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Regulatory Deficiencies in Investor Protection on the CFD Market in Poland
No full textThe purpose of the article. Retail investors in capital markets have enhanced accessibility to a broad spectrum of financial instruments via online trading platforms operated by investment firms. However, these instruments are inherently complex and high-risk, making independent analysis and informed decision-making particularly challenging for non-professional investors. Leveraged products amplify both gains and losses, posing heightened risks in volatile markets like cryptocurrencies. This article critically examines the limitations of the current regulatory framework governing contracts for difference (CFDs) in Poland, following regulations introduced (Decision No. DAS.456.2.2019) by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority (KNF). This decision established restrictions on the offering, distribution, and sale of CFDs to retail clients.Methodology. This study adopts a regulatory and market analysis approach to identify critical deficiencies and challenges in investor protection within the Polish CFD market. It relies on a review of legal frameworks, supervisory reports, and publicly available data from CFD brokers. Key areas of analysis include supervisory reports from the KNF, assessment of risk disclosures, examination of brokerage models, evaluation of cross-border activities, and review of marketing strategies.Results of the research. The analysis highlights persistent issues such as the circumvention of restrictions by cross-border brokers, the continued use of aggressive marketing strategies, and unresolved conflicts of interest within brokerage models. By reviewing legal frameworks, reports, and CFD broker data highlights regulatory shortcomings in investor protection. The findings suggest that while regulatory interventions have introduced certain protective measures, significant loopholes allow brokers to maintain high-risk practices. The article calls for enhanced regulatory oversight and provides recommendations for strengthening investor protection in the Polish financial market
Ocena miejskiego pierścienia krajobrazowego: przypadek Łodzi, Polska
No full textThe article describes the spatial planning policy carried out in suburban areas that have not yet been subject to urbanisation within the administrative borders of the Polish city of Łódź and in zones located just beyond its administrative border. The aim of the study was to evaluate spatial decisions adopted in the planning documents of towns and municipalities. The evaluation included the peripheral areas around the city of Łódź called the urban fringe landscape ring. The area of the ring was divided into subzones where detailed research was conducted. The current forms of land use were compared with the planned development directions adopted in the planning documents. Breakdowns showing the percentage increase in areas designated to be developed now and in the future, as well as in areas intended for preservation in the form of open spaces, were made. The need to develop new areas was analysed in relation to demographic conditions and area development capacity. Conclusions from the study showed a significant excess of planned investment areas, the deliberate appropriation of open landscapes and a lack of local planning coherence.W artykule opisano politykę przestrzenną prowadzoną na obszarach podmiejskich jeszcze niepoddanych urbanizacji, w granicach administracyjnych miasta Łodzi oraz w strefach zlokalizowanych tuż za jego granicą administracyjną. Badaniom poddano tereny otwarte nazwane pierścieniem krajobrazowym. Przestrzeń pierścienia podzielono na podstrefy, na których prowadzono badania szczegółowe. Porównano obecne formy użytkowania gruntów z planowanymi kierunkami rozwoju przyjętymi w dokumentach planistycznych. Wykonano zestawienia obrazujące wzrost procentowy terenów przeznaczonych obecnie i w przyszłości pod zabudowę oraz terenów przewidzianych do zachowania w postaci przestrzeni otwartych. Przeanalizowano potrzeby zabudowywania nowych terenów w odniesieniu do uwarunkowań demograficznych oraz do chłonności terenowej. Wnioski z badań wykazały znaczną nadpodaż planowanych terenów inwestycyjnych, świadome zawłaszczanie krajobrazów otwartych oraz miejscowy brak spójności planistycznej
Ubóstwo i wykluczenie społeczne: kluczowe wyzwania dla zrównoważonego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w nowych państwach członkowskich UE (2007–2022)
No full textPoverty has emerged as a significant global issue, impacting both urban and rural areas in developing countries. Its complex and multifaceted nature, encompassing profound economic, social, and psychological implications, has made addressing it even more challenging. Therefore, rural poverty is regarded as one of the most pressing challenges for achieving sustainable development within the European Union (EU). While the EU-15 countries (i.e., the “old” Member States) are relatively better positioned, rural poverty has remained a persistent issue in the “new” Member States, particularly in recent years. This study has examined the trends in rural poverty and social exclusion across the new EU Member States over the past 15 years. Using a data review methodology, it has analyzed rural poverty and exclusion trends from 2007 to 2022 in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The findings have revealed that Bulgaria, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Romania significantly lag behind the EU average in addressing rural poverty among the new member states.Ubóstwo stało się istotnym problemem globalnym, wpływającym zarówno na obszary miejskie, jak i wiejskie w krajach rozwijających się. Jego złożony i wieloaspektowy charakter, obejmujący głębokie konsekwencje ekonomiczne, społeczne i psychologiczne, sprawia, że jego zwalczanie jest niezwykle trudnym wyzwaniem. W związku z tym ubóstwo na obszarach wiejskich jest uważane za jedno z najpoważniejszych wyzwań dla osiągnięcia zrównoważonego rozwoju w Unii Europejskiej (UE). Chociaż kraje UE-15 (tzw. stare państwa członkowskie) znajdują się w relatywnie lepszej sytuacji, ubóstwo na obszarach wiejskich pozostaje palącym problemem w „nowych” państwach członkowskich, zwłaszcza w ostatnich latach. Niniejsze badanie analizuje trendy dotyczące ubóstwa na obszarach wiejskich oraz wykluczenia społecznego w nowych państwach członkowskich UE na przestrzeni ostatnich 15 lat. Wykorzystując metodę przeglądu danych, autorzy dokonują analizy trendów ubóstwa i wykluczenia społecznego w latach 2007–2022 w Bułgarii, Chorwacji, Czechach, Estonii, na Węgrzech, Łotwie, Litwie, w Polsce, Rumunii, na Słowacji i w Słowenii. Wyniki wskazują, że Bułgaria, Chorwacja, Łotwa, Litwa i Rumunia znacząco odstają od średniej unijnej pod względem zwalczania ubóstwa na obszarach wiejskich wśród nowych państw członkowskich
Introduction. Theory in the Humanities and Social Sciences: Collusions of Approaches and Applications
No full textThe article is an introduction to the 20th volume of „Nauki o Wychowaniu. Studia Interdisciplinarne”. It presents the main topic of theory and its applications, and the conceptual framework of the volume together with an outline of its contents. In the summary, it shifts the emphasis to a discussion on the positions presented in the volume, engaging it and inviting it to continue.Artykuł stanowi wprowadzenie do 20. tomu „Nauk o Wychowaniu. Studia Interdyscyplinarne”. Prezentuje główne zagadnienie, jakim jest teoria i jej aplikacje, oraz ramę koncepcyjną tomu wraz z zarysem jego zawartości. W podsumowaniu przenosi akcent na dyskusję ze stanowiskami prezentowanymi w tomie, podejmując ją i zapraszając do kontynuacji
Związek między emisją CO2 a wydatkami na zdrowie – analiza krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
No full textGreenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2), influence climate change and have a significant impact on public health. The relationship is a subject of interest to many researchers. However, the situation of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries is not sufficiently explored in this context. Thus, this study examines the linkages between CO2 emissions and health expenditures in 11 CEE countries. The empirical findings obtained using Kónya’s bootstrap panel Granger causality test show that CO2 emissions and health expenditures are related in most CEE countries. Notably, a bidirectional relationship in the bootstrap panel Granger causality test is found for Croatia, Romania, and Slovakia. In contrast, the relationship was revealed to be insignificant in Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, and Slovenia. The results are significant and contribute to the existing literature. The findings allow us to issue policy recommendations to intensify efforts to control pollution, particularly CO2 emissions, especially in Croatia, Romania, and Slovakia, as well as in the countries where at least unidirectional effects from CO2 emissions to health expenditures were observed (e.g., Estonia, Hungary, and Latvia).Emisje gazów cieplarnianych (głównie dwutlenku węgla – CO2) wpływają na zmiany klimatyczne, co oddziałuje na zdrowie publiczne. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie powiązań między emisją CO2 a wydatkami na zdrowie w 11 krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej (CEE) z wykorzystaniem wariantu testu przyczynowości Grangera, opracowanego przez Kónya. Próba czasowa obejmuje dane roczne od 2000 do 2020 roku. Badania empiryczne dostarczają zróżnicowanych wyników. Dwukierunkową zależność stwierdzono w przypadku Chorwacji, Rumunii i Słowacji, podczas gdy na przykład w Bułgarii, na Litwie, w Polsce i Słowenii powiązanie było nieistotne. Zalecenia polityczne obejmują podjęcie wysiłków w zakresie kontroli zanieczyszczeń, w szczególności emisji CO2 w Chorwacji, Rumunii, Słowacji, jak również w Estonii, na Węgrzech i Łotwie, a więc w krajach, gdzie oszacowano przynajmniej jednokierunkowy wpływ emisji CO2 na wydatki na zdrowie
The role of city parks in creating ‘wellbeing societies’: A case study of Piłsudski Park in Łódź, Poland
No full textThis article examines the role of urban green spaces (UGSs) and city parks in fostering wellbeing among urban residents. UGSs are increasingly being recognized for their contribution to public health, mental wellbeing and social cohesion, and this research fills a gap in the understanding of these benefits in the context of Central and Eastern European cities. The current study presents research on the motivations, patterns of use, chosen activities and wellbeing benefits of visiting the largest city park in Łódź: Marshal Józef Piłsudski Park. The research utilizes a questionnaire-based survey of 238 park users to explore patterns of park use, motivations for visiting and perceived wellbeing benefits. Findings reveal that physical activities, such as walking, are the primary motivation for park visits, while mental benefits like relaxation and stress reduction are highly valued outcomes. Although social interactions are rated lower overall, they are particularly significant for younger and older users, as well as marginalized groups such as unemployed individuals. The study also highlights the role of proximity and the frequency of visits in amplifying wellbeing benefits. Despite the park’s evolving infrastructure, aligning with modern trends, passive recreational activities dominate usage patterns. The research underscores the potential of urban parks to address health and social challenges, advocating inclusive and participatory urban planning. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on sustainable urban development and the creation of ‘wellbeing societies’ through urban green spaces
Emaus cum figuris 3: Grotowski – Rembrandt – Caravaggio
No full textThe article proposes a comparison between some famous iconographical repre-sentations of the Supper in Emaus (scene taken from the Gospel according to St. Luca) and the aesthetics of Jerzy Grotowski’s poor theatre, especially of his last theatre production, Apocalypsis cum figuris (1969). An investigation to discover some correspondences between the two is developed to suggest a deeper connec-tions between the liturgy established in Emaus and dramaturgical model of Gro-towski’s theatre
Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Stages of Menopause: A Study among Bengali-Speaking Hindu Ethnic Group, India
No full textA reduction in the estrogen and progesterone levels during midlife leads to adverse changes in body fat distribution, insulin and lipid metabolism, and endothelial dysfunction; all of these increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, scholars are not unanimous on whether menopause enhances the CVD risk, independent of the normal process of aging and other confounding factors. Despite the cardio-protective effect of endogenous estrogen during their premenopausal years, the increased life expectancy of women exposes them to a greater lifetime risk of CVD compared to men. The aim of the present study was to understand the cardiovascular risk factors associated with different stages of menopause. This study was cross-sectional in nature and was carried out in the Howrah district of West Bengal, India. Two hundred and one participants were recruited for the study (Premenopausal 71, Perimenopausal 61, and Postmenopausal 69). Data on body fat distribution, blood glucose levels, and total cholesterol, blood pressure, and socio-demographic, menstrual and reproductive history, and lifestyle characteristics were obtained following standard protocols. Multivariate analysis of covariance was performed to understand how menopausal status impacted CVD risk factors after controlling the effects of the confounders. Menopausal status significantly predicted the CVD risk factors and body fat measures after removing the effects of the confounding variables, reinforcing the role of estrogen in the development of CVD. An overwhelming majority of the participants in our study have central obesity; so, this group is more prone to developing CVD in the near future. Future cross-cultural studies are required to understand how the link between menopause and CVD varies across different cultural groups and throughout the menopausal transition