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Učinak oralno primijenjenoga kolagena na znakove starenja kože
No full textCilj istraživanja
Starenjem dolazi do strukturnih promjena kože koje utječu na izgled i fiziološke funkcije kože. Dolazi do
dezorganizacije kolagenih vlakana te razgradnje i smanjene proizvodnje kolagena, najvažnije komponente
dermisa. Gubitku kolagena pridonose okolišni čimbenici (UV zračenje) i životni stil (nedovoljna prehrana,
pušenje, alkohol i manjak sna). Da bismo usporili starenje kože možemo djelovati na kolagen oralnim
unosom kolagenih peptida. Oni se kao oralni dodatak prehrani koriste za prevenciju starenja kože jer
povećavaju sadržaj kolagena i hijaluronske kiseline u dermisu. Na tržištu su dostupni oralni pripravci
kolagena koji se razlikuju po veličini, izvoru te količini kolagenih peptida. Cilj ovog specijalističkog rada
je napraviti sveobuhvatan pregled studija u kojima je ispitan učinak oralnih kolagenih pripravaka na
starenje kože kako bi se stekao uvid u znanstvena saznanja vezana za njihovu učinkovitost i sigurnost
primjene.
Materijal i metode
Za potrebe pisanja specijalističkog rada pretražene su elektroničke baze podataka Pubmed, ACS Journal,
National Center for Biotechnology Information i Google Scholar. Radovi su obrađeni neovisno o datumu
njihove objave ukoliko su odgovarali odabranim kriterijima. To su učinak na hidrataciju i elastičnost kože,
bore, morfološku strukturu kože te sintezu kolagena i elastina.
Rezultati
Oralno primijenjeni kolageni peptidi bili su lako probavljivi, dobro su se apsorbirali te su dolazili do
sistemske cirkulacije otkuda su dostupni za pohranu u koži. U kliničkim studijama na ljudima oralni unos
kolagenih peptida smanjio je transepidermalni gubitak vode, broj kožnih pora te dubinu i područje bora.
Povećani su elastičnost kože, vlažnost i gustoća, sadržaj elastina i fibrilina te prosječni rast noktiju. Kako
bi se ostvarili navedeni rezultati potrebni dnevni unos koji su ispitanici uzimali je 10 g peptida prosječne
molekulske mase 3-6 kDa tijekom najmanje 8 tjedana.
Zaključak
Oralnim unosom kolagenih peptida kod ljudi dolazi do smanjenja znakova kronološkog i ekstrinzičnog
starenja kože. Učinak je ovisan o izvoru, dozi, trajanju primjene, veličini molekule i kemijskom sastavu
kolagenih peptida.Objectives
Aging brings structural changes in skin that affect the appearance and physiological function of the skin.
Collagen fibers, the most important component of the dermis, become degraded and disorganized, while
collagen production reduces. Environmental factors, such as-UV radiation, as well as lifestyle factors such
as insufficient nutrition, smoking, alcohol and lack of sleep, contribute to collagen loss. In order to reduce
skin aging and collagen loss, collagen peptides can be orraly ingested. They are used as an oral dietary
supplements to prevent skin aging because they increase content of collagen and hyaluronic acid in the
dermis. Oral preparations of collagen available on the market differ in the size, the source and the amount
of collagen peptides. The aim of this postgraduate thesis is to make a comprehensive overview of studies
examining the effect of oral collagen preparations on skin aging in order to gain insight into scientific
knowledge related to their effectiveness and safety of application.
Material and Methods
For the purposes of writing this thesis, the electronic databases Pubmed, ACS Journal, National Center for
Biotechnology Information and Google Scholar were searched. The papers have been processed regardless
of the date of their publication if they corresponded to the selected criteria. Those are the effect on
hydration and elasticity of the skin, wrinkles, morphological structure of the skin and synthesis of collagen
and elastin.
Results
Collagen peptides are easily digestible and absorbed to the circulatory system from where they are
available to store in the skin. In clinical studies in humans, oral intake of collagen peptides has reduced
transepidermal water loss, the number of skin pores, and the depth and area of wrinkles. Skin elasticity,
humidity and density have increased, as well as elastin and fibrilin content and average nail growth. These
effects can be achieved by the oral ingestion of dietary supplements containing collagen peptides. In order
for these changes to appear, subjects were taking 10 g collagen peptides of average molecular weight of
3-6 kDa daily for a minimum of 8 weeks.
Conclusion
Oral intake of collagen peptides in human reduces the signs of chronological and extrinsic skin aging. The
effect depends on source, dosage, duration of application, size and chemical composition of collagen
peptides
Utjecaj betulina na zacjeljivanje rana
No full textCilj istraživanja
Cilj ovog specijalističkog rada je napraviti detaljan pregled i sistematizaciju znanstvenih
studija u kojima je ispitan utjecaj betulina iz kore bijele breze na zacjeljivanje rana te obraditi
rezultate provedenih istraţivanja kako bi se stekao uvid u recentna znanstvena saznanja
vezana za njegovu učinkovitost i sigurnost primjene.
Materijali i metode
Pretraţene su elektroničke baza podataka PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science. Pretragom su
obuhvaćene znanstvene studije koje su ispitivale utjecaj betulina na zacjeljivanje rana. U
pretraţivanju su korištene ključne riječi: rana (engl. wound), opeklina (engl. burn), betulin,
episalvan te oleogel-S10. Glavni kriterij odabira radova uključenih u ovaj rad bilo je
ispitivanje učinka na zacjeljivanje rana, opekline ili transplatirano tkivo. Pretragom baze
PubMed dobivena su 74 rada od kojih su 22 odgovarala odabranim kriterijima, dok se
pretragom baze Scopus i Web of Science dobilo 84 odnosno 46 radova od kojih je 26 odnosno
24 odgovaralo odabranim kriterijima. Nakon uklanjanja duplikata preostalo je 28 istraţivanja
koja su uključena u ovaj specijalistički rad. Za odabrane znanstvene radove bili su dostupni
cjeloviti tekstovi ili iznimno saţeci na engleskom jeziku. Radovi su obraĎeni neovisno o
datumu objave.
Rezultati
Betulin, u formulaciji oleogela, je ubrzao zacjeljivanje rana uzrokovanih opeklinama drugog
stupnja i transplantacijom tkiva, a njegova primjena rezultirala je manje vidljivim oţiljcima.
Veliki potencijal pokazao je i u zacjeljivanju rana kod pacijenata oboljelih od Epidermolysis
bullose te ranama uzrokovanim CO₂ laserom. Osim u formulaciji oleogela, betulin je pokazao
jednaku učinkovitost i u formulaciji V/U pjene, koja bi u praksi mogla imati prednost zbog
jednostavnije primjene i eventualne bolje suradljivosti pacijenata posebno kod kroničnih rana.
Na molekularnoj razini betulin djeluje na upalnu fazu zacjeljivanja rana regulacijom upalnih
citokina, kemokina i ciklooksigenaze, a utječe i na migraciju keratinocita. Ispitivanjem na
stanicama keratinocita i fibroblasta dijabetičara betulin je pokazao potencijal. Slično tomu,
oblozi za rane s nanovlaknima polivinil alkohola i triterpenskim ekstraktom i s nanočesticama
betulina i cinkova oksida pokazali su pozitivan učinak na zacjeljivanje opeklina.
Zaključak
Rezultati znanstvenih istraţivanja ukazuju na to da betulin iz kore bijele breze ubrzava
zacjeljivanje rana i smanjuje vidljivost oţiljaka. Navedeni rezultati potvrĎeni su za nekoliko
farmaceutskih oblikaObjectives
The aims of this final paper are to make a detailed review and outline of research studies
examining the impact of betulin from the birch bark on wound healing and conduct an
analysis of the research results so as to gain insight into the recent scientific knowledge
related to effectiveness and application safety of betulin.
Materials and methods
The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. The research
included scientific studies that have been dealing with the impact of betulin on wound
healing. The keywords used in the research were: wound, burn, betulin, episalvan, and
oleogel-S10. The main criterion for selecting the articles included in this study was the study
of the effect on wound healing, burns, or graft tissue. The PubMed Base search resulted in 74
papers out of which 22 met the selected criteria, while the Scopus and Web of Science
database search resulted in 84 and 46 papers, out of which 26 and 24 met the selected criteria,
respectively. After the removal of the duplicates, there remained 28 studies that were a part of
this final paper. For a selection of articles, there were complete texts or summaries in English
available. The papers were processed for the research regardless of the date of publication.
Results
Betulin, in the formulation of oleogel, accelerated the healing of wounds caused by seconddegree burns and tissue transplantation, and its application resulted in less visible scars. It has
also shown great potential in wound healing in patients with Epidermolysis bullosa and
wounds caused by CO₂ laser. In addition to the formulation of oleogel, betulin has shown the
same efficacy in the formulation of V/U foam, which could in practice be advantageous due
to simpler application and possibly better patient compliance, especially in chronic wounds.
At the molecular level, betulin acts on the inflammation of wound healing by regulating
inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and cyclooxygenase, and affects the migration of
keratinocytes, as well. In a study in keratinocyte cells and diabetic fibroblasts, betulin showed
healing potential. Similarly, wound dressings with polyvinyl alcohol and triterpene extract
nanoparticles and betulin and zinc oxide nanoparticles showed a positive effect on burn
healing.
Conclusion
The results of scientific research indicate that betulin from the birch bark accelerates wound
healing and reduces the visibility of scars. The above results were confirmed for several
pharmaceutical forms
Ayurvedic herbal drugs
No full textAjurveda je drevni sustav liječenja koji se tradicionalno prakticira u Indiji već stoljećima, a u novije
vrijeme postaje sve zanimljivija i zastupljenija u europskim i drugim zapadnim zemljama.
Fitoterapija zasnovana na primjeni ljekovitih biljnih droga ima važnu ulogu u prevenciji i liječenji
bolesti u Ajurvedi, no zahtjeva poznavanje kako temeljnih koncepata na kojima se ona zasniva tako
i specifičnih ajurvedskih svojstava droga koja određuju njihova djelovanja i primjenu. Istraživanja
provedena u okviru ovog diplomskog rada bila su teorijskog karaktera te su uključivala pregled
recentne stručne i znanstvene literature o ajurvedskim biljnim drogama, s naglaskom na
karakteristična svojstva, tradicionalnu podjelu i tradicionalne ljekovite oblike kao i mogućnost
primjene najpopularnijih droga u suvremenoj, racionalnoj fitoterapiji. Rad doprinosi razumijevanju
primjene ajurvedskih biljnih droga u okviru tradicionalnog sustava liječenja te širenju postojećeg
farmaceutskog znanja iz područja farmakognozije i fitoterapije kao odgovor na rastući sveopći
interes za nekonvencionalne metode liječenja i sve prisutnije nove fitopreparate na tržištu.Ayurveda is an ancient medical system that has been traditionally practiced in India for centuries,
and in recent times has become increasingly interesting and prevalent in European and other Western
countries. Phytotherapy based on the use of herbal drugs plays an important role in the prevention
and treatment of diseases in Ayurveda, but requires knowledge of both the basic concepts and the
specific Ayurvedic properties that determine drugs action and application. The research conducted
within this thesis was of a theoretical nature and included a review of recent professional and
scientific literature on Ayurvedic herbal medicine, with emphasis on the characteristic properties,
traditional classification and traditional medicinal forms as well as the possibility of using the most
popular herbs in modern, rational phytotherapy. The paper contributes to the understanding of the
use of Ayurvedic herbal drugs within the traditional medicinal system and the enlargement of
existing pharmaceutical knowledge in the field of pharmacognosy and phytotherapy in response to
the growing general interest in unconventional treatments and new phytopreparations on the market
Therapeutic options in HER2 positive breast cancer
No full textHER2 pozitivni karcinoma dojke posebno je agresivan oblik povezan s bržom progresijom bolesti i kraćim preživljavanjem ukoliko se bolest ne liječi. Ovaj je tip karcinoma karakteriziran prekomjernom proizvodnjom HER2 proteina koji potiče brži rast i diobu stanica raka.
Odluka o liječenju donosi se na temelju karakteristika tumora, stadija bolesti i obilježja bolesnika te njegovim željama i potrebama. U ovom radu nalazi se pregled odobrenih terapijskih opcija liječenja HER2 pozitivnog tumora, kao i novih terapijskih mogućnosti koje se trenutno nalaze u fazama istraživanja.
Za većinu pacijenata kemoterapija u kombinaciji s trastuzumabom i pertuzumabom predstavlja prvu liniju liječenja nakon čega slijedi trastuzumab emtanzin kao druga linija. Međutim, kod odabranih pacijenata se anti HER2 terapija bez kemoterapije također može razmotriti kao izbor.
Kao treća linija i dalje je dostupno nekoliko novih anti-HER2 terapija, uključujući tukatinib, neratinib, trastuzumab-deruksetan i margetuksimab.
Osim toga, novi lijekovi i kombinacije koji su trenutno u fazi ispitivanja pokazuju obećavajuće rezultate, iako je ljestvica za poboljšanje ukupnog preživljavanja (eng. Overall survival, OS) novim agensima vrlo visoka i izazovna.HER2- positive breast cancer is a particularly aggressive form associated with faster disease
progression and shorter survival rate if the disease is not treated. This type of cancer is
characterized by excessive production of the HER2 protein, which promotes faster growth and
division of cancer cells.
The decision on treatment is made based on the characteristics of the tumor, the stage of the
disease and the characteristics of the patient, as well as on their wishes and needs.
This thesis contains an overview of approved therapeutic options for the treatment of HER2- positive tumors, as well as new therapeutical options that are currently in research phases.
For most patients, chemotherapy in combination with trastuzumab and pertuzumab is the first-
line treatment followed by trastuzumab emtansine as the second-line treatment. However, in selected patients, anti-HER2 therapy without chemotherapy can also be considered as an option. Several new anti-HER2 therapies remain available as the third-line, including tucatinib, neratinib, trastuzumab-deruxetan and margetuximab.
In addition, new drugs and combinations currently under investigation show promising
results, although the bar for improving overall survival (OS) with new agents is very high and
challenging
The content of volatile substances in raw materials and dietary supplements used to alleviate menopausal symptoms
No full textFitoestrogeni su prirodne sastavnice biljaka koje potvrđeno ublažavaju simptome menopauze i
poboljšavaju kvalitetu života žena u menopauzi. Zbog straha od nuspojava sintetskih lijekova,
većina žena poseže za fitoestrogenima kao prvom linijom liječenja. Biljne vrste koje se najčešće
primjenjuju zbog sadržaja fitoestrogena opisane su i analizirane u ovom radu: aloe vera, crvena riža,
lan, soja, konopljika, β-glukan iz kineskog čajevca, grah, hmelj i kadulja. Njihova se učinkovitost i
djelotvornost temelje na velikom broju provedenih istraživanjima te na dugotrajnoj tradicionalnoj
primjeni.
Cilj ovog rada je ispitati sadržaj vlage u biljnim ekstraktima i dodacima prehrani koji sadrže
navedene biljne vrste u različitim oblicima (tablete i kapsule) analitičkom metodom gubitka
sušenjem. Ispitivanje je provedeno kako bi se utvrdilo jesu li sirovine odgovarajućeg stupnja čistoće
što prati sigurnost primjene. Ispitivanjem je potvrđeno da sve ispitivane biljne sirovine odgovaraju
zahtjevima europske farmakopeje s obzirom na gubitak sušenjem.Phytoestrogens are natural components of plants that have been proven to alleviate menopause
symptoms and improve the quality of life of menopausal women. Due to the fear of side effects of
synthetic drugs, most women turn to phytoestrogens as the first line of treatment. The plant species
that are most often used due to their phytoestrogen content are described and analyzed in this paper:
aloe vera, red rice, flax, soy, hemp, β-glucan from the Chinese tea tree, beans, hops and sage. Their
efficiency and effectiveness are based on a large number of conducted researches and long-term
traditional application.
The aim of this paper is to examine the moisture content of plant extracts and food supplements
containing the mentioned plant species in different forms (tablets and capsules) using the analytical
method of loss on drying. The test was carried out in order to determine whether the raw materials
are of an appropriate degree of purity, which follows the safety of use. The test confirmed that all
tested herbal raw materials correspond to the requirements of the European pharmacopoeia with
regard to loss on drying
Development of in situ gelling melatonin nanosuspension for nasal administration
No full textMelatonin je neurohormon koji se istražuje u liječenju brojnih bolesti i stanja zbog svojih hipnotičkih, antioksidativnih, protuupalnih
i imunomodulatornih svojstava. Slaba topljivost u vodi, kratko vrijeme polueliminacije, intenzivni metabolizam i otežani prolazak
krvno-moždane barijere nepovoljna su svojstva melatonina zbog kojih se intenzivno istražuju inovativni oblici i putovi njegove
primjene. Nazalna primjena osigurava sistemsku raspoloživost melatonina izbjegavajući razgradnju u probavnom sustavu i prvi
prolazak kroz jetru te pruža mogućnost izravne dostave u mozak zaobilazeći krvno-moždanu barijeru. Nanosuspenzije predstavljaju
prikladan farmaceutski oblik za nazalnu primjenu slabo topljivog melatonina. Vlažno mljevenje prikladna je metoda priprave
nanosuspenzija zbog dobre reproducibilnosti i kontrole veličine čestica, izbjegavanja organskih otapala i ekonomske isplativosti. Cilj
ovog rada bio je ispitati mogućnost priprave in situ gelirajuće nanosuspenzije melatonina koristeći polisorbat 80 kao surfaktant i
pektin kao gelirajući mukoadhezivni polimer te metodu vlažnog mljevenja za usitnjavanje kristala melatonina. Pripravljene su
nanosuspenzije melatonina pri koncentraciji polisorbata 80 od 0,286 % (m/V) i različitoj koncentraciji melatonina (0,140-2,860 %,
m/V), rezultirajući rasponom masenog omjera melatonina i polisorbata 80 od 1:10 do 2:1. Veličina čestica i indeks polidisperznosti
ispitani su nakon 24-satnog mljevenja metodom fotonske korelacijske spektroskopije. Veličina nanokristala melatonina kretala se
između 99,3 ± 2,0 nm i 381,3 ± 25,8 nm, a indeks polidisperznosti između 0,145 ± 0,032 i 0,478 ± 0,016. Nanosuspenzija melatonina
s masenim omjerom melatonina i polisorbata 80 od 1:2 karakterizirana je prikladnom veličinom čestica i relativno malim indeksom
polidisperznosti te odgovarajućom fizičkom stabilnošću tijekom 14 dana skladištenja. Maseni omjer melatonina i polisorbata 80 od
1:2 stoga je odabran za daljnju pripravu in situ gelirajućih nanosuspenzija melatonina. Navedeni sustavi pripravljeni su pri
koncentraciji melatonina od 0,143 % i 0,286 % (m/V) uz korištenje neionskog surfaktanta polisorbata 80 u koncentraciji redom od
0,286 % i 0,572 % (m/V) te in situ gelirajućeg mukoadhezivnog polimera pektina u koncentraciji od 0,7 % ili 0,8 % (m/V). Pripravljeni
in situ gelirajući sustavi gelirali su u prisustvu umjetnog nosnog fluida. Provedenim reološkim ispitivanjima utvrđeno je da prisustvo
nanokristala melatonina i polisorbata 80 nije značajno utjecalo na vrijeme geliranja niti svojstva formiranog pektinskog gela.Melatonin is a neurohormone which is being investigated in the treatment of numerous diseases and medical states due to its hypnotic,
antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Poor water solubility, short half-life, intense metabolism and
difficult passage through the blood-brain barrier are unfavorable properties of melatonin, hence innovative forms and routes of its
application are being intensely researched. Nasal administration ensures the systemic availability of melatonin avoiding
gastrointestinal and first-pass metabolism, and provides the possibility of direct drug delivery to the brain, bypassing the blood-brain
barrier. Nanosuspensions present a suitable pharmaceutical form for nasal administration of poorly water-soluble melatonin. Wet
milling is a suitable method for the preparation of nanosuspensions due to good reproducibility and control of particle size, avoidance
of organic solvents, and cost-effectiveness. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of preparing an in situ gelling
nanosuspension of melatonin using polysorbate 80 as a surfactant and pectin as a gelling mucoadhesive polymer, and the wet milling
method for reducing the size of melatonin crystals. Melatonin nanosuspensions were prepared at a polysorbate 80 concentration of
0.286% (w/v) and different melatonin concentrations (0.140-2.860%, w/v), resulting in a range of melatonin to polysorbate 80 weight
ratios from 1:10 to 2:1. Particle size and polydispersity index were examined after 24-hour milling using the photon correlation
spectroscopy method. The size of melatonin nanocrystals ranged between 99.3 ± 2.0 nm and 381.3 ± 25.8 nm, and the polydispersity
index between 0.145 ± 0.032 and 0.478 ± 0.016. The melatonin nanosuspension with a weight ratio of melatonin to polysorbate 80
of 1:2 is characterized by a suitable particle size and a relatively low polydispersity index, as well as adequate physical stability during
14 days of storage. A weight ratio of melatonin to polysorbate 80 of 1:2 was therefore chosen for the further preparation of in situ
gelling nanosuspensions of melatonin. The mentioned systems were prepared at a concentration of melatonin of 0.143% and 0.286%
(w/v) with the use of nonionic surfactant polysorbate 80 at a concentration of 0.286% and 0.572% (w/v), respectively, and in situ
gelling mucoadhesive polymer pectin at a concentration of 0.7 % or 0.8 % (w/v). The prepared in situ gelling systems formed gel in
the presence of simulated nasal fluid. The conducted rheological tests determined that the presence of melatonin nanocrystals and
polysorbate 80 showed no significant effect on the gelation time or the properties of the formed pectin gel
GLP-1 agonists in the treatment of obesity
No full textAgonisti GLP-1 receptora su lijekovi koji pripadaju skupini mimetika inkretina. Njihov glavni mehanizam
djelovanja uključuje stimulaciju sekrecije inzulina kao odgovor na oralni unos glukoze djelujući na β-stanice
gušterače te smanjenje lučenja glukagona istovremeno djelujući na α-stanice gušterače. GLP-1 R su široko
rasprostranjeni u organizmu pa tako GLP-1 RA imaju i brojne druge učinke u organizmu, kao npr. smanjenje
tjelesne mase jer djeluju na centar za sitost u mozgu. Primarna indikacija GLP-1 RA je liječenje nedovoljno
kontrolirane šećerne bolesti tipa 2, a nova indikacija im je dodatak dijeti sa smanjenim unosom kalorija i
povećanoj fizičkoj aktivnosti za kontrolu tjelesne težine kod osoba koje imaju ITM ≥ 30 kg/m2
ili ITM ≥ 27kg/m2 s komorbiditetom. Za tu indikaciju registrirani su liraglutid i semaglutid. Kliničke studije pokazuju
odlične rezultate u smanjenju tjelesne mase uslijed korištenja liraglutida i semaglutida. Nuspojave koje se
javljaju pri primjeni svih GLP-1 RA su mučnina, povraćanje, dijareja i konstipacija. Zabilježeno je i nekoliko
slučajeva nuspojava povezanih sa žučnim mjehurom.GLP-1 receptor agonists are medications that belong to the group of incretin mimetics. Their main
mechanism of action involves stimulating insulin secretion in response to oral glucose intake by acting on
pancreatic β-cells and reducing glucagon secretion by acting on pancreatic α-cells. GLP-1 receptors are
widely distributed in the body, so GLP-1 receptor agonists also have numerous other effects in the body, such
as reducing body weight by acting on the satiety center in the brain. The primary indication for GLP-1
receptor agonists is the treatment of inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes, and their new indication is as
an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity for weight control in individuals with a
body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 or BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 with comorbidity. Liraglutide and semaglutide are
registered for this indication. Clinical studies show excellent results in reducing body weight with the use of
liraglutide and semaglutide. Common side effects associated with the use of all GLP-1 receptor agonists
include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. Several cases of side effects related to the gallbladder
have also been reported
Quantification of ethylene oxide in dietary supplements used for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases
No full textEtilen oksid kemijski je spoj otkriven još početkom 20. stoljeća te se od tada njegova primjena počela
širiti, a glavnu ulogu pronašao je u niskotemperaturnom sterilizacijskom procesu koji se primjenjuje
za sterilizaciju medicinske opreme, farmaceutskih i prehrambenih sirovina i materijala. Polovicom
20. stoljeća postalo je jasno kako ovaj spoj nije bezopasan te da se njegova primjena i koncentracija
u sirovinama mora strogo regulirati. Brojne znanstvene studije ukazuju na to da etilen oksid ima
karcinogeno, mutageno i reproduktivno toksično djelovanje zbog čega je javnost postala sve više
zabrinuta i skeptična u pogledu primjene ovog sterilizacijskog agensa.
Istraživanje, koje je provedeno na Zavodu za analitiku i kontrolu lijekova Farmaceutsko –
biokemijskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, temelji se na analizi 53 različita uzorka dodataka
prehrani nabavljenih u Europi i ostatku svijeta. Rezultati istraživanja su, na žalost, poražavajući jer
je čak preko polovine analiziranih uzoraka sadržavalo detektabilne razine etilen oksida, dok je 8
uzoraka sadržavalo razine etilen oksida veće od 0.1mg/kg, što je gornja dozvoljena granica
koncentracije rezidua etilen oksida u Europskoj uniji. Čak 2 uzorka sadržavala su 30 puta veće razine
etilen oksida od dopuštenih.
Ovo istraživanje ima za cilj ukazati regulatornim tijelima Europske unije i cijelog svijeta na štetnost
ovog spoja i potrebu za strožim nadzorom farmaceutskih, prehrambenih, tekstilnih i drugih sirovina
kod kojih se koristi oblik sterilizacije etilen oksidom.Ethylene oxide is chemical compound that is discovered at the begining of 20th century and, since
that, its application started spreading, but the main application it found in low-temperature
sterilisation process that is used for sterilisation of medical equipment, farmaceutical materials and
food products. At the half of 20th century, people found out that this compound is not so safe for
human health, so health organisations started exercise control of concentrations of ethylene oxide in
raw materials that were sterilised with this compund. Numerous scientific researchs indicate that
ethylene oxide has carcinogenic and mutagenic impact, and also is considered as reproductive toxic
agent. That is the reason why so many people are concerned about using ethylene oxide as
sterilisation agent.
Research, that is conducted on the Institute for drug analysis and control on Faculty of Pharmacy
and Medical Biochemistry of the University of Zagreb, is based on the analysis of 53 different
samples of dietary supplements that are found in Europe and in the rest of the world. Results of the
research are, unfortunately, devastating because there were more than a half of 53 samples that had
detectabile ethylene oxide concentrations in their composition. 8 of them had ethylene oxide
concentrations that are more than allowed in the European Union (0.1mg/kg). Furthermore, 2 of the
samples had ethylene oxide concentrations that were 30 times more than allowed in the EU.
The purpose of tihs research is to indicate to the regulatory authorities of the EU and the rest of the
world that ethylene oxide is very toxic compound and that there should be stricter surveillance of
pharmaceutical, textile, food and other materials that pass through ethylene oxide sterilisation
process
Determination of copper, zinc and selenium in legumes by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method
No full textGrahorice su izrazito nutritivno vrijedna skupina namirnica. Osim ugljikohidrata, među kojima se
ističu prehrambena vlakna koja smanjuju rizik nastanka bolesti probavnog trakta, posebno
kolorektalnog karcinoma te kardiovaskularnih bolesti kao i dijabetesa, u svom sastavu imaju i
visok udio proteina koji predstavljaju izvrstan izvor esencijalne, bazične aminokiseline lizina. Uz
makronutrijente, grahorice su bogate polifenolima (izoflavonima) i saponinima. Izoflavoni su vrsta
fitoestrogena, a saponini triterpenski glikozidi koji djeluju protuupalno, antikarcinogeno,
antibakterijski te imaju protektivan učinak na jetru i kardiovaskularni sustav. U sastavu
mikronutrijenata ističu se vitamini B skupine, vitamin C i E te elementi u tragovima – cink, bakar i
selen. Njihov udio u uzorcima grahorica soje, graha, slanutka i leće određen je metodom
induktivno spregnute plazme s masenom spektrometrijom (ICP-MS). Cink, bakar i selen su
kofaktori brojnih enzima, djeluju kao antioksidansi, dio su imunosnog odgovora te je njihov
odgovarajući unos nužan za održavanje homeostaze organizma. Svako odstupanje (smanjenje ili
uvećanje) od preporučenog unosa ovih esencijalnih mikroelemenata može u konačnici rezultirati
metaboličkom neravnotežom i razvojem različitih bolesti i stanja.Legumes are an exceptionally nutritionally valuable group of food. In addition to carbohydrates,
among which dietary fibers stand out and reduce the risk of colorectal cancer, cardiovascular
diseases, and diabetes, they also contain a high proportion of proteins, an excellent essential amino
acid lysine source. In addition to macronutrients, legumes are rich in polyphenols (isoflavones) and
saponins. Isoflavones are a type of phytoestrogen, and saponins are triterpene glycosides, which have
an important anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antibacterial role and have a protective effect
on the liver and cardiovascular system. Some of the micronutrients that stood out were B complex
vitamins, vitamins C and E, as well as trace elements - zinc, copper and selenium. Their share in the
samples of soybeans, beans, chickpeas, and lentils was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma
Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. Zinc, copper, and selenium are cofactors of numerous
enzymes, and together with acting as antioxidants, they have an essential part in the immune system
response. Adequate intake of the aforementioned micronutrients is necessary to maintain the
homeostasis of the organism. However, excessive, as well as insufficient intake of these
micronutrients leads to the development of various diseases
Effect of 2-methoxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone on germination of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
No full text2-metoksi-1,4-naftokinon (2-MNQ) je prirodni derivat 1,4-naftokinona koji je u dosad provedenim ispitivanjima pokazao antipruritično, protuupalno, antialergijsko, antimikrobno i antikancerogeno djelovanje. U ovom istraživanju ispitan je utjecaj 2-MNQ na klijanje sjemenki i razinu oksidacijskog stresa u klijanaca. Kao biljni model korištene su sjemenke dviju biljnih vrsta: bijele gorušice (Sinapis alba L.) i rotkvice (Raphanus sativus L.). Sjemenke su bile izložene 2-MNQ u koncentracijama 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 i 40 μg/ml kroz 3 dana. U pokus su bile uključene negativna kontrola (sjemenke izložene 3 dana destiliranoj vodi) i pozitivna kontrola (sjemenke izložene 3 dana 0,02M otopini CuSO₄). Nakon 3-dnevne izloženosti, za obje biljne vrste određena je klijavost (%) i duljina korjenčića (mm) te je u homogenatu klijanaca određena katalitička aktivnost SOD (U/ml). Podaci su statistički obrađeni pomoću jednosmjerne analize varijance (ANOVA test) te primjenom Duncan's New Multiple Range Test-a. Također, određena je korelacija između mjerenih parametara te analiza glavnih komponenti. Statistički značajnim smatrane su vrijednosti koje se razlikuju na razini p 0,05. Povećanjem koncentracije 2-MNQ opao je broj proklijalih sjemenki bijele gorušice i sukladno tome padala je duljina korjenčića, a 2-MNQ u koncentraciji 30 i 40 μg/ml u potpunosti je inhibirao klijavost sjemenki. To ukazuje da 2-MNQ inhibira klijanje sjemenki bijele gorušice. S druge strane 2-MNQ nije imao utjecaja na klijanje rotkvice. U klijanaca bijele gorušice s koncentracijom 2-MNQ rasla je aktivnost SOD-a te je najveća aktivnost SOD-a izmjerena pri koncentracijama 2-MNQ od 1 i 10 μg/ml. Iz navedenog se može zaključiti kako je biljka tada bila izložena najvećem oksidacijskom stresu te je bilo potrebno proizvesti veliku količinu SOD-a kako bi se od njega obranila i samim time omogućila sjemenkama da prokliju. Katalitička aktivnost SOD-a u rotkvici pri svim koncentracijama otopine 2-MNQ približno je bila ista te nisu uočena odstupanja. Utjecaj 2-MNQ na klijavost sjemenki je različit te ovisi i o koncentraciji 2-MNQ i o samoj biljnoj vrsti. Bijela gorušica osjetljivija je na djelovanje 2-MNQ, dok 2-MNQ u ispitivanim koncentracijama nije imao utjecaja na klijavost rotkvice. Mehanizam toksičnog učinka 2-MNQ može se povezati s oksidacijskim stresom s obzirom da je tretman s 2-MNQ doveo do promjene aktivnosti SOD-a u bijeloj gorušici.2-metoxy-1,4-naphtoquinone (2-MNQ) is a natural derivate of 1,4-naphthoquinone which has shown antipruritic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antimicrobial and anti-cancer effects.In this study, the influence of 2-MNQ on seed germination and the level of oxidative stress was investigated. As a plant model the seeds of two plant species were used: white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The seeds were exposed to 2-MNQ in concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 μg/ml for 3 days. The study included a negative control (seeds exposed to distilled water for 3 days) and a positive control (seeds exposed to 0.02M CuSO₄ solution for 3 days). After a 3-day exposure, germination (%) and root length (mm) were measured, and in seedlings homogenate catalytic activity of SOD (U/ml) was determined. Data were statistically processed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA test) and Duncan's New Multiple Range Test as well as tested for correlation and Principal Component Analysis. Significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. With the increase of 2-MNQ concentration the number of germinated seeds of white mustard decreased and 2-MNQ in concentrations of 30 and 40 μg/ml completely ceased germination of white mustard. In parallel the decrease in the length of the radicle with the increase of 2-MNQ concentration was recorded. Thus, 2-MNQ inhibits the germination of white mustard seeds. On contrary, 2-MNQ had no impact on germination of radish. In white mustard seedlings with the increase of 2-MNQ concentration the increase of SOD activity is observed, and the highest SOD activity is recorded at 2-MNQ concentrations 1 and 10 μg/ml. Therefore, it can be concluded that the plant was then exposed to the greatest oxidative stress, and it was necessary to produce a large amount of SOD in order to defend against it and at the same time enable germination. In radish seedlings the catalytic activity of SOD at all concentrations of the 2-MNQ was approximately the same, with no deviations. The impact of 2-MNQ on the seed germination is different and depends on the concentration of 2-MNQ and the plant species itself. White mustard is more sensitive to 2-MNQ, while 2-MNQ in concentrations tested had no impact on radish. The mechanism of the toxic effect of 2-MNQ can be related to oxidative stress, considering that treatment with 2-MNQ led to a change in SOD activity in white mustard