Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
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Autocontrolo e psicopatia numa amostra de mulheres condenadas
No full textDissertação de Mestrado realizada sob a orientação da
Professora Doutora Andreia de Castro Rodrigues,
apresentada no Ispa – Instituto Universitário para obtenção
de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Forense.Apesar do aumento do estudo em torno de mulheres e do cometimento de crimes
pelas mesmas, esta linha de investigação continua, no geral, a ser parca. Igualmente, o
autocontrolo e a psicopatia têm vindo a ser amplamente estudadas em populações
recluídas, apesar de haver uma presença mais notória de estudos que abordam o sexo
masculino do que o feminino.
Assim, o presente estudo visa averiguar os níveis de psicopatia e autocontrolo,
bem como relacioná-los com outros dados determinantes, nomeadamente o historial de
consumo de substâncias e o cometimento ou não de crimes violentos, numa amostra
feminina recluída em Portugal. Para tal, contámos com uma amostra de 94 mulheres
recluídas nos estabelecimentos prisionais de Odemira, Tires e Santa Cruz do Bispo, que
responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico, bem como à “Escala de
Desejabilidade Social de 20 Itens”, à “Escala Breve de Autocontrolo” e ao Levenson
Self-Report Psychopathy Scale – VP.
Verificámos, para além de níveis médios de autocontrolo, que participantes com
consumos apresentavam níveis mais baixos neste construto. Encontrámos também
diferenças significativas de autocontrolo entre mulheres que cometeram o crime de
homicídio e que não o cometeram, tendo, as que cometeram este crime, apresentado
níveis mais altos neste construto. No que toca à psicopatia, para além de pontuações
acima da média, encontrámos diferenças significativas no Fator 2 da escala entre
mulheres que reportaram o cometimento de homicídio vs o não cometimento do mesmo.
Ainda, encontrámos uma associação negativa e significativa entre o autocontrolo e a
psicopatia. Finalmente, a psicopatia constituiu-se um preditor do autocontrolo.ABSTRACT: Despite the increase in the study of women and crimes committed by them, this
investigation continues, in general, to be scarce. Likewise, self-control and psychopathy
have been widely studied in incarcerated populations, although there is a greater
presence of studies that address males, rather than females.
Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the mentioned psychological
variables, as well as relate them to other determining data, namely the history of
substance use and the committing or not of violent crimes, in a sample of women
incarcerated in Portugal. Thus, we counted with a sample of 94 women imprisoned in
the prisons of Odemira, Tires and Santa Cruz do Bispo, who answered a
sociodemographic questionnaire, as well as the 20-Item Social Desirability Scale, the
Self-Control Scale and the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale – VP.
We found, in addition to average levels of self-control, that participants with
substance consumption had lower levels in this construct. We also found significant
differences in self-control between women who committed the crime of homicide and
those who didn’t, having, those who did commit this crime, higher levels on this
construct. Regarding psychopathy, in addition to scores above the average, we found
significant differences in Factor 2 of the scale between women who reported
committing homicide versus not committing it. Furthermore, we discovered a negative
and significant association between self-control and psychopathy. Finally, psychopathy
was found to be predictive of self-control
Afeto central: Estudos preliminares para adaptação de um instrumento psicológico
No full textDissertação de Mestrado realizada sob a orientação da
Professora Doutora Inês Almeida, apresentada no Ispa –
Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na
especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.Ao longo dos anos, surgiu a necessidade de distinguir o conceito de afeto central
de outros conceitos como humor e emoção, considerando os recentes desenvolvimentos
teóricos e empíricos na investigação sobre o afeto central. O afeto central refere-se ao
sentimento mais elementar, conscientemente acessível, que não precisa de ser dirigido a
nada. De forma a suprimir esta carência na população portuguesa pretende-se adoptar
uma nova medida sueca de afeto central que aborde diretamente a valência (V) e a
ativação (A) e que também meça a ativação agradável (AG), a desativação desagradável
(DD), a ativação desagradável (AD) e a desativação agradável (DA). Deste modo, este
estudo teve como objetivo a realização de estudos preliminares para a adaptação
transcultural de um instrumento psicológico, Swedish Core Affect Scale (SCAS) - full
version (Västjfäll et al 2002), de modo a complementar as atuais escalas de medição de
afeto existentes para a população portuguesa.
A amostra foi composta por 97 participantes, com idades compreendidas entre os
18 e os 54 anos. Para a recolha de dados, foram aplicados dois instrumentos de avaliação
do afeto.(i) Escala Sueca de Afeto Central (SCAS), (ii) Escala de Afeto Positivo e
Negativo (PANAS) e um instrumento de rastreio de psicopatologia: (iii) Inventário Breve
de Sintomas (BSI).
Os resultados obtidos com a amostra atual não confirmam a estrutura fatorial
encontrada na população original sueca, o que sugere que a escala deve ser revista, ou
que pelo menos mais dados devem ser obtidos antes de confirmar a estrutura fatorial.ABSTRACT: Over the years, there has been a need to distinguish the concept of central affect from
other concepts such as mood and emotion, considering recent theoretical and empirical
developments in research on central affect. Central affect refers to the most elementary,
consciously accessible feeling that does not need to be directed towards anything. In order
to address this gap in the Portuguese population, it is intended to adopt a new Swedish
measure of central affect that directly addresses valence (V) and activation (A) and also
measures pleasant activation (PA), unpleasant deactivation (UD), unpleasant activation
(UA), and pleasant deactivation (PD). Thus, this study aimed to conduct preliminary
studies for the cross-cultural adaptation of a psychological instrument, the Swedish Core
Affect Scale (SCAS) - full version (Västjfäll et al. 2002), to complement existing affect
measurement scales for the Portuguese population.
The sample consisted of 97 participants, aged between 18 and 54 years. For data
collection, two affect assessment instruments were applied: (i) Swedish Central Affect
Scale (SCAS), (ii) Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and a
psychopathology screening instrument: (iii) Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI).
The results obtained with the current sample do not confirm the factor structure found in
the original Swedish population, suggesting that the scale should be revised, or at least
more data should be obtained before confirming the factor structure
Putting mental health deinstitutionalisation back on track: A scoping review of what empirically hinders and drives deinstitutionalisation of adults who experience mental illness
No full textMental health deinstitutionalisation continues to be a global human rights priority. After over half a century, the discharge to the community often means the transition to smaller-scale institutions, segregation environments, and limited opportunities for community inclusion. This scoping review aims to identify what hinders and drives the deinstitutionalisation process of adults experiencing mental health challenges.
Method: A scoping review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and reported under the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). A systematic search of four electronic databases, PubMed, APA PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus, was undertaken between January and March 2024. Only empirical studies focusing on the deinstitutionalisation process of adults with mental health challenges, published in English, from 1991 to 2024 were eligible for inclusion. A template in Microsoft Excel was created for data extraction. Results were descriptively synthesised and organised into the system change framework’s four fundamental dimensions (norms, resources, regulations, and operations).
A total of 57 studies were included. Most of those included studies, 53% were qualitative ( = 30), 60% were published from 2014 to 2024 ( = 34), 26% were from North Americas ( = 15), and 25% were from Europe ( = 14). Factors that hindered mental health deinstitutionalisation included the exclusiveness of the medical model, social discrimination, insufficient community services, transinstitutionalisation, lack of support for community inclusion, most funds allocated to institutionalisation, economic incentives for institutionalisation, institutional policies, inefficient governance, professional control, and limited advocacy. Drivers included a model for community inclusion, an inclusive society, resourcing community alternatives, independent housing, individualised context-oriented support, economic pressures, policy and legal reform, consumer participation in services, and consumer advocacy.
The study findings constitute an important basis to inform the ongoing or future deinstitutionalisation processes of adults with mental illness diagnoses.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FC
Voices from the rainbow: Exploring participants’ experiences in an online LGBTIQ+-Affirmative Psychoeducation Program
No full textBackground/Objectives: This article highlights the importance of addressing the mental health of LGBTQ people, specifically through psychoeducation/intervention programs. The primary objective was to understand the effects of participating in an online affirmative program. The theoretical frameworks of the minority stress model and the concept of decompensation were used to understand and address disparities with the general population. Methods: A detailed protocol was designed to understand the participants’ experiences. An analysis of the results was carried out using a content analysis of the data collected from a convenience sample of participants from two groups. Results: The findings show that the participants’ experiences were satisfactory, especially with developing coping skills and changing their attitudes towards homophobia, also showing improvements in mental health indicators. Conclusions: This study concludes that online LGBTQ-affirmative psychoeducation programs can be positive in enhancing the mental health and well-being of the LGBTQ population. The research highlights the importance of extending these programs to LGBTQ family members. It is also important to acknowledge the specificities of each subgroup.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FC
Cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative diseases: A trans-diagnostic approach using a lesion-symptom mapping analysis
No full textIntroduction: Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), reflect a spectrum of cognitive impairments unified by cognitive decline. Traditional diagnostic approaches often overlook shared landscapes of these disorders. A transdiagnostic approach, cutting across conventional boundaries, may improve understanding of shared mechanisms. This study uses lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) to identify critical brain structures responsible for cognitive impairments. Methods: Patients diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), probable AD, and probable bvFTD were recruited from our memory clinic. Diagnoses were made by a multidisciplinary team using established criteria. Participants underwent detailed medical and neurological examinations, neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and neuropsychological assessment. MRI scans were processed using FreeSurfer. LSM was used to assess correlations between brain structures and cognitive performance. Results: Significant correlations were found between neuropsychological test scores and reduced volume in specific brain regions. The Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test was linked to the right hippocampus and left nucleus accumbens. The Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised correlated with the right hippocampus, left nucleus accumbens, and right middle temporal gyrus. Verbal fluency was linked to the left superior temporal sulcus and left middle temporal gyrus. Digit Span forward correlated with left superior frontal gyrus and left inferior parietal region, while Digit Span backward was linked to the right precuneus. Digit-Symbol Coding was associated with the left inferior parietal region. Conclusions: This study highlights common neural targets in MCI, AD, and bvFTD and their link with cognitive impairment, emphasizing the value of LSM within a transdiagnostic approach to neurodegenerative diseases
Motivação alimentar: Satisfação na dieta, incongruência desejo-objetivo e afetividade negativa
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Ispa – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia ClínicaApesar de ser consistentemente reconhecida como um dos preditores mais robustos da eficácia terapêutica, a compreensão da relação terapêutica na literatura tem-se mantido limitada, originando diferentes equívocos. Em resposta, têm sido propostos diversos enquadramentos teóricos com o intuito de clarificar esta relação e os seus componentes, destacando-se a relação real, a aliança terapêutica e a vinculação ao terapeuta como elementos fundamentais. O presente estudo procurou aprofundar esta compreensão ao investigar a interação entre estas variáveis através de um modelo de mediação, no qual a relação real medeia a influência da vinculação ao terapeuta na aliança terapêutica. Recorreu-se a um desenho transversal, com uma amostra de 373 adultos que se encontravam atualmente em psicoterapia individual ou que a haviam concluído. Foi realizada uma path analysis para testar o modelo proposto. Os resultados revelaram efeitos indiretos significativos dos três estilos de vinculação — seguro, evitante e preocupado — na aliança terapêutica, mediados pela relação real. Especificamente, a relação real funcionou como mediadora parcial no caso da vinculação segura e como mediadora total nos casos de vinculação evitante e preocupada. Estes resultados sublinham o papel central da relação real na tradução da influência dos estilos de vinculação do cliente na qualidade da aliança terapêutica. Evidenciam ainda a importância de promover uma ligação genuína e autêntica na díade terapêutica e sugerem que diferentes configurações de apego podem depender da relação real em graus distintos na formação da aliança. O estudo reforça a necessidade de modelos teóricos e práticas clínicas mais diferenciadas que considerem a natureza dinâmica do vínculo terapêutico.
Palavras-chave: Relação Terapêutica; Relação Real; Aliança Terapêutica; Vinculação aoDespite being consistently recognized as one of the most robust predictors of therapeutic efficacy, the understanding of the therapeutic relationship in the literature has remained limited, leading to several misconceptions. In response, various frameworks have been proposed to further define this relationship and its components, with the real relationship, therapeutic alliance, and attachment to therapist emerging as key elements. The present study aimed to deepen this understanding by investigating the interplay between these variables through a mediation model, wherein the real relationship mediates the influence of client attachment to the therapist on the therapeutic alliance. A cross-sectional design was employed, involving 373 adult clients who were either currently in individual therapy or had completed it. Path analysis was conducted to examine the proposed model. Results revealed significant indirect effects of all three attachment styles—secure, avoidant, and preoccupied—on the therapeutic alliance through the real relationship. Specifically, the real relationship functioned as a partial mediator for secure attachment and as a complete mediator for both avoidant and preoccupied attachment. These findings underscore the role of the real relationship in translating the influence of client attachment styles into the quality of the therapeutic alliance. The results highlight the importance of fostering genuine, authentic connections in the therapeutic dyad and suggest that different attachment configurations may rely on the real relationship to varying degrees in shaping the alliance. This study supports the need for nuanced models and clinical practices that account for the dynamic nature of therapeutic engagement
Liderança autêntica e o work engagement: O papel da tríade negra e diferença entre sexos
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Social e das Organizações.O mundo do mercado de trabalho é influenciado pela forma como o mesmo é liderado. O objetivo do presente estudo é entender, se com o estilo de liderança autêntica, é possível os liderados tendam a ter melhores desempenhos no seu work engagement, comparativamente a colaboradores que tenham o seu work engagement influenciado por líderes com personalidade negra. Este estudo contou com um total de 71 participantes, podendo concluir que os colaboradores que tenham uma perceção maior da liderança autêntica sobre o seu work
engagement, do que, a colaboradores que, tenham líderes que possuem traços de personalidade da tríade negra. Não existe neste estudo diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres. A
presente investigação promove a reflexão, de uma nova perspetiva sobre o local de trabalho, explorando como diferentes estilos de liderança podem influenciar o work engagement dos liderados.The world of the job market is influenced by the way it is led. The aim of this study is to understand whether, with an authentic leadership style, it is possible for those being led to perform better in their work engagement, compared to employees whose work engagement is
influenced by leaders with a dark personality. This study had a total of 71 participants, and it can be concluded that employees who have authentic leadership have a greater perception of their work engagement than employees who have leaders with dark triad personality traits. There are no significant differences between men and women in this study. This research promotes reflection from a new perspective on the workplace, exploring how different leadership styles can influence the work engagement of those they lead
Psychedelic-induced mystical experiences: Effects on purpose in life, ontological addiction and mental health
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Ispa – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia ClínicaPsychedelics have been part of human history for millennia. After a first wave of research into their potential for clinical purposes in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, we are now witnessing a new wave and renaissance of psychedelic research, with new studies suggesting their revolutionary potential in the treatment of a condition of disorders. Psychedelic substances are many and diverse, and their effects may vary widely, ranging from fear and panic to bliss. They can produce mystical-type experiences, which can have life-changing consequences for the individual. As such, we are led to wonder in what way the consumption of psychedelics, and the occurrence of these experiences, may promote changes in feelings of purpose in life and ontological addiction, concepts deeply intertwined with depression and anxiety. In this cross-sectional, correlational and quantitative study we gathered a sample of 221 individuals who responded to the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ-30), Purpose in Life Short-Form (PIL-SF), Ontological Addiction Scale (OAS-31), General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Results showed significant correlations between the occurrence of more intense mystical experiences and higher purpose in life. Purpose in life was correlated with ontological addiction and lower scores of anxiety and depression. To our knowledge, the relationship between these variables is a novel finding in the literature of the field. Lower scores of anxiety were also found among psychedelics users.Os psicadélicos fazem parte da história da humanidade há milénios. Após uma primeira vaga de investigação sobre o seu potencial para fins clínicos no tratamento de perturbações psiquiátricas, assistimos agora a uma nova vaga e ao renascimento da investigação sobre substâncias psicadélicas, com novos estudos que sugerem o seu potencial revolucionário no tratamento de uma série de perturbações. As substâncias psicadélicas são muitas e diversas, e os seus efeitos podem variar muito, desde o medo e o pânico até ao êxtase. Podem produzir experiências de tipo místico, que podem ter consequências que mudam a vida do indivíduo. Como tal, somos levados a pensar de que forma o consumo de substâncias psicadélicas e a ocorrência destas experiências podem promover alterações nos sentimentos de propósito na vida e de dependência ontológica, conceitos profundamente interligados com a depressão e a ansiedade. Neste estudo transversal, correlacional e quantitativo, reunimos uma amostra de 221 indivíduos que responderam ao Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ-30), Purpose in Life Short-Form (PIL-SF), Ontological Addiction Scale (OAS-31), General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) e Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Os resultados mostraram correlações significativas entre a ocorrência de experiências místicas mais intensas e um maior objetivo de vida. O propósito na vida foi correlacionado com a dependência ontológica e com menores pontuações de ansiedade e depressão. Para o nosso conhecimento, a relação entre estas variáveis é um achado inédito na literatura da área. Utilizadores de psicadélicos apresentaram ainda valores mais baixos de ansiedad
Bereavement support guidelines for caregivers in palliative care: A scoping review
No full textPalliative care teams’ support practices for bereavement vary substantially. Clinical guidelines are needed to promote concerted, evidence-based intervention. The goal of the present study is to identify and synthesize the principles and clinical guidelines that ensure best practices in bereavement support for family caregivers accompanied in palliative care. A scoping review was conducted based on a systematic search of articles in academic databases (EBSCO, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Scopus) and Google (2010–2024). The review included articles focused on the principles, guidelines, and clinical recommendations for bereavement support for adult family caregivers in palliative care. Quality appraisal of guidelines was conducted using the AGREE II instrument. Of the 1,489 references identified, 20 documents were included, mostly governmental or institutional norms and clinical guidelines from gray literature. Quality appraisal revealed gaps in evidence selection, resource implications, updates and monitoring criteria. Eight fundamental principles were identified, from which several clinical guidelines were derived, organized according to the moments of assessment and intervention throughout the bereavement process, including pre and post-death period: (1) organizing support for the family caregiver; (2) assessing needs and establishing a care plan; (3) ensuring information and support for the family caregiver; (4) preparing for death; (5) support at the time of death; and (6) bereavement support post-death. In addition to universal support and information measures, regular assessment procedures should be adopted for timely referrals based on individual needs.These guidelines cover the temporal variation of care and the multidimensional and multiple-actor nature of palliative care. Implementing these guidelines and evaluating their impact will allow for the standardization of best practices and improve the quality of bereavement support in palliative care
Intergenerational transmission of attachment: The role of intelligence
No full textIn their recent paper, Del Giudice and Haltigan argue that attachment in childhood and attachment representations in adulthood are influenced by the cognitive capabilities of children and parents, that would causally link parents' attachment states of mind to children's attachment.In the current pre‐registered study, we empirically explored the idea of an association between attachment and cognition using phenotypic child IQ and parent and child IQ‐related polygenic scores as predictors of children's attachment behavior and attachment representations. We used data from the Leiden Consortium on Individual Development study (L‐CID, n = 992), a two‐cohort longitudinal twin study, in which attachment representations were measured in parents and their 9‐year‐old children using the Attachment Script Assessment (ASA). Polygenic scores of IQ were computed for parents and their children using PRSice‐2 and phenotypic child IQ was measured as well. We split the twin sample in two groups randomly to prevent non‐independence of data and conducted structural equation models. Neither parental nor child polygenic scores of IQ predicted representations of attachment. In one cohort, phenotypically measured IQ predicted attachment. This preliminary study did not find convincing support for a role of IQ in the intergenerational transmission of attachment.Projeto Horizo