teacher education
No full textBackground There is a global consensus that stimulating and fostering children’s creativity in education is crucial. Addressing creativity has become an imperative in educational policies and in school curricula internationally. School-based physical education (PE), and specifically the teaching area of dance, has been identified as an important pedagogical setting within which to develop creativity. Existing studies have suggested, however, that dance is seldom taught in PE in ways that acknowledge creative aspects of movement learning. Scholars have claimed that teaching pre-arranged dances with predetermined movement outcomes dominate dance teaching in PE. Furthermore, studies have asserted that the overarching regulative principles of PE and PETE that privilege sport skills and physical exercise hinder creative movement learning. Still, dance teaching is frequently seen as part of expressive dance teaching in PE and PETE and is regarded as holding potential in the area of education for creativity. Little scholarly attention has been given to how teacher educators approach creative aspects in dance teaching. Purpose This article aims to create insights into how PETE teacher educators understand and work with creative aspects of dance in their educational practice. Method and theory To address our aim, we investigate how teacher educators describe their teaching of creative aspects of dance. To do this, empirical material was generated through qualitative interviews with PE teacher educators from each of the PETE institutions in Sweden. The theoretical concepts of smooth and striated spaces and experimentation by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari were used to guide the analysis of how the PETE educators described their teaching of creative aspects of dance. Deleuze and Guattari developed a framework that concerned questions of creativity and newness. Despite this conceptual framework having not yet been used in dance education in PE and PETE, their writing fits well when analysing questions of creativity in an educational context. Findings We identified three major themes relating to creativity in the empirical material: (a) creative aspects of expressive dance; (b) challenges that teacher educators face when introducing movement exploration in expressive dance to their students, and; (c) the teacher educators’ pedagogical work with students. Discussion The results of this study show that teaching expressive dance can take teaching in PE and PETE in new directions. The results provide insights into alternative ways of teaching in these educational settings that can counter the dominant ways of teaching dance. Results suggest that teacher educators operate in various striated spaces that are shaped by expectations and conventions. In such spaces, the educators aim to create momentary passages of smoothening that open up for experimentation and the development of students’ creativity. The results also suggest that expressive dance in PE and PETE emphasizes creative movement learning through which students learn to operate within new and unpredictable situations
Ta kommandot över din egen glöd : en intervjustudie om hur truppgymnaster motiverar sig själva
No full textAim: The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the techniques utilized by Swedish teamgym gymnasts to support their intrinsic motivation, focusing on the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. What techniques are used before, during, and after training and competition? Method: Four Swedish teamgym gymnasts, aged 20 - 23 years, with more than 5 years of experience at the highest national level each, were interviewed twice using a semi-structured interview guide. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed through thematic analysis. Results: The gymnasts used various strategies to support their intrinsic motivation. They reinforced all of the psychological needs but especially the need of competence. Prior to training, the gymnasts engaged in goal-setting, created favorable conditions for training, and utilized media such as videos and music. During training, they used goal-setting techniques and strategies to manage setbacks, posed questions, worked with video analysis, selected exercises, worked with self-talk and visualization, and actively integrated with teammates. After training, they reflected, talked, wrote down received tips, or reviewed training videos. Before competitions, gymnasts sought out like-minded individuals, lowered expectations, and used teammates to support motivation. During competitions, gymnasts followed routines, absorbed impressions, sought out support from their coaches or sought out or gave support to their teammates to stay motivated. To motivate themselves post-competition, gymnasts reflected, noted lessons, watched videos, accepted setbacks, and engaged in further goal-setting. In addition to these strategies, gymnasts sought out knowledge, created community, and utilized self-talk to motivate themselves outside of training and competition. Conclusion: The study show that gymnasts use a variety of strategies to motivate themselves or strengthen psychological needs before, during, and after training and competition. The knowledge that this study provides is important for the further support of the thoughts and behaviors of gymnasts and other athletes, that in the long and short term can contribute to stronger intrinsic motivation. These strategies can be considered examples, and gymnasts and other athletes likely use more. Further research into what gymnasts and athletes do to self-motivate would be desirable.Syfte och frågeställning: Syftet med denna studie är att djupare förstå vilka strategier svenska truppgymnaster använder sig av för att motivera sig själva med fokus på de psykologiska behoven autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet. Vilka strategier används inför, under och efter träning och tävling? Metod: 4 svenska truppgymnaster i åldrarna 20 – 23 år med mer än 5 års erfarenhet på högsta nationella nivån vardera intervjuades två gånger med en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades med en tematisk analys. Resultat: Gymnasterna använde olika strategier för att motivera sig själva. Strategierna stärkte samtliga psykologiska behov men framför allt känslan av kompetens. Gymnasternas strategier inför träning bestod av att; arbeta med målsättningsarbete, skapa förutsättningar inför träningen och medvetet använda sig av media i form av video och musik. Under träning använde sig gymnasterna av målsättningsarbete och strategier för att hantera motgångar, de ställde frågor, använde videoanalys, valde övningar, arbetade med self-talk och visualisering samt integrerade sig aktivt med lagkamraterna. Efter träning utgjordes strategierna av reflektion, samtal, nedskrivna tips och videoanalys. Inför tävling kunde gymnasterna söka sig till likasinnade, tona ner förväntningar och använda lagkamrater för att stärka sin motivation. Under tävling använde gymnasterna sig av rutiner, tog in intryck och sökte stöd av tränare och sökte eller gav stöd till lagkamrater för att motivera sig. För att motivera sig efter tävling reflekterade och skrev gymnasterna ner lärdomar, tittade på video, accepterade motgång samt arbetade med vidare målsättningsarbete. Utöver dessa strategier sökte gymnasterna kunskap, skapade gemenskap och använde sig av self-talk för att motivera sig utanför träning och tävling. Slutsats: Studien visar att gymnaster har ett flertal olika strategier för att motivera sig eller stärka de psykologiska behoven innan, under och efter träning och tävling. Studiens kunskap är viktig för att stödja gymnasters och andra idrottares tankar eller beteenden som i stunden eller på lång sikt kan bidra till starkare inre motivation. Strategierna framkomna i denna studie kan ses som exempel och gymnaster och andra idrottare använder sig troligen av fler. Mer forskning kring vad gymnaster och idrottare gör för att motivera sig själv vore önskvärt
Changes in Physical Activity and Incidence of Nonfatal Cardiovascular Events in 47 153 Survivors of Myocardial Infarction.
No full textBackground The majority of patients survive the acute phase of myocardial infarction (MI) but have an increased risk of recurrent cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. To be regularly physically active or change activity level is associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality. The objective was to explore to what extent physical activity (PA) levels or change in PA levels during the first year post-MI was associated with any recurrent nonfatal CVD events and specific CVD events (eg, MI, ischemic stroke, and vascular dementia). Methods and Results This cohort study among MI survivors was based on Swedish national registries between 2005 and 2020. PA levels were self-rated at 2 and 12 months post-MI, and patients were classified into remaining physically inactive, increasing, decreasing, or remaining active. A total of 6534 nonfatal CVD events occurred during 6 years of follow-up among the 47 153 included patients. In fully adjusted analyses, the risk of any nonfatal CVD event was lower (P<0.05) among patients remaining active (37%), increasing (22%), or decreasing (18%) PA level compared with remaining inactive. Compared with remaining inactive, the risk of recurring MI and stroke was lower (P>0.05) among remaining active (41% versus 52%, respectively), increasing (20% versus 35%, respectively), or decreasing PA level (24% versus 34%, respectively). For vascular dementia, patients remaining physically active had an 80% lower risk compared with remaining inactive (P<0.05). Conclusions Remaining physically active or change in PA levels during the first year post-MI was associated with a lower risk of recurrent nonfatal CVD events. This emphasizes the importance of supporting patients to continue to be or become physically active
The lactate receptor GPR81 is predominantly expressed in type II human skeletal muscle fibers : potential for lactate autocrine signaling.
No full textGPR81 was first identified in adipocytes as a receptor for L-lactate, which upon binding inhibits cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling. Moreover, incubation of myotubes with lactate augments expression of GPR81 and genes and proteins involved in lactate- and energy metabolism. However, characterization of GPR81 expression and investigation of related signaling in human skeletal muscle under conditions of elevated circulating lactate levels are lacking. Muscle biopsies were obtained from healthy men and women at rest, after leg extension exercise, with or without venous infusion of sodium lactate, and 90 and 180 min after exercise (8 men and 8 women). Analyses included protein and mRNA levels of GPR81, as well as GPR81-dependent signaling molecules. GPR81 expression was 2.5-fold higher in type II glycolytic compared with type I oxidative muscle fibers, and the expression was inversely related to the percentage of type I muscle fibers. Muscle from women expressed about 25% more GPR81 protein than from men. Global PKA-activity increased by 5-8% after exercise, with no differences between trials. CREBS133 phosphorylation was reduced by 30% after exercise and remained repressed during the entire trials, with no influence of the lactate infusion. The mRNA expression of VEGF and PGC-1α were increased by 2.5 - 6-fold during recovery, and that of LDH reduced by 15% with no differences between trials for any gene at any time point. The high expression of GPR81-protein in type II fibers suggests that lactate functions as an autocrine signaling molecule in muscle; however, lactate does not appear to regulate CREB signaling during exercise
Revisiting Perfectionism in High-Level Ballet : A Longitudinal Collective Instrumental Case Study
No full textUsing a case study design, we explored two ballet dancers' perfectionism experiences via interviews and questionnaires at two time points 5 years apart. They represented the two types of "pure perfectionism" in the 2 x 2 model of perfectionism: a female representing pure personal standards perfectionism (high perfectionistic strivings, low perfectionistic concerns) and a male representing pure evaluative concerns perfectionism (low perfectionistic strivings, high perfectionistic concerns). The pure personal standards perfectionism dancer reported stable perfectionism across time, seemingly resilient to any perfectionistic concerns developing. She attributed this to her stable, grounded personality, also reporting autonomous motivation and performance success. The dancer representing pure evaluative concerns perfectionism reported increased perfectionistic strivings and lowered perfectionistic concerns over time; concurrently, his motivation became less controlled and more autonomous. He described the reasons in terms of improved basic psychological needs satisfaction and personal growth. Overall, autonomy might be important in mitigating perfectionism
En tvärsnittsstudie som belyser skillnader mellan gymnasieelevers fysiska aktivitetsnivåer
No full textSyfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien var att undersöka om gymnasieelever når upp till rekommendationerna för fysisk aktivitet samt undersöka om det fanns några skillnader mellan eleverna. Den primära frågeställningen undersökte skillnader i fysisk aktivitet mellan könen. Det har också arbetats med två sekundära frågeställningar, dessa analyserar socioekonomi samt skillnader mellan årskurserna kan vara möjliga faktorer till gymnasieelevers fysiska aktivitetsnivå. Metod Under arbetet av studien har syftet och frågeställningarna undersökts och besvarats med hjälp av en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie med en enkätundersökning. Jämförelser har gjorts mellan grupper då det studerats om skillnader i fysisk aktivitet på elever i gymnasiet. Det var totalt 164 elever mellan åldrarna 15-19 år som deltog i studien där sju klasser var medverkande. Av deltagarna var 57,3% kvinnor och 42,7% män. Enkäten som konstruerades omfattar frågor kring fysisk aktivitet och tillhörande socioekonomiska frågor, två av Folkhälsomyndighetens enkäter står som grund för studiens enkät. Resultat Vid analyseringen och beräkningen av statistiken kunde fler signifikanta resultat visas. Det gjordes fynd där skillnader i fysisk aktivitet mellan könen kunde fastställas samt signifikanta skillnader mellan socioekonomi. Män var mer fysiskt aktiva än kvinnorna (p=0,004) där medelvärdet för männen låg på 280,4 min per vecka medan kvinnorna låg på 143,5 min per vecka. Elevernas hemkommuner visade sig vara avgörande när det kom till den fysiska aktivitetsnivån där signifikanta skillnader i fysisk aktivitet kunde fastställas mellan grupperna. Slutsats Forskningen som finns kring fysisk aktivitet visar på goda hälsoeffekter. Ungdomar har blivit allt mer inaktiva och det är något som bör lyftas upp och arbetas med för att främja ett hälsosamt levnadssätt och för en framtid där färre människor drabbas av vanligt förekommande folkhälsosjukdomar. Det finns inte tillräckligt med forskning mellan årskurserna, men det verkar finnas flera anledningar till att gymnasieelever inte är tillräckligt fysiskt aktiva.
Cardiorespiratory fitness, physical workload, and lifestyle-related factors in occupational groups : associations with sickness absence and cardiovascular disease
No full textThe main aim of this thesis was to study cardiorespiratory fitness, physical workload, and lifestyle-related factors, with a special emphasis on cardiorespiratory fitness in an occupational context and the associations with cardiovascular disease and sickness absence across a wide range of occupations. A secondary aim was to study trends in cardiorespiratory fitness in different occupational groups over the last decades. The thesis is based on data from health profile assessments performed in the Swedish working population over the last decades and consists of four studies. Paper I examines health risk factors across a diverse range of occupational groups and finds that high-skilled occupations have a more favorable health risk profile than low-skilled occupations, with some sub-major categories displaying a more unfavorable health risk profile than others. Paper III demonstrates that individuals in low-skilled and blue-collar occupations have a significantly higher risk of incident cardiovascular disease than high-skilled white-collar workers. Cardiorespiratory fitness, smoking, and body mass index partially explain this association. Paper IV shows that occupational physical workload is associated with sickness absence, where a higher physical workload is related with a higher risk of total sickness absence due to musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory causes but a lower risk of sickness absence due to psychiatric causes. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with reduced predicted days of sickness absence, mainly for cardiorespiratory diagnoses and musculoskeletal diagnoses, with some variations between occupational groups. Paper II finds a consistent decline in cardiorespiratory fitness from 2001 to 2020. This decline is more pronounced in low-skilled occupations, regardless of their classification as white-collar or blue-collar. Forecast analyses revealed a continuing downward trend in cardiorespiratory fitness, particularly in low-skilled occupations. In conclusion, promoting smoking cessation, reduced obesity, and physical activities to improve cardiorespiratory fitness may reduce the disparity in cardiovascular disease incidence observed across occupational groups. The decline in cardiorespiratory fitness, particularly in low-skilled occupations, is concerning and calls for targeted interventions that can reach out to those who need it most. This could be achieved through structural and individual-level changes at the workplace and in society at large
Associations between physical activity and autonomic function during deep breathing test : the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS).
No full textPURPOSE: The deep breathing test (DBT) is a sensitive test of cardiovagal function. The aim of this study was to explore associations between physical activity and sedentary time, measured by accelerometer, and autonomic function, using DBT. METHODS: In the Swedish Cardio-Pulmonary bioImage Study, men and women aged 50-64 were randomly invited from the general population. A total of 4325 subjects who underwent DBT and assessment of physical activity and sedentary time by accelerometery were included. ECG files from 1-min DBT were used to calculate measures of respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA; expiration-inspiration (E-I) difference and E/I ratio], heart rate variability [HRV; root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), standard deviation of heart rates and mean circular resultant]. Low RSA and HRV was defined as the lowest 10% in the population. RESULTS: For accelerometer-assessed physical activity, there were significant associations between high percentage of sedentary time and low E/I (p < 0.01), and low RMSSD (p < 0.01) in an age- and sex-adjusted model, and between percentage of sedentary time and low RMSSD (p = 0.04) in a risk factor-adjusted model. Low RMSSD was less common in those with a high percentage of moderate to vigorous physical activity (p = 0.04, after risk-factor adjustment). These associations became non-significant when further adjusting for heart rate. CONCLUSION: We report associations between degree of physical activity and indices of autonomic dysfunction in a large population. The relationships were no longer significant after adjustments for heart rate, indicating that the relationship between physical activity and cardiovagal function partly is accounted for by reduced heart rate