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Castro-Páez, Encarnación (2023). “De Tartesos a Hispania. Geografía y etnografía en la literatura greco-latina". Barcelona: Editorial Bellaterra. ISBN 978-84-18723-65-0. 322 pp.
No full text„Hellenism and Judaism”. Tadeusz Zieliński’s (1859–1944) Reflections on the Origins of Christianity
No full textRobert K. Zawadzki examines the representation of Hellenism and Judaism in the religious studies of Tadeusz Zieliński, one of Poland’s foremost scholars of antiquity. The relationship, contacts and dealings between the representatives of the two cultures provided Zieliński with fertile ground for articulating his ideas about the origins of Christianity. By examining these conclusions, the author of this article shows how Zieliński constructed a specific image of Judaism in line with the aims and assumptions of his own work, while at the same time creating a vision of Hellenism as the real and true source of Christianity. In this article the author also proposes that Zieliński’s work should not be viewed from the perspective of contemporary religious studies, but rather as an excellent source for the history of Polish science. After all, the book is a testament not only to the author’s views, but also to the era
Why does the Lion Have a Long Tail and Sleep with its Eyes Open? Ancient and Biblical Roots of the “Physiologus”
No full textAt the center of the article is the Physiologus – probably the best-known text of late antiquity and the Middle Ages after the Bible – and the descriptions of animals presented there. The depictions of the individual animals are based on the idea that, in addition to the external characteristics of an animal, they should also explain its theological significance. The animals and their characteristics should also convey a moral lesson to the reader and appear exemplary and worthy of imitation in their eyes. This article will now examine the question of how allegorical representations of animals as an interpretation of the world illustrate the logic of divine creation. Selected examples are used to show the way in which the author, inspired by the pre-Christian and Christian tradition, designs the animal images, and interpretative models are analyzed that go beyond the usual equations and often bring to light multifaceted and unexpected meanings
Research on Goldsmithery from the Turn of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Era in the Lublin Archdeaconry
No full textThis article focuses on sacred goldwork, known only from written sources, originating from the formerly rich inventories of churches in Lublin and from four churches located in the Łuków deanery, part of the Lublin archdeaconry.In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Lublin archdeaconry encompassed a significant portion of the Lublin region, known as Lubelszczyzna. It included five deaneries: Łuków, Parczew, Chodel, Kazimierz, and Solec. The Łuków deanery was the first to undergo an episcopal visitation, in 1603. The administrative centre of the archdeaconry was located in Lublin.Only a small number of goldsmithing objects from churches in the Lublin region have survived. So far, researchers have identified just seven chalices and one pax. Their craftsmanship can be compared with works from the leading goldsmithing centres in Poland, such as Kraków and Poznań. Several reasons account for the scarcity of preserved goldsmithing works. Many objects from the churches of Lublin and other towns within the archdeaconry were lost during the Swedish wars; others were destroyed by Arians and Calvinists. Old silverware was often melted down so that the money from the recovered metal could be used to meet the church’s most urgent needs. During times of war, contributions imposed on churches depleted their possessions. There were also instances when priests, motivated by patriotism, donated silver for national causes.This fragmentary overview of sacred goldsmithery in the Lublin archdeaconry demonstrates that liturgical objects from this region – such as monstrances, chalices, crosses, paxes, and other – were in no way inferior to those created in renowned Polish centres with long-established goldsmithing traditions.Tematem artykułu są znane tylko ze źródeł pisanych sakralne wyroby złotnicze z bogatych niegdyś zasobów kościołów w Lublinie oraz z czterech kościołów z dekanatu łukowskiego, wchodzącego w skład archidiakonatu lubelskiego.Archidiakonat lubelski w XVI i XVII w. zajmował znaczną część Lubelszczyzny. Obejmował pięć dekanatów: łukowski, parczewski, chodelski, kazimierski i solecki. Łukowski, jako pierwszy, w 1603 r. został poddany wizytacji biskupiej. Stolicą archidiakonatu był Lublin.Wyroby złotnicze z kościołów na Lubelszczyźnie zachowały się w znikomej liczbie. Udało się jak dotąd rozpoznać zaledwie siedem kielichów i jeden pacyfikał. Ich kunszt porównać można z dziełami przodujących ośrodków złotniczych w kraju: Krakowa i Poznania. Tę znikomą liczbę przetrwałych dzieł złotniczych tłumaczy kilka przyczyn. Znaczna ich część z kościołów Lublina i z innych miejscowości archidiakonatu zaginęła w okresie wojen szwedzkich, część zniszczyli arianie i kalwini. Stare srebra często przetapiano, aby pieniędzmi za uzyskany kruszec pokrywać najpotrzebniejsze potrzeby kościoła. W czasach niepokojów wojennych nakładane na kościoły kontrybucje zubażały ich stan posiadania. Bywało też, że księża z pobudek patriotycznych oddawali srebra na potrzeby kraju.Przedstawiony wycinek sakralnego złotnictwa w archidiakonacie lubelskim ukazuje, iż wyroby złotnicze z tego regionu (monstrancje, kielichy, krzyże, pacyfikały i inne) w niczym nie ustępowały dziełom z renomowanych ośrodków w Polsce o ustalonej złotniczej tradycji
Zmiana klimatu – kluczowe wyzwania prawa międzynarodowego
No full textThis article aims to demonstrate the international community’s growing interest in combating climate change by examining key legal solutions related to sustainable development and environmental protection. It also presents respective international legislative actors’ strategies for climate neutrality through an analysis of selected legal measures within international, EU, American, and Chinese law frameworks. The article defines key sustainability terms such as climate change, greenhouse gases, and sustainable development.Celem artykułu jest wykazanie rosnącego zainteresowania społeczności międzynarodowej przeciwdziałaniu zmianom klimatu poprzez badanie kluczowych rozwiązań prawnych dotyczących zrównoważonego rozwoju i ochronie środowiska oraz pokazanie różnych dróg obranych przez podmioty prawa międzynarodowego do osiągnięcia neutralności klimatycznej, poprzez analizę wybranych rozwiązań z: prawa międzynarodowego, wspólnotowego, amerykańskiego i chińskiego
Hydromorphological characteristics of the Bzura River in the Las Łagiewnicki and assessment of its naturalness
No full textThe article presents the results of the hydromorphological studies of a section of the upper Bzura river in the Las Łagiewncki area. Synthetic hydromorphological coefficients indicate a moderately good state of the river channel naturalness. The bottom of the river channel is composed of sandy deposits with admixtures of organic material. Physicochemical parameters of the bottom deposits allow us to confirm a slight degree of eutrophication of the riverbed. The fieldwork was carried out to order to verify the good state of preservation of this section of the river running through the forest area, in relation to the neighbouring, more heavily transformed ones as a result of human activity.W artykule przedstawiono wyniki oceny hydromorfologicznej fragmentu koryta górnej Bzury w obszarze Lasu Łagiewnickiego. Syntetyczne wskaźniki hydromorfologiczne wskazują na umiarkowanie dobry stan naturalności koryta. Dno koryta zbudowane jest z osadów piaszczystych, z domieszkami materiału organicznego. Parametry fizykochemiczne osadów dennych pozwalają potwierdzić nieznaczny stopień eutrofizacji koryta. Prace wykonano w celu zweryfikowania dobrego stanu zachowania tego odcinka rzeki przebiegającej przez teren leśny, w stosunku do sąsiednich, silniej przekształconych w wyniku działalności antropogenicznej
Pronunciation Learning Strategies and Motivation: Their Impact on second Language Speech of Japanese EFL Learners
No full textDespite increased academic interest in the factors related to individual differences in second language (L2) pronunciation, little is known about how motivated learners utilise pronunciation learning strategies (PLS) to master the target language sound system. Grounded in the self-regulated learning model, this study examined the interplay between PLS and motivation in shaping L2 comprehensibility among 103 learners in Japan. The participants completed a questionnaire that assessed their individual differences in PLS and motivation and undertook a test that measured their L2 comprehensibility. An exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor model consisting of PLS and motivation, which was further analysed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modelling. The analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between PLS and L2 comprehensibility, and between motivation and PLS, whereas the correlation between motivation and L2 comprehensibility was not statistically significant. The structural analysis revealed that motivation exerted a significant effect on L2 comprehensibility through PLS, with PLS being a predictor of L2 comprehensibility. Highlighting the often neglected importance of PLS, the findings suggest that the participants were motivated and goal-oriented, which led to their use of PLS. This implies that PLS use and motivation were significant factors in improving L2 comprehensibility in the classroom