Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
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Meta-analysis of social presence effects on stroop task performance
No full textIn this paper, we conducted a meta-analytic review to examine the impact of social
presence on individuals’ performance on the Stroop task, shedding light on the cognitive
processes underlying social facilitation. We followed PRISMA guidelines to identify and
include 33 relevant studies in a multivariate random-effects meta-analysis. Our results
show that social presence reliably modulates Stroop interference (a measure of cognitive
control); specifically, participants exhibit lower Stroop interference when performing the
task in the presence of others compared to performing it in isolation. We also found that
the strength of the effect varies depending on the type of social presence: it is stronger
with an attentive audience compared to an inattentive one, and null with an evaluative
audience. Additionally, different features of the Stroop task itself moderate the effect; the
effect is stronger for the classic version of the task compared to the semantic version, and
for experiments that use mixed within-block trials compared to those with homogenous
blocks. We also observed a negative relationship between the number of trials and the
magnitude of the effect. Overall, these findings provide insights into the mechanisms by
which the presence of others affects performance on the Stroop task, and how they align
with social facilitation theories.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Cognitive behavioural “third wave” therapies in the treatment of justice-involved individuals: A systematic review
Get PDFPsychological treatments have been increasingly used with justice-involved individuals; however, evidence
regarding their effectiveness remains unclear. Thus, new approaches, such as Cognitive-Behavioural (CB) “third
wave” therapies, have been implemented with justice-involved individuals. This systematic review describes and
assesses the effectiveness of different CB “third wave” therapies, such as Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT),
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT), Mindfulness-based Approaches (MBA), Metacognitive Therapy (MCT), and Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) with justiceinvolved individuals. The research was conducted in four databases (i.e., B-on, PubMed, Science Direct, and
PsycINFO) up to November 2023. Fifty studies were included in the review. DBT was the most assessed, followed
by ACT. No studies using FAP and MCT were included. Preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of ACT, DBT,
CFT, and MBA with justice-involved populations regarding aggression and violent behaviour reductions was
found. However, the studies revealed some methodological shortcomings preventing us from reaching firmer
conclusions. More research is needed to understand the impact of CB “third wave” therapies in forensic settings
further.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Effects of expectation on face perception and its association with expertise
Get PDFPerceptual decisions are derived from the combination of priors and sensorial input. While priors
are broadly understood to refect experience/expertise developed over one’s lifetime, the role of
perceptual expertise at the individual level has seldom been directly explored. Here, we manipulate
probabilistic information associated with a high and low expertise category (faces and cars
respectively), while assessing individual level of expertise with each category. 67 participants learned
the probabilistic association between a color cue and each target category (face/car) in a behavioural
categorization task. Neural activity (EEG) was then recorded in a similar paradigm in the same
participants featuring the previously learned contingencies without the explicit task. Behaviourally,
perception of the higher expertise category (faces) was modulated by expectation. Specifcally, we
observed facilitatory and interference efects when targets were correctly or incorrectly expected,
which were also associated with independently measured individual levels of face expertise.
Multivariate pattern analysis of the EEG signal revealed clear efects of expectation from 100 ms post
stimulus, with signifcant decoding of the neural response to expected vs. not stimuli, when viewing
identical images. Latency of peak decoding when participants saw faces was directly associated with
individual level facilitation efects in the behavioural task. The current results not only provide time
sensitive evidence of expectation efects on early perception but highlight the role of higher-level
expertise on forming priors.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Critical insights on social connections in the context of resettlement for refugees and asylum seekers
No full textResettlement ofers a “safe solution” for people who have experienced displacement. Nevertheless, refugees face additional challenges once resettled, including
the erosion of their social fabric and the disruption of refugee communities. Therefore, social connections are crucial in resettlement. So far, the literature on social
connections has focused on their functions (e.g., social support) and neglected this
concept to the detriment of its meaning and related factors, so an in-depth exploration of social connections is necessary, especially in the problematic context of
resettlement. To this end, 41 articles published between 2011 and 2022 and conducted with refugees and asylum seekers in resettlement contexts, were identifed
through searches in MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO. The aim
of this scoping review is to identify potentially broad literature on social connections
in resettlement to provide an understanding of how refugees engage in social connections during this process. Four main social connections in the resettlement context emerged: (a) connections within the immediate community, (b) transnational
connections, (c) connections with the mainstream community, and (d) connections
with services. The results confrm the need to better explore how social connections
impact refugees’ experiences in resettlement and to grasp their political meaning in
resettlement contexts.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Perceptions on mobile information among undergraduates before and after Covid-19: Some comparisons
Get PDFA comparative analysis of Social Sciences undergraduates’ perceptions of information literacy (IL) and the
use/inclusion of mobile technologies (MT) at the universities of Granada (Spain) and ISPA (Lisboa) before
and after the Covid-19 pandemics. An exploratory socio-constructive focus group methodology was carried
out based on a sample of eighteen Psychology and Education undergraduates, in the final year of their studies (May 2022). We implemented two focus groups,
one in each country. Undergraduates experienced significant gaps, especially in IL knowledge and MT skills.
They also perceived attitudinal and technological limitations in their teachers. Morever, there are some differences in attitudes towards MT inclusion in the processes of teaching and learning, according to the context. In this regard, Spanish undergraduates showed
better skills and Portuguese ones a higher level of selfperception. Some shortages derived from the Covid-19
pandemic emerge, since there is a growing body of evidence on both the need for student-teacher closeness
and the technical limitations of some teacher. After this
critical situation, an open-to-experience mentality on
the part of all the stakeholders is necessary. Due to the
qualitative methodology, we have implemented, the research is limited to a specific sector to be analyzed (Social Sciences undergraduates belonging to the last
pregraduate year). Academic, educational institutions
and teachers (responsible for the training of future generations) must strive to understand the scope of mobile
teaching and the possibilities of mobile devices to increase student’s motivations and to acquire basic skills
too. To reflect on this situation turns into a priority to
optimize the teaching-learning processes.Resumén: Análisis comparativo de las percepciones sobre la alfabetización informacional (Alfin) y el uso/inclusión de tecnologías móviles (MT) de los estudiantes de pregrado de Ciencias Sociales en las universidades de Granada (España) y ISPA (Lisboa) antes y después de la pandemia de Covid-19. Se siguió exploratoria socioconstructivista basada en grupos focales (mayo de 2022) con una muestra de dieciocho estudiantes de Psicología y Educación, en el último año de sus estudios. Se implementaron dos grupos focales, uno en cada país. El estudiantado de pregrado experimenta brechas significativas, especialmente en el conocimiento de la Alfin y las habilidades en MT. También perciben limitaciones actitudinales y tecnológicas en sus profesores. Además, existen diferencias en las actitudes hacia la inclusión de MT en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, según el contexto. En este sentido, los estudiantes españoles mostraron mejores habilidades y los portugueses un mayor nivel de autopercepción. Surgen algunas carencias derivadas de
la pandemia de Covid-19, ya que hay un creciente cuerpo de evidencia sobre la necesidad de proximidad estudiante-profesor y las limitaciones técnicas de algunos profesores. Después de esta Situación crítica, es necesaria una mentalidad abierta a la experiencia por parte de todos los interesados. Debido a la metodología cualitativa implementada, la investigación se limita a un sector específico para ser analizado (estudiantes de Ciencias Sociales pertenecientes al último año de pregrado). Las instituciones académicas, educativas y el profesorado (responsable de la formación de las futuras generaciones) deben esforzarse por comprender
el alcance de la enseñanza móvil y las posibilidades de los dispositivos móviles para aumentar la motivación de los estudiantes y adquirir habilidades básicas también. Reflexionar sobre esta situación se convierte en una prioridad para optimizar los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio
Habitat suitability of two flagship species, hippocampus hippocampus and hippocampus guttulatus, in the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula - implications for conservation
Get PDFAnthropogenic pressures on marine ecosystems are increasing worldwide, causing loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and driving species towards risk of extinction. To protect
vulnerable species and habitats, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are increasingly established
worldwide as conservation measures. Seahorses act as flagship species for coastal ecosystem
conservation due to their charismatic appearance and high vulnerability to habitat degradation.
Here, the habitat suitability of the two European seahorse species, Hippocampus hippocampus and
Hippocampus guttulatus, was assessed along the western Iberian Peninsula, using an ensemble
species distribution modelling approach. Furthermore, the coverage of their core habitat (relative
habitat suitability (HS) ≥ 0.5) with MPAs was estimated. The results show that the main drivers
for habitat suitability were distance to the coast, aspect of the seafloor, tidal amplitude, and
temperature. However, the importance differed between the two species. The suitable habitat of
H. hippocampus extended to higher distances to the coast, while H. guttulatus were mostly
restricted to areas in the vicinity of the coast and facing away from the open sea (i.e., the westerly
aspect of the seafloor). Furthermore, temperature contributes more to the variation in habitat
suitability in H. hippocampus than in H. guttulatus. The areas with the highest habitat suitability
are estuarine or inlet waters and sheltered coasts in northwestern Spain, central and south of
Portugal. Both species’ core habitats are covered by about 19–20 % with implemented protected
areas in Portugal. In comparison, there is less coverage for both species in Spain, with 12 % for
H. guttulatus and 6 % for H. hippocampus. Besides, zones of full protection cover less than 0.5 % ofFundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Intertidal and shallow subtidal marine tardigrades from the British Virgin Islands with a description of a new Batillipes (Heterotardigrada: Batillipedidae)
Get PDFThis is the frst survey of marine tardigrades from the British Virgin Islands, though two species were previously reported
from St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. In June 2016, we collected subtidal and intertidal sand samples from various locations throughout the British Virgin Islands. We found 602 tardigrades in 18 of 21 samples, and these included 12 taxa, one
of which, Batillipes wyedeleinorum sp. nov., is new to science and described here. We compared abundance and species
diversity in intertidal and subtidal samples and found signifcantly greater abundance in intertidal habitats but no signifcant
diference in the number of observed species between the two habitats. We calculated Chao 1 species richness, which indicated higher estimated richness in intertidal habitats and 15 ± 3.7 species (x̅ ± SD) in both habitats combined. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling revealed diferences in species composition between the two habitats with some species showing clear preferences for one or the other.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Oceanic seabirds chase tropical cyclones
No full textIn late summer and autumn, the passage of intense tropical cyclones can profoundly perturb oceanic and
coastal ecosystems. Direct negative effects on individuals and marine communities can be dramatic, especially in the coastal zone,1–4 but cyclones can also enhance pelagic primary and secondary production.5–9
However, cyclone impacts on open ocean marine life remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate their
effects on the foraging movements of a wide-ranging higher predator, the Desertas petrel (Pterodroma deserta), in the mid-latitude North Atlantic during hurricane season. Contrary to previously studied pelagic seabirds in tropical and mid-latitude regions,10,11 Desertas petrels did not avoid cyclones by altering course, nor
did they seek calmer conditions within the cyclone eye. Approximately one-third of petrels tracked from their
breeding colony interacted with approaching cyclones. Upon encountering strong winds, the birds reduced
ground speed, likely by spending less time in flight. A quarter of birds followed cyclone wakes for days and
over thousands of kilometers, a behavior documented here for the first time. Within these wakes, tailwind
support was higher than along alternative routes. Furthermore, at the mesoscale (hours–weeks and hundreds
of kilometers), sea surface temperature dropped and surface chlorophyll sharply increased, suggesting
direct effects on ocean stratification, primary production, and therefore presumably prey abundance and
accessibility for surface-feeding petrels. We therefore hypothesize that cyclone wakes provide both predictably favorable wind conditions and foraging opportunities. As such, cyclones may have positive net effects
on the demography of many mid-latitude pelagic seabirds and, likely, other marine top-predators.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCT; CESAM;info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Preparing pre-service teachers for family engagement: Insights from the initial teacher education syllabus
Get PDFFamily involvement and participation in education (FIPE) profoundly impacts the quality of students’ academic and social development. Initial teacher education contribution in fostering attitudes, skills, and strategies for effective FIPE is therefore unquestionable. We aimed to find out to what extent Portuguese pre-service teachers are prepared to engage families. A document analysis was conducted to establish explicit information regarding FIPE within initial teacher education syllabi. Out of 621 syllabi across 36 master’s courses from 25 institutions, only 98 included some information on FIPE. A mere 12 syllabi, from seven institutions, exclusively addressed family–school relationships. Our study covered over 87% of the master’s courses and syllabi, exposing inconsistencies in their educational aims, content, and recommended literature. These findings highlight discrepancies within the initial teacher education syllabi and underscore the need for the enhanced training of pre-service teachers in FIPE. It is crucial to promote more in-depth and explicit syllabi to promote effective family engagement and enrich initial teacher education programs.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Aprender e Ensinar ortografia no primeiro ciclo
Get PDFNo âmbito das Provas de Agregação em Psicologia, este documento contém Unidade Curricular, Curriculum Vitae e Sumário pormenorizado da lição apresentado ao Ispa – Instituto Universitário de Ciências
Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida em cumprimento do estabelecido no nº 1, alínea c) do artigo 4º
do Regulamento RG056 do Ispa, na versão 4.0, em vigor desde Janeiro de 2023.N/