Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
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Narrativas de jovens adultos sobre os seus comportamentos autolesivos
Get PDFDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para a obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.Jovens adultos encontram-se, frequentemente, em situações que prejudicam a sua saúde mental e, se estes problemas não forem tratados adequadamente, podem desenvolver-se problemas mais sérios, como comportamentos autolesivos. Os comportamentos autolesivos são comportamentos utilizados para causar dano ao próprio, constituindo manifestações de um mal-estar interno, contemplando comportamentos como os cortes ou as queimaduras. Sendo assim, torna-se importante permitir aos jovens que partilhem as suas experiências com estes comportamentos para serem compreendidos e receberem tratamento adequado. Neste sentido, esta investigação explora os conteúdos das narrativas dos jovens sobre os comportamentos autolesivos, abordando aspetos como o método utilizado, as motivações, as funções destes e as suas consequências. Este estudo contempla uma amostra de 32 jovens adultos, entre os 18 e os 21, que preencheram o Inventário de Comportamentos Autolesivos, incluindo questões que os permitiram partilhar narrativas. Os resultados da investigação mostram que os métodos mais referidos diferem entre o ICAL e as narrativas, mas com maior incidência sobre o bater-se e o cortar-se. São referidos diversos fatores que conduziram à autolesão, principalmente de caráter interno, como desejo de fugir da dor e emoções negativas, e as funções atribuídas a estes comportamentos, nomeadamente a função de fugir, de escape, e a de regulação emocional, contemplando consequências como a hospitalização. Finalmente, são sugeridas recomendações para investigações futuras, estando reconhecida a importância da intervenção psicológica para mitigar as consequências negativas destes comportamentos.Young adults are, frequently, faced with situations that harm their mental health and, if these problems aren’t adequately treated, more serious problems might develop, such as self-harming behaviors. Self-harming behaviors are behaviors used to cause harm to oneself, working as manifestations of internal distress, including behaviors such as cutting or burning one’s body. Therefore, it’s important to allow these young adults to share their experiences with these behaviors so that they can be understood and receive proper care and treatment. Thus, this investigation explores the contents of their stories about their self-harming behaviors, focusing on aspects like the methods they use, their motivations, the functions of these behaviors, and their consequences. This study followed a sample of 32 young adults, with ages between 18 and 21, who filled out the Inventory of Self-Harming Behaviors, including questions that allowed them to share their stories. The results showed that the most referred to methods differ between the questionnaire and the narratives, but the most prevalent ones across both parts of the instrument are hitting oneself and cutting. There are multiple factors that led to the self-harm, especially those of internal nature, like the desire to escape and as an attempt of regulating one’s emotions, facing consequences like hospitalization. Finally, some recommendations for future investigations are suggested, acknowledging just how important a psychological intervention is to lower and prevent the negative consequences of these behaviors
Significado, empatia e autocompaixão : o impacto da prática de teatro playback nos atores
No full textDissertação de Mestrado
apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário
para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade
de Psicologia Clínica.O Teatro Playback (TP) tem como bases concetuais várias premissas que visam promover o bem-estar. Não sendo uma terapia, o TP tem potencial para ser terapêutico. O significado surge como integrante do bem-estar e como base concetual do TP. A autocompaixão está relacionada com o bem-estar e, teoricamente, a compaixão dirigida para si mesmo ou para o Outro, é um elo importante para o impacto das histórias recriadas em palco. Sendo uma parte essencial do TP, a empatia tem sido estudada ainda que a literatura não seja unívoca acerca do seu impacto do TP. Contudo, não existe investigação dirigida aos atores de TP (playbackers) e os efeitos ao nível do bem-estar deste tipo de teatro continuam por ser explorados de modo rigoroso. Este estudo (N = 95) investigou os efeitos que a prática dos atores de TP (n = 25) poderia ter sobre as variáveis de Significado, Empatia e Autocompaixão, comparativamente à prática de outros atores (Não-Playback; n = 29) e a um grupo de Controlo (n = 41), através do preenchimento de 3 escalas quantitativas. Realizaram-se também regressões lineares entre os anos de prática em TP e as variáveis Significado, Empatia e Autocompaixão, repetindo-se o mesmo para os outros tipos de teatro. Observou-se que os playbackers obtiveram maiores níveis de empatia; os atores de outros tipos de teatro apresentam maiores níveis de significado. Não se concluiu qualquer efeito nos níveis de autocompaixão, nem qualquer relação entre os anos de prática de teatro (Playback e Não-Playback) e as restantes variáveis.Playback Theatre (PT), among its basic concepts, has various premises which seek to promote well-being. PT has therapeutic potential, even though it is not a therapy. Meaning is an integral part of well-being and a basic concept of PT. Self-Compassion is related to well-being and, theoretically, compassion directed towards oneself or the Other, and is an important link to the stories recreated onstage. Being essential to PT, empathy has been studied, although literature shows contradictory data in regards to PT’s impact. However, there hasn’t been any investigation regarding PT’s actors (playbackers) and the effects of this type of theatre on well-being are yet to be rigorously explored. This investigation (N = 95) aimed to study the effects of PT practice from actors (n = 25) could have on Meaning, Empathy, and Self-Compassion variables, comparatively to the practice of other types of theatre from Non-Playback actors (n = 29) and a control group, using 3 quantitative scales. Furthermore, linear regressions were used to verify the relation between years of PT practice and Meaning, Empathy, and Self-Compassion variables; the same was done for Non-Playback theatre. Higher levels of empathy were observed on playbackers, while actors from other types of theatre achieved higher levels of meaning. In regards to levels of self-compassion, nothing could be concluded in terms of effects and neither were any relations verified between years of theatre practice (both Playback and Non-Playback) and the remaining variables
Estás comigo ou contra mim? : o papel moderador da relação treinador-atleta na relação entre grit e engagement desportivo nos atletas
Get PDFDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Social e das OrganizaçõesO presente estudo teve como principal objetivo contribuir para o estudo da relação entre treinador e atleta e a testar o seu papel moderador entre na relação entre as variáveis individuais de grit e engagement desportivo dos atletas.
Participaram neste estudo 315 atletas de várias modalidades individuais e coletivas. Foi elaborado um questionário aplicado online constituído pela Escala de Relação Treinador-Atleta (CART-Q), a Escala de Grit (GRIT-S) e a Escala de Engagement Desportivo (AEQ).
Os resultados demostram que a relação treinador-atleta influencia positivamente o nível de grit e o nível de engagement dos atletas, e evidenciam ainda uma associação positiva entre o nível de grit e o nível de engagement. Verificou-se também que a relação treinador-atleta tem um efeito moderador nos níveis de grit e uma dimensão específica engagement do atleta, a Dedicação. Os resultados são discutidos, analisados e são apresentadas as limitações do estudo, assim como sugestões para estudos futuros.The main goal of this work was to contribute to the study of the relationship between the coach and his athletes and to test its moderating role in the relationship between the individual traits of grit and sport engagement of athletes.
A total of 315 Portuguese athletes of both sexes, and diverse collective and individual sports participated in this study. These participants answered an online questionnaire constituted by the Coach-Athlete Relationship (CART-Q), the Grit Scale (GRIT-S) and the Engagement Scale (AEQ).
The results showed that the coach-athlete relationship influences positively the levels of grit and sport engagement of the athletes, and also evidence a positive association between the level of grit and the level of engagement. Results also showed that the coach-athlete relationship has a moderator effect on the levels of grit and a specific dimension of engagement, the Dedication. The results are discussed, analyzed and are presented the limitations of the study, as well some suggestions for future studies
"We´re all in this together" - O papel mediador da team resilience na relação entre liderança e coesão grupal
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Social e das OrganizaçõesO estudo da team resilience na psicologia das equipas é relativamente prematuro na literatura, mas já tem revelado exercer um papel importante em várias dinâmicas grupais e na relação entre variáveis presentes no mundo desportivo. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo prende-se com a compreensão do papel mediador da team resilience na relação entre a liderança transformacional e transacional e a coesão grupal. Para este efeito, foram recolhidos dados de 328 atletas de diversas equipas e diversas modalidades que preencheram um questionário constituído pelas escalas MLQ-5X (Liderança), GEQ (Coesão Grupal) e CREST Inventory (Team Resilience) bem como algumas questões sócio-demográficas. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram correlações positivas entre todas as variáveis em estudo e suas dimensões e uma mediação significativa da team resilience na relação entre a liderança e a coesão grupal. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que a relação entre a liderança, tanto no seu estilo transformacional como transacional, e a coesão grupal pode ser explicada pela presença da team resilience no contexto. Limitações, propostas de estudos futuros e algumas implicações para a prática são delineados.The study of the team resilience construct is relatively recent in team psychology’s literature, but it has already been revealed to play an important role in various group dynamics and in relation with many present variables in the sport’s world. To accomplish this, the aim of this study was to comprehend the mediator role of team resilience in the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership and group cohesion. For this effect, it was collected a total of 328 athletes, from various teams and types of sports, who responded to an online questionnaire which contained the scales MLQ-5X (leadership), GEQ (group cohesion) and CREST Inventory (Team Resilience) and some social-demographic data. The results obtained showed positive correlations between all the variables present in this study, and their factors, and a mediation effect of team resilience in the relationship between leadership and group cohesion. With this, we introduced the idea that the relation between leadership, transformational and transactional, and group cohesion may be explained by the presence of the team resilience in the context. Limitations, future studies and practical implications are outlined
The effect of age on daily positive emotions and work behaviors
Get PDFThis study draws on socioemotional selectivity and person–job fit theories to investigate the emotional bases for age-related differences in daily task crafting and in-role performance. We tested a mediation model in which age is related to positive emotions that in turn predict task crafting and in-role performance. A total of 256 people working in multiple organizations participated in a 5-day diary study. Multilevel modeling showed that, at the person level of analysis, age is significantly and positively related to positive emotions and task crafting and, via crafting, to in-role performance. No significant mediation of high- and low-arousal positive emotions was found between age and task crafting. However, at the day level of analysis, high-arousal positive emotions are positively related to task crafting, and this in turn is positively related to in-role performance. These findings make important theoretical contributions to understanding within-person processes associated with employee age in addition to more traditional between-person factors. They also have implications for managing an age-diverse workforce by means of job crafting.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Intervention and mediation effects of a community-based singing group on older adults’ perceived physical and mental health: the Sing4Health randomized controlled trial
No full textAbstract
ObjectiveTo examine short- and long-term effects of a group singing program on older adults’ perceived physical and mental health levels, and also investigate subjective well-being (life satisfaction, positive/negative affect and hedonic balance), body balance and serum biomarkers (C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate) as putative mediating mechanisms, controlling for the cognitive status of the participants. Design: The randomized controlled trial included 149 participants (60 to 95 years), allocated to an immediate intervention group (IG) or a wait-list active control group (WLG). The intervention comprised 34 sessions of group singing during 4-months. Main outcome measures: Self-report measures of physical health, anxiety, stress, and depression. Blinded assessments were conducted at baseline, post-intervention (4 months) and follow-up (6 months). Results: Participants in the IG reported a lower decline in perceived physical health after the intervention, as compared to the WLG. These benefits were maintained at follow-up. Singing-related changes in physical and mental health outcomes were mediated via an increase in positive affect. Moderation results showed that participants with very low cognitive functioning reported more anxiety and depression symptoms after the intervention. Conclusions: These findings provide further understanding on the psychological and physical mechanisms and effects of group singing in older adults.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Unconditional adoption rules out the need for parent–offspring recognition in a single‐brooded colonial seabird
Get PDFParent–offspring
recognition (POR) is fundamental in colonial birds when the potential
intermingling of chicks is higher due to the large number and proximity of nests.
In species with isolated nests, where chick presence in the nest is strong contextual
evidence of kinship, there might be circumstances when the parent might doubt the
identity of the chick, but not enough to reject it. Olfactory-based
recognition of conspecifics
and nest sites in birds has gained strong evidence suggesting a potential role
of olfaction in POR. Despite that, there are no studies testing it. We used Scopoli's
shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) as model colonial single-brooded
species with a developed
olfactory sense, usually breeding in well-spaced
nests with low probability of
chicks mixing. We tested the parent's ability to selectively respond to their own chick
as opposed to a simpler rule of feeding any chick found in the nest by means of chick-fostering
experiments. We designed two cross-fostering
experiments using chicks of
different ages to test whether the ability of parents to recognize a related chick develops
over time, possibly after acquiring an own distinctive odour. Finally, we also manipulated
nests’ odour to disentangle the confounding effect of nest site recognition
from POR when parents return at night. All experimental chicks were adopted by parents
as the weight and bill growth of cross-fostered
chicks did not differ significantly
from the control group. We recorded a small difference in weight when foster chicks
were inside an odour-manipulated
nest; although we did not record weight loss in
experimental chicks, only a steeper increase in weight was observed in control chicks.
In conclusion, adoption in Scopoli's shearwater seems to follow the rule "if the young is
in my nest, accept it" proposed by Beecher (1991) for species with spatially separated
nests and low chick mobility.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio
Climate change and marine turtles: recent advances and future directions
Get PDFClimate change is a threat to marine turtles that is expected to affect all of their life
stages. To guide future research, we conducted a review of the most recent literature on this topic,
highlighting knowledge gains and research gaps since a similar previous review in 2009. Most
research has been focussed on the terrestrial life history phase, where expected impacts will
range from habitat loss and decreased reproductive success to feminization of populations, but
changes in reproductive periodicity, shifts in latitudinal ranges, and changes in foraging success
are all expected in the marine life history phase. Models have been proposed to improve estimates
of primary sex ratios, while technological advances promise a better understanding of how climate
can influence different life stages and habitats. We suggest a number of research priorities
for an improved understanding of how climate change may impact marine turtles, including:
improved estimates of primary sex ratios, assessments of the implications of female-biased sex
ratios and reduced male production, assessments of the variability in upper thermal limits of
clutches, models of beach sediment movement under sea level rise, and assessments of impacts on
foraging grounds. Lastly, we suggest that it is not yet possible to recommend manipulating aspects
of turtle nesting ecology, as the evidence base with which to understand the results of such interventions
is not robust enough, but that strategies for mitigation of stressors should be helpful, providing
they consider the synergistic effects of climate change and other anthropogenic-induced
threats to marine turtles, and focus on increasing resilience.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Effective behavior change techniques to promote physical activity in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Get PDFMulticomponent behavior change interventions are typically used in weight management, but results are largely heterogeneous and modest. Determining which techniques (behavior change technique [BCTs]) are more effective in changing behavior is thus required. This study aimed to identify the most effective BCTs for increasing physical activity (PA) in digital and face-to-face behavior change interventions in adults with overweight/obesity. Four databases were searched for eligible studies until October 2019. BCTs were coded using BCTTv1 and MBCT taxonomies. Sixty-two RCTs were included. Meta-regressions were performed to explore BCTs' moderating role. Five BCTs showed significant moderator effects on PA in digital interventions: goal setting behavior, goal setting outcome, graded tasks, social incentive, and self-monitoring of behavior (adjusted R2 's = 0.15-0.51). One BCT showed significant moderator effects on PA in face-to-face interventions, behavioral practice and rehearsal (adjusted R2 = 0.22). Multivariate and sensitivity analysis generally led to similar findings. Effective BCTs for increasing PA in adults with overweight/obesity in digital and face-to-face interventions seem to differ. Evidence suggests that using goal setting, social incentive, and graded tasks might help improve PA in digital interventions while avoiding inconsistent self-monitoring of behavior. In face-to-face interventions, prompting behavioral practice and rehearsal might lead to better PA outcomes. Still, further studies are needed. Implications of the current findings are discussed.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio