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Determination of TGF-ß1 presence by liquid and tissue biopsy methods in patients with colorectal cancer
No full textKolorektalni karcinom bolest je čija je prevalencija posljednjih godina u stalnom rastu. U početnom je stadiju bez
simptoma, zbog čega je rana dijagnostika ključna za poboljšanje prognoze bolesti te smanjenje smrtnosti. Zbog
invazivnosti i ograničenja kolonoskopije te tkivne biopsije kao postojećih dijagnostičkih metoda, kao inovacija u
području onkologije razvijena je tekuća biopsija. To je neinvazivna i ponovljiva metoda kojom je iz periferne krvi
pacijenata moguće izolirati egzosome porijeklom iz tumorskog tkiva. Egzosomi prenose molekule s potencijalom da
se koriste u praćenju bolesti, a jedna od njih je protein TGF-ß1. Mutacije u njegovoj signalizaciji utječu na staničnu
proliferaciju, progresiju tumora te razvoj metastaza. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi prisutnost TGF-ß1 u egzosomima
pacijenata s kolorektalnim karcinomom dobivenima metodom tekuće biopsije te je usporediti s rezultatima
imunohistokemijske analize tumorskog tkiva dobivenog biopsijom. Metodom tekuće biopsije izolirani su egzosomi iz
uzoraka plazme pacijenata s kolorektalnim karcinomom. U uzorcima je određena koncentracija proteina
spektrofotometrijskom metodom s bicinkoniničnom kiselinom te je provedena Western blot analiza. Prisutnost TGFß1 dokazana je u svim uzorcima, a napravljena je i relativna kvantifikacija rezultata. Imunohistokemijskom analizom
tumorskog tkiva dobivenog biopsijom u svim je uzorcima također dokazana prisutnost TGF-ß1. Iz dobivenih se
rezultata može zaključiti da su rezultati dobiveni tekućom biopsijom istovjetni onima dobivenima tkivnom biopsijom.
Navedeno, uz potrebna daljnja istraživanja, otvara vrata tekućoj biopsiji da se uvede u kliničku praksu kao neinvazivna
metoda koja omogućuje kvalitetan probir, postavljanje dijagnoze te praćenje bolesti kod pacijenata s kolorektalnim
karcinomom.Colorectal cancer is a disease whose prevalence has been steadily increasing in recent years. It is asymptomatic in
early stages, which is why early detection is essential for improving prognosis and reducing mortality. Due to the
invasiveness and limitations of colonoscopy and tissue biopsy as existing diagnostic methods, liquid biopsy was
developed as an innovation in the field of oncology. It is a non-invasive and reproducible method by which it is
possible to isolate exosomes from the patient's peripheral blood. Exosomes carry molecules originating from tumor
tissue with potential to be used in disease monitoring, one of them being TGF-ß1. Mutations in TGF-ß1 signaling path
affect cell proliferation, tumor progression and development of metastases. The aim of this thesis was to determine the
presence of TGF-ß1 in exosomes from patients with colorectal cancer obtained by liquid biopsy and to compare it with
the results of immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissue obtained by biopsy. Using liquid biopsy, exosomes were
isolated from plasma samples of patients with colorectal cancer. The protein concentration in all samples was
determined by spectrophotometric method with bicinchoninic acid and Western blot analysis was performed. The
presence of TGF-ß1 was proven in all samples, with relative quantification of the obtained results.
Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissue obtained by biopsy also demonstrated the presence of TGF-ß1 in all
samples. In conclusion, results obtained by liquid biopsy are identical to those obtained by tissue biopsy. The above,
along with the necessary further research, allows liquid biopsy to be introduced into clinical practice as a non-invasive
method that enables high-quality screening, diagnosis and disease monitoring in patients with colorectal cancer
Verification of Methods for Genotyping Polymorphisms in CYP2C9 and CYP2C19
No full textCitokrom P450 enzimi važni su metabolizmu lijekova, posebice CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 i CYP3A4 koji kataliziraju 90-95 % reakcija u kojima su lijekovi supstrati. S obzirom da su geni za CYP2C9 i CYP2C19 polimorfni, u nekim slučajevima je preporuka odrediti genotip prije početka terapije kako bi se osigurala djelotvornost i smanjio rizik od nuspojava prilagođavajući terapiju ovisno o tipu metabolizatora pacijenta. U Kliničkom zavodu za kemiju Kliničkog bolničkog centra Sestre milosrdnice došlo je do promjene analitičkog sustava za genotipizaciju polimorfizama CYP2C9 i CYP2C19 je u upotrebu uveden Roche Diagnostics LightCycler® 480 II. Cilj ovog rada je bio verificirati analitičke značajke mjernih postupaka genotipizacije polimorfizama CYP2C9 i CYP2C19 prije početka upotrebe analitičkog analizatora u rutinskom radu. Provedeno je ispitivanje analitičke nepreciznosti, analitičke osjetljivosti, analitičke specifičnosti, analitičke točnosti, granica detekcije te usporedivost s drugom metodom. Rezultati vrednovanja mjernog postupka za genotipizaciju polimorfizama gena CYP2C9 i CYP2C19 u potpunosti su zadovoljili unaprijed određene analitičke kriterije kvalitete, stoga se uređaj može uvesti u rutinski rad.Cytochrome P450 enzymes are important in drug metabolism, especially CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 which take part in 90-95 % of reactions in which drugs act as substrates. Since CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genes are polymorphic, sometimes it is recommended to determine the genotype before starting therapy to ensure efficacy and to reduce the risk of side effects by adjusting therapy depending on the patient's metabolizer type. In University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Roche Diagnostics LightCycler® 480 II has been introduced as a new analytical system for genotyping CYP2C9 and CYP2C19.The aim of this study was to evaluate analytical characteristics of genotyping polymorphism CYP2C9 and CYP2C19. Analytical imprecision, analytical sensitivity, analytical specificity, analytical accuracy, detection limit and repeatability with another method were tested. The results of the evaluation of the measurement procedure for genotyping the polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genes have fully met the predetermined analytical quality criteria, therefore the new analytical system can be introduced for routine work
Cijanid – biljke proizvođači i toksični učinci u ljudi
No full textCyanide has been part of plant metabolism and defense mechanisms for millions of years. People have also been exposed to cyanide since ancient times, mostly through cyanogenic plants used for food. In modern times, cyanide became part of many industrial processes. With the introduction of CN-assisted gold mining and the use of CN as a pest control
agent in the nineteenth century, it became industrially significant. Both acute and chronic poisoning have a detrimental effect on the organism, mainly the heart, and nervous system. The molecular basis of CN poisoning was intensively
explored, and critical pathways were identified as early as the 1930s. These fundamental investigations resulted in three categories of antidotes: methemoglobin inducers, sulfur donors, and cobalt compounds. Methemoglobin/NO producers (e.g., sodium nitrite, amyl nitrite, and dimethyl aminophenol), sulfur donors (e.g., sodium thiosulfate), and direct binding agents (e.g., hydroxocobalamin and dicobalt edetate) are now used in CN treatments. A concerted effort is being made to investigate innovative antidotal systems and develop them for quick administration at the site of intoxication in mass casualty scenarios. Novel antidotes, formulations, and delivery systems are improving bioavailability and efficacy, paving the way for a new generation of superior CN countermeasures. Some of the new antidotes currently under research are: α-ketoglutarate, cobinamide, hydroxylamine, sulfanegen and dimethyl trisulfide
Pleiotropic effects of GLP1-agonists
No full textGLP-1 agonisti su lijekovi koji pripadaju skupini inkretinomimetika što znači da svoj osnovni hipoglikemijski mehanizam ostvaruju aktivacijom inkretinskog sustava koji omogućuje sekreciju inzulina ovisno o glukozi. Dijele se na kratkodjelujuće i dugodjelujuće te ovisno o aktivnosti i strukturi pokazuju različite farmakokinetske i farmakodinamske karakteristike. Veoma su dobro prihvaćeni kao terapija ŠBT2, no zahvaljujući sposobnosti smanjenja tjelesne mase neki se od njih registriraju i za liječenje pretilosti. Njihovi dodatni potencijali se godinama neiscrpno istražuju te pokazuju brojne pleiotropne učinke. Djelomično zahvaljujući činjenici da su GLP-1 receptori prisutni u brojnim tkivima jer putem njih ostvaruju svoje učinke, GLP-1 agonisti pokazali su kardioprotektivne, renoprotektivne, hepatoprotektivne i neuroprotektivne učinke, a brojne studije i dalje pokušavaju razlučiti njihove mehanizme kako bi se ovi lijekovi istaknuli kao nove moguće opcije u liječenju ne samo ŠBT2 i pretilosti, već i brojnih komorbiditeta koji prate ova stanja, a uključuju poremećaje vezane uz srce, bubrege, jetru i živčani sustav.GLP-1 agonists are a group of incretin mimetic drugs, therefore they activate the incretin system as their primary goal which allows glucose-dependent insulin secretion. They can be divided into short-acting or long-acting agents depending on their activity and structure by which they differ in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. They are widely accepted as T2DM therapy, yet some of them are used for managing obesity due to their ability to promote weight loss. Their additional potentials are being investigated with continuing efforts and have revealed multiple pleiotropic effects. Owing to the fact that GLP-1 receptors are present in multiple organ tissues, GLP-1 agonists have shown cardioprotective, renoprotective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects, while numerous studies are trying to elucidate their specific mechanisms for them to become potential novel therapy, not only for T2DM and obesity but also for numerous comorbidities that accompany these conditions and include heart, kidney, liver, and nervous system disorders
Quantification of serum M-protein by immunosubstraction method
No full textPrisutnost M-proteina u serumu karakterizira stanje monoklonske gamapatije. Koncentracija M-proteina izravno
korelira s veličinom tumorske mase, osim u vrlo rijetkim slučajevima nesekrecijske bolesti. Detekcija, tipizacija i
kvantifikacija M-proteina nužne su za postavljanje dijagnoze, procjenu rizika progresije i praćenje uspješnosti
terapije. Ograničenja postojećih metoda kvantifikacije serumskoga M-proteina (denzitometrijska i
imunokemijska) razlog su kontinuiranih istraživačkih napora u osmišljavanju novih postupaka koji bi unaprijedili
dijagnostiku i praćenje kliničkoga stanja bolesnika s monoklonskom gamapatijom. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio
razviti i evaluirati osmišljeni računski postupak za kvantifikaciju serumskoga M-proteina primjenom
laboratorijskih rezultata kvalitativne metode imunosuptrakcije. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 133 uzorka bolesnika s
monoklonskom gamapatijom klinički praćenih u Kliničkom bolničkom centru Zagreb. U svim je uzorcima
provedena elektroforeza serumskih proteina, imunofiksacija i imunosuptrakcija te određena koncentracija ukupnih
proteina i pojedinih razreda imunoglobulina G, A i M. Amplituda vrška M-proteina nativnoga uzorka i globulinske
krivulje nakon imunoprecipitacije prepoznate su kao ključni parametri u laboratorijskim rezultatima
imunosuptrakcije. Podatci o amplitudi krivulja su, uz koncentraciju ukupnih proteina, razreda imunoglobulina
uključenoga u sintezu M-proteina i globulina, poslužili kao temelj osmišljenih računskih modela. Utvrđena je vrlo
dobra povezanost deriviranih varijabli AD1nIg, D1Ig, D2Ig i D1nIg temeljenih na podacima iz
imunosuptrakcijskog elferograma s rezultatima uspoređivanih metoda. Podatci iz imunosuptrakcijskog
elferograma o albuminskoj frakciji nisu pridonijeli jačini povezanosti rezultata deriviranih varijabli s rezultatima
postojećih metoda. Dokazana je veća preciznost određivanja koncentracije M-proteina primjenom deriviranih
varijabli u odnosu na denzitometrijsku metodu i nije ovisila o koncentraciji, prisutnosti poliklonske pozadine niti
migracijskom položaju M-proteina.
U ovom je radu istražena i opisana mogućnost umjeravanja rezultata imunosuptrakcije. Najusporediviji rezultati s
postojećim metodama dobiveni su s rezultatima derivirane varijable D1Ig uz najbolje rezultate procjene preciznosti
i točnosti. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na zaključak da su u računskim modelima za kvantifikaciju M-proteina
amplitude krivulja na mjestu vrška M-proteina u imunosuptrakcijskom elferogramu objektivan i vrijedan mjerljivi
parametar neovisan o prisutnosti pozadine. Evaluacijom deriviranih varijabli pokazano je da je njihovom
primjenom moguće unaprijediti dijagnostiku i praćenje kliničkoga stanja bolesnika s monoklonskom gamapatijom.The presence of M-protein in serum characterizes the state of monoclonal gammopathy. M-protein concentration
directly correlates with tumor mass size, except in very rare cases of the nonsecretory disease. Detection, typing,
and quantification of M-protein are necessary for diagnosis, assessment of the risk of progression, and monitoring
the therapy efficiency. The shortcomings of existing methods for M-protein quantification (densitometric and
immunochemical) encourage ongoing research efforts to develop novel procedures that would improve the
management of patients with monoclonal gammopathy. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a computational
procedure for quantifying serum M-protein using laboratory results of a qualitative immunosubtraction method.
The study included 133 samples of patients with monoclonal gammopathy treated at the University Hospital Center
Zagreb. Serum protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, and immunosubtraction were performed in all samples,
and the concentrations of total protein and of individual immunoglobulin classes G, A, and M were determined.
The amplitude of the M-protein spike of the native serum and the globulin curve after immunoprecipitation were
recognized as key parameters in the laboratory results of immunosubtraction. Amplitude data, along with the
concentrations of total protein, immunoglobulin class involved in M-protein synthesis and globulins represent the
basis of explored derived models. A very strong correlation was found between the derived variables AD1nIg,
D1Ig, D2Ig, and D1nIg based on data from the immunosubtraction elpherogram with the results of the compared
methods. Data on the albumin fraction, generated from immunosubtraction elpherogram, did not improve the
correlation. Higher precision of derived variables was demonstrated than in the densitometric method and it was
unaffected by concentration, background presence, or migration pattern of M-protein.
In this research, the concept of immunosubtraction result normalisation has been described and studied. The most
comparable results to both examined methods were obtained with the results of the derived variable D1Ig, with
the best precision and accuracy testing results. The findings of this study imply that the change in amplitude of the
curves at the M-protein spike position in immunosubtraction elpherogram is an objective, backgroundindependent,
measurable, and relevant parameter in M-protein quantification by derived variables. The evaluation
of the derived variables showed that their implementation could improve diagnostics and follow-up of patients
with monoclonal gammopathy
Liječenje bipolarnog poremećaja dugodjelujućim antipsihoticima
No full textBipolarni poremećaj ponavljajući je kroničan poremećaj koji karakterizira oscilacije stanja raspoloženja i energije te utječe na svakodnevni život i funkcioniranje pojedinca. Jedan je od glavnih uzroka invaliditeta kod mladih koji dovodi do kognitivnih i funkcionalnih oštećenja, povećava smrtnost, posebno smrt samoubojstvom. Litij je zlatni standard u liječenju bipolarnog poremećaja, međutim nije djelotvoran kod svih podtipova. Upotreba dugodjelujućih injekcija antipsihotika kao stabilizatora raspoloženja kod tih bolesnik mogla bi pozitivno utjecati na terapijski odgovor pacijenta te na adherenciju.
Cilj istraživanja
Cilj ovog rada je napraviti sustavni pregled rezultata do sada provedenih kliničkih studija o utjecaju dugodjelujućih antipsihotika na liječenje bipolarnog poremećaja.
Materijali/ispitanici i metode
Pretraživana je znanstvena i stručna literatura te publikacije stručnih institucija (FDA, EFSA). Ključne riječi za pretraživanje baze podataka (Pubmed, ScienceDirect) uključivale su sljedeće pojmove: adherence antipsychotics, bipolar disorder, lithium, long-acting.
Pregledom litarature identificiran je mogući utjecaj dugodjelujućih antipsihotika na terapijski odgovor i adherenciju kod bipolarnog poremećaja.
Rezultati
Navedena istraživanja pokazala su kako bi dugodjelujući antipsihotici mogli poboljšati adherenciju, smanjiti rizik od rehospitalizacije, potrebu za istodobnom primjenom lijekova za liječenje nuspojava, relapse pacijenata s višom stopom recidiva i hospitalizacije, te s većim brojem maničnih simptoma.
Zaključak
Dugodjelujući antipsihotici su učinkovita i dobro podnošljiva terapija u liječenju bipolarnog poremećaja, pogotovo s maničnim prevladavajućim polaritetom te problemima neadherencije.
Unatoč tome još uvijek se ne smatraju mogućom prvom linijom u liječenju bipolarnog poremećaja.Bipolar disorder is a recurring chronic disorder characterized by state oscillations mood and energy and affects the daily life and functioning of the individual.
It is one of the main causes of disability in young people leading to cognitive and functional impairment, increases mortality, especially death by suicide.
Lithium is the gold standard in the treatment of bipolar disorder, however, it is not effective in all subtypes.
The use of long-acting injections of antipsychotics as mood stabilizers in these patients could positively affect the patient's therapeutic response and adherence.
Objectives
The aim of this paper is to make a systematic review of the results of clinical trials conducted so far about the impact of long-acting antipsychotic injections on the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Material/patients and methods
Scientific and professional literature, publications of professional institutions (FDA, EFSA) were searched.
Key database search words (Pubmed, ScienceDirect) included the following terms: adherence, antipsychotics, bipolar disorder, lithium, long acting.
A review of the literature identified the possible impact of long-acting antipsychotics on the therapeutic response and adherence in bipolar disorder.
Results
These studies have shown that long-acting antipsychotics may improve adherence, reduce the risk of rehospitalization, the need for concomitant use of drugs to treat side effects,
relapses of patients with a higher rate of recurrence and hospitalization, and with a greater number of manic symptoms.
Conclusion
Long-acting antipsychotics are an effective and well-tolerated therapy in the treatment of bipolar disorders, especially with manic predominant polarity and problems of nonadherence.
Nevertheless, they are still not considered as possible first line in the treatment of bipolar disorder
Plan upravljanja istraživačkim podacima – LIGHT-N-RING
No full textPlan za upravljanje istraživačkim podacima na projektu "Svjetlošću pogonjena funkcionalizacija nerekativnih pozicija korištenjem oksidacijske aminacije - LIGHT-N-RING
Rational use of benzodiazepines and the need for deprescribing in older adults: cross-sectional study in nursing homes
No full textBenzodiazepini su jedna od najpropisivanijih skupina lijekova te im potrošnja kontinuirano raste. Njihova
dugotrajna primjena se ne preporučuje zbog niza nuspojava koje mogu uzrokovati, no unatoč tome, predugo
korištenje benzodiazepina je čest terapijski problem. Posebno osjetljiva skupina su osobe starije životne
dobi kojima se ova skupina lijekova izrazito često propisuje te se sve više javlja potreba za racionalizacijom
terapije i potencijalnom depreskripcijom. Depreskripcija je proces ukidanja neprikladnog lijeka iz terapije
(ili smanjenje doze) s ciljem najboljeg terapijskog ishoda za pacijenta, uz nadziranje procesa od strane
zdravstvenih djelatnika. Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi racionalnost primjene benzodiazepina u osoba
starije životne dobi koje su korisnici domova za starije i nemoćne te identificirati pacijente koji bi mogli
imati korist od depreskripcije. U istraživanje su bili uključeni korisnici domova za starije i nemoćne osobe
na području Dalmacije, Slavonije i Grada Zagreba, stariji od 65 godina, a podatci su prikupljeni pomoću
standardiziranog interRAI upitnika, alata za sveobuhvatnu gerijatrijsku procjenu. Na temelju smjernica za
depreskripciju benzodiazepina, za potrebe istraživanja definirana su četiri kriterija prema kojima se
određivala potreba za depreskripcijom. Uključeno je 225 ispitanika, prosječne dobi 82,52 ± 6,223 (40,4%
duboke starosti (>85 godina)), od kojih su 76,5% činile žene. Utvrđeno je da 127 ispitanika u terapiji ima
benzodiazepin, a njih 106 (83,5%) bili bi potencijalni kandidati za depreskripciju. Najčešće zadovoljen
kriterij za depreskripciju bio je preduga primjena terapije (duže od 12 tjedana), prisutna kod 59,8%
ispitanika. Rezultati dobiveni ovim istraživanjem ukazuju na potrebu za racionalnijom primjenom
benzodiazepina te na značajan udio ispitanika u domovima za starije i nemoćne koji bi mogli imati koristi
od depreskripcije ove skupine lijekova.Benzodiazepines are among the most commonly prescribed drug classes, and their consumption is steadily
increasing. However, their long-term use is not recommended due to the various side effects they can cause.
Consequently, prolonged benzodiazepine use poses a common therapeutic problem. Older individuals are
particularly susceptible to the effects of benzodiazepines, but healthcare professionals frequently prescribe
this class of drugs to them. Hence, there is a growing need to rationalize therapy and potentially reduce
benzodiazepine usage. Deprescribing refers to the process of discontinuing inappropriate medication or
reducing the dosage with the goal of achieving the best therapeutic outcome for the patient, under the
supervision of healthcare professionals. The objective of this study was to assess the appropriateness of
benzodiazepine use in older individuals residing in nursing homes and to identify patients who could
benefit from deprescription. This study involved residents of nursing homes in the regions of Dalmatia,
Slavonia, and the City of Zagreb, aged 65 years and above. Data was collected using a standardized
interRAI questionnaire designed for comprechensive geriatric assessment in long-term care facilities. Based
on deprescription guidelines for benzodiazepines, four criteria were defined for the purpose of this research
to determine the need for deprescription. The participants' mean age was 82.52 ± 6.223 years, with 40.4%
classified as very old (>85 years), and 76.5% were female. The study found that 127 participants were using
benzodiazepines in their therapy, and among them, 106 (83.5%) would be potential candidates for
deprescription. The most frequently identified reason for deprescription was prolonged therapy (use for
more than 12 weeks), which was observed in 59.8% of participants. The results obtained from this study
highlight the necessity for a more rational use of benzodiazepines and reveal a significant percentage of
nursing home residents who could benefit from the deprescription of benzodiazepines
Acute and chronic side effects of chemotherapy and therapeutic options for their management in patients who have survived early breast cancer
No full textAdjuvantna kemoterapija u liječenju karcinoma dojke ima raznovrsne mehanizme djelovanja te ne djeluje isključivo na tumor nego i na ostale dijelove tijela što rezultira različitim nuspojavama. Neke od najčešćih su mučnina, povraćanje, proljev, umor, gubitak kose, kognitivne promjene, neuropatija itd. Navedene nuspojave smanjuju kvalitetu života, kompliciraju ili prekidaju liječenje te ponekad ugrožavaju život samog pacijenta. Napredovanjem moderne medicine nuspojave koje prate liječenje se većinom mogu ublažiti nefarmakološkim mjerama, dodacima prehrani ili lijekovima. Uloga ljekarnika u zbrinjavanju onkoloških pacijenta postaje sve važnija. Ljekarnici su zdravstveni stručnjaci koji pacijentima mogu predložiti razne strategije ublažavanja nuspojava i odgovarajuću terapiju s ciljem poboljšanja njihove kvalitete života, lakšeg nastavka liječenja i posljedičnog smanjenja troškova u zdravstvu.Adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer has diverse mechanisms of action and does not only affect the tumor but also other parts of the body, resulting in various side effects. Some of the most common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, hair loss, cognitive changes, neuropathy, etc. These side effects reduce the quality of life, complicate or interrupt treatment, and sometimes jeopardize the patient's life. With the advancement of modern medicine, the side effects associated with treatment can mostly be alleviated through non-pharmacological measures, dietary supplements, or medications. The role of pharmacists is becoming increasingly important concerning oncology patients. With their knowledge, pharmacists can suggest strategies for mitigating side effects and provide appropriate therapy to improve their quality of life, facilitate the continuation of treatment, and simultaneously reduce healthcare costs
Non-essential nutrients in multivitamin-mineral food supplements on the Croatian market - an evidence-based systematic review of efficacy, dosage and interaction
No full textMultivitaminsko-mineralni (MVM) dodaci prehrani često su korišteni dodaci prehrani, te
kontinuirano izlaze nove varijante na tržištu. Proizvođači se često trude istaknuti svoj proizvod među
mnogima tako da uz osnovne vitamine i minerale dodaju i neesencijalne sastojke za koje postoje
dokazi da pridonose očuvanju zdravlja. No, zbog kompleksnosti formulacija MVM dodataka
prehrani, posebno zbog velikog broja sastavnica različitih fizikalno-kemijskih svojstava,
inkorporiranje dodatnih komponenti u dozama koje ostvaruju učinak predstavlja izazov koji često
ima i visoke troškove. S obzirom na velik broj različitih MVM dodataka prehrani na tržištu, svaki s
drugačijim sastavom i koncentracijama, uzimajući u obzir moguće interakcije neesencijalnih
komponenti s ostalim sastojcima i lijekovima koje osoba koristi, pružanje savjeta u ljekarničkoj
praksi postaje posebno kompleksno. Stoga se ovaj rad usmjerava na analizu najčešće prisutnih
neesencijalnih komponenti u MVM dodacima prehrani trenutno dostupnih na hrvatskom tržištu. Cilj
je pružiti znanstveno utemeljene dokaze o njihovoj učinkovitosti, dozama potrebnim za postizanje
željenih efekata te mogućim interakcijama s drugim dodacima prehrani i lijekovima. U tu svrhu, rad
je fokusiran na proučavanje beta glukana, beta karotena, inulina, inozitola, kolina, lecitina, likopena,
luteina i koenzima Q.Multivitamin-mineral (MVM) food supplements are widely used food supplements, and new
variants are continuously appearing on the market. Manufacturers often try to differentiate their
product by adding non-essential ingredients in addition to basic vitamins and minerals, which are
proven to contribute to health. However, due to the complexity of the formulations of MVM food
supplements, especially due to the large number of components with different physico-chemical
properties, incorporating additional components in effective doses is a challenge that often has high
costs. Given the large number of different MVM food supplements on the market, each with a
different composition and concentrations, considering possible interactions of non-essential
components with other ingredients and drugs that a person uses, providing advice in pharmacy
practice becomes particularly complex. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the analysis of the most
frequently non-essential components in MVM nutritional supplements currently present on the
Croatian market. The goal is to provide scientifically based evidence on their effectiveness, the doses
needed to achieve the desired effects, and possible interactions with other nutritional supplements
and medications. For this purpose, the thesis is focused on the study of beta glucan, beta carotene,
inulin, inositol, choline, lecithin, lycopene, lutein, and coenzyme Q