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Skutek bezpośredni umów międzynarodowych zawieranych przez Unię Europejską w ramach Wspólnej Polityki Handlowej
No full textThe subject of the dissertation concerns the direct effect of international agreements concluded by the European Union within the framework of the Common Commercial Policy. To verify
the main thesis of the dissertation, research questions were posed regarding the subject scope
of the CCP, the nature of the Union's competence to conclude international agreements, and
the practice of concluding agreements in specific areas. The research issue, which constitutes
the subject of the dissertation focuses on the analysis of the direct effect of agreements
international agreements concluded by the European Union within the framework of the
Common Commercial Policy Trade Policy.
The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters and a conclusion. Each of the chapters
begins with an introduction, which briefly introduces the issues addressed in each chapter and
concludes with conclusions. The answers to the research questions and the main thesis are presented in the final conclusion
Determining the state of bilateral relations using quantitative indicators: A case study of USRussia relations
No full textThe project aims to develop and apply a methodology for the quantitative measurement of bilateral relations between states.The aim of the research was to develop a tool for impartially evaluating the state of relations between two states over a specific period. It comprised several stages. Initially, a set of potential indicators of bilateral relations was prepared based on desk research. Following the initial selection based on data availability, these indicators were discussed with 32 practitioners of international relations (diplomats and foreign service officers from 22 countries) during semi-structured interviews. The aim of the interviews was to assign weights to the respective indicators, thus preparing for the quantitative segment of the study. Utilizing available datasets and self-generated data, a multidimensional comparative analysis was employed to generate the Bilateral Relations Index (BRI), which was then tested by the example of Russia-US relations between 1992 and 2022. The study revealed fluctuations and a gradual deterioration of US-Russia relations, aligning with qualitative observations from the recent history of the relations between the two states.This research was funded in whole by the National Science Centre, Poland, in frames of the project number 2024/53/B/HS5/00036 entitled ‘Bilateral Relations Index: Quantitative analysis of interstate relations’
ESG Investing and Passive Fund Management. Tracking Ability of Passive ESG Equity Exchange-Traded Funds
No full textThe dissertation analyses the impact of ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) integration on the replication efficiency of passive equity ETFs listed on European stock exchanges. The aim is to determine the extent to which the inclusion of sustainability criteria affects the ability of ETFs to track their benchmark indices. The study applies an institutional and empirical approach rooted in financial economics. The theoretical section reviews the literature on passive investing, tracking error, and ESG integration. The empirical part examines 134 ETFs between 2021 and 2024 using dynamic panel data models (GMM), assessing the effect of variables such as total expense ratio, value of assets under management, benchmark volatility, replication method, and fund age. The results indicate that ESG ETFs do not underperform in terms of tracking efficiency compared to conventional funds and may outperform them under certain conditions. Tracking error is primarily driven by cost structure and fund size, regardless of ESG implementation.Dysertacja analizuje wpływ integracji czynników ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) na efektywność replikacji pasywnych funduszy ETF notowanych na europejskich giełdach. Celem badania jest ustalenie, w jakim stopniu uwzględnianie kryteriów zrównoważonego rozwoju wpływa na zdolność funduszy do odwzorowywania wyników indeksów referencyjnych. Zastosowano podejście osadzone w ekonomii instytucjonalnej oraz badaniach nad efektywnością instrumentów finansowych. Część teoretyczna obejmuje przegląd literatury dotyczącej pasywnego inwestowania, błędu replikacji oraz integracji ESG. W części empirycznej wykorzystano dane 134 funduszy ETF z lat 2021–2024 oraz estymację dynamicznych modeli panelowych (GMM), badając wpływ takich zmiennych jak całkowity współczynnik kosztów, wartość zarządzanych aktywów, zmienność indeksu, metoda replikacji i wiek funduszu. Wyniki wskazują, że fundusze ESG nie wykazują niższej efektywności replikacji niż fundusze konwencjonalne, a w określonych warunkach mogą osiągać lepsze wyniki. Poziom błędu replikacji zależy przede wszystkim od struktury kosztów i skali funduszu, niezależnie od zastosowania kryteriów ESG
Wyobrażony, rzeczywisty, zapamiętany – dynamika wizerunku turystycznego i postrzegania Łodzi
No full textCzy nasze wyobrażenie o miejscu, którego jeszcze nie odwiedziliśmy, ma cokolwiek wspólnego z rzeczywistością? Co wpływa na to, jak postrzegamy miasto – wiedza, media, opinie innych osób, a może własne doświadczenia? W jaki sposób podróż do miasta zmienia nasze wyobrażenia na jego temat? Książka odpowiada na te i inne pytania, odwołując się do przykładu Łodzi – miasta pełnego kontrastów, problemów wizerunkowych, ale też pozytywnych zaskoczeń. Publikacja jest efektem unikatowych badań wśród kilkudziesięciu turystów odwiedzających Łódź. Z każdym z nich przeprowadzono trzy wywiady: przed wyjazdem, bezpośrednio po wizycie w mieście oraz trzy miesiące po niej. Pozwoliło to uchwycić ewolucję wizerunku miasta na każdym etapie podróży oraz zidentyfikować czynniki, które ten wizerunek kształtują. Opracowanie dostarcza również szczegółowych opisów – skojarzeń z miastem, doświadczeń odwiedzających je osób i ich odbioru zastanej przestrzeni – pozwalających na formułowanie ogólnych wniosków na temat wizerunku turystycznego Łodzi. Publikację wzbogacono o analizy dotyczące łódzkiej strefy wielkomiejskiej oraz o interpretacje fotografii wykonanych przez turystów na miejscu. Całość zamyka opracowany przez autora model powstawania wizerunku miasta, rzucający nowe światło na badania wizerunkowe miast i innych przestrzeni. Wyobrażony, rzeczywisty, zapamiętany to pozycja obowiązkowa dla wszystkich zainteresowanych turystyką, marketingiem miejsc, geografią społeczną oraz percepcją przestrzeni miejskiej
The Content of Provisional Measures in Inter-State Proceedings
No full textThis study examines the content of provisional measures in inter-State proceedings before international courts and tribunals. It analyses what is granted as provisional measures and why. The study addresses the law and practice of the Central American Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of International Justice, the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the United Nations Tribunal in Libya, and inter-State arbitration within and outside the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The main research question is to what extent practice confirms the alleged full freedom of international courts to grant provisional measures of any content. There are three auxiliary questions. They concern: (1) the legal basis under which international courts may grant provisional measures different from those requested; (2) the practice of selecting particular provisional measures in comparable cases; and (3) the criteria that may condition the choice of provisional measures. The study proves that the power of international courts to choose the content of provisional measures is not unlimited; it is subject to a number of conditions that limit and shape their selection.Preludium 22 pt. Efektywność środków tymczasowych w sporach międzypaństwowych (2023/49/N/HS5/03210
Za Żelazną Bramą. Jurydyka Wielopole i pałac Lubomirskich
No full textThe emergence of secular jurydykas was part of the development process in the capital's suburbs, testifying to the importance of powerful families' patronage for the city's development. Wielopole, an example of a small town near Warsaw, is an area with a multi-layered history, deserving of a more detailed urban and architectural analysis. Individual properties were owned by members of the elite, but also by traders and craftsmen. Wielopole was founded in 1693 by Maria Anna d'Arquien Wielopolska, sister of Queen Marie Casimire. The foundation included lands granted in 1667 to the founder's husband, Jan Wielopolski, who died in 1688 before the project was completed. The jurydyka's potential was determined by its location on important roads connecting the Wola electoral field with Old Warsaw, which created the possibility of selling or temporarily leasing the residences to nobles and magnates participating, for example, in parliamentary sessions.
From a historical and architectural perspective, the most interesting residence in Wielopole was the future seat of the Lubomirski family. The first manor house was likely built at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. Around 1730, the property was already in the hands of Johann Sigmund Deybel, an architect associated with the king's patronage, who rebuilt it. In the mid-18th century, the property, with future land registry number 957, was acquired by the Lubomirski family. Inventories compiled in 1754, 1758, 1759, and 1762 are invaluable for reconstructing the functional and conceptual layout of the Lubomirski Palace from this period
Global Processes and the Development of Polish Enterprises in the Artistic Craft Sector
No full textThis doctoral dissertation investigates the impact of global processes on the development and competitiveness of Polish artistic craft enterprises. Despite their small production scale, these entities hold considerable economic value due to their cultural embeddedness, high added value, and increasing consumer interest in unique, handmade products. However, they face persistent structural challenges, including limited institutional support and insufficient intellectual property protection.
The research applies a mixed-method approach, integrating statistical analysis with qualitative interviews conducted among Polish artist-craftspeople active in foreign markets. The findings reveal that digital tools—especially e-commerce platforms and social media marketing—are now central to export strategies, enabling small producers to reach global audiences. Export revenues constitute a growing share of total income in this sector, underscoring the importance of international market access.
The dissertation contributes to economic theory by positioning artistic crafts as a dual force—cultural heritage carriers and economically viable creative industries. It emphasizes their potential to stimulate regional development and attract investment. Policy recommendations include the expansion of legal and financial frameworks tailored to this sector’s specificity, greater protection of intellectual property, and promotion through international channels.
The study fills a research gap in Polish economic literature and provides practical insights for policymakers, industry organizations, and entrepreneurs. It underscores the necessity of merging traditional craft methods with modern business strategies to enhance the resilience and global competitiveness of Poland’s artistic craft sector in the face of accelerating global transformations
Impact of mass graves on the soil properties: a case study of the Nazi German Mass Crimes in the Szpęgawsk Forest and Chojnice’s Death Valley, Poland - dataset
No full textThe dataset concerns an archaeological research into mass graves in the Szpęgawsk Forest and Death Valley in Chojnice, Poland which were conducted during the last years. In both cases, the Nazis burned the victims’ bodies in an attempt to erase the traces of their crimes. The research takes an interdisciplinary approach to investigating which organic compounds, particularly those posing an environmental hazard, are present in the soil around the Szpęgawsk Forest and Chojnice mass graves and their quantities. It also vets whether the mass graves can be considered a substantial source of organic (and inorganic) contaminants released into the environment. The collection includes photos taken during field research, photographs of the samples analysed, and relevant graphs presenting the acquired data.The project is funded by the National Science Centre, Poland (UMO-2021/43/D/HS3/00033)
Post-editing of machine translation output in the training of legal translators. Comparing translation processes and products before and after a period of post-editing tasks
No full textTranslators are increasingly required to post-edit machine-translated texts instead of translating from scratch. After a discussion of the relevant translation skills, legal translation (LT) challenges, the dissertation discusses LT training, which is demanding, considering the high requirements set for legal translators.
This study seeks to understand how post-editing exercises in LT training change the processes and products of translation of legal documents (contracts) in different groups of students. A mix of research methods is used: evaluation of translations of items representing typical LT challenges in two translation tasks; within-participant comparisons of process data (screen recordings, keystroke logs) or participant-generated data (interviews, notes) in both tasks; and a survey about trainees’ attitudes to post-editing.
The evaluation results suggest progress in translations made by post-diploma LT students and deterioration in MA translation students, however, not on item categories which are central to legal texts. Any professional experience of translation is statistically significantly likely lead to improvement in task 2. No such association is confirmed for law background.
Changes in translation processes, despite considerable individual variation, point to overall reduction in total time on task and more intensive information mining in task 2 compared to task 1. Yet, process changes do not always improve the quality of translated texts.
Survey answers demonstrate trainees’ critical attitude towards machine-translated contracts and a fairly positive opinion about learning LT through post-editing. The study concludes that trainees with professional translation experience benefit from post-editing, but such exercises may hinder LT skills development in persons without such experience
Bilateral Relations Index: Presidential Transitions and US Bilateral Relations (1992-2023) (dataset)
No full textThe dataset provides data used to estimate the fluctuations of bilateral relations between the United States and other countries under different US Presidents in the post-Cold War period. The sample includes relations with India, Japan, Brazil, Nigeria, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, and Turkey. Data was generated using the Bilateral Relations Index (BRI).Projekt ma na celu opracowanie metody mierzenia stosunków dwustronnych między państwami, wykorzystującej dane ilościowe. Indeks Stosunków Dwustronnych (BRI) pozwala na ocenę stanu stosunków dwustronnych między dowolną parą państw. Narzędzie to, między innymi, umożliwia ocenę, czy dana inicjatywa, działanie lub wydarzenie doprowadziło do zauważalnej zmiany w stosunkach dwustronnych, a także na identyfikację trendów i wahań.This research was funded in whole by the National Science Centre, Poland, in frames of the project number 2024/53/B/HS5/00036 entitled “Bilateral Relations Index: Quantitative analysis of interstate relations”