Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
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On the relationship between authentic leadership, flourishing, and performance in healthcare teams: A job demands-resources perspective
Get PDFThis study integrates the job demands-resources model and authentic leadership theory
to test the general hypothesis that authentic leadership is a job resource that enables
flourishing and performance in healthcare teams. Furthermore, this article tests the
hypothesis that the daily bed occupancy is a job demand that weakens this relationship.
Participants were 106 nurses that were distributed across 33 teams from two hospitals.
The results suggest that the authentic leadership of team leaders is positively related with
subjective and objective team performance, but only when daily bed occupancy is low.
Authentic leadership had no relationship with team flourishing, regardless of the daily
bed occupancy. Our findings suggest that the extent to which authentic leadership is
adequate to promote the performance of teams working in a hospital setting is sensitive
to contextual boundary conditions. Leading authentically might only be effective under
specific circumstances.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
The impact of in clipping in Zebrafish´s (danio rerio) swimming patterns
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Biologia Marinha e ConservaçãoO corte da barbatana é uma técnica de marcação e recolha de amostras biológicas muito
utilizada, por exemplo, na biologia da conservação. Esta técnica é usada de forma que
possam ser recolhidas amostras de tecidos orgânicos que são posteriormente utilizados
em análises genéticas. Estas análises fornecem um ponto de vista muito valioso em termos
de conservação de espécies uma vez que permitem obter conhecimento de dinâmica de
populações.
O peixe-zebra (Danio rerio) é um pequeno teleósteo comummente usado num número
considerável de laboratórios um pouco por todo o mundo. É usado principalmente como
uma espécie modelo em áreas ligadas à biologia como as ciências biomédicas, a genética
e a biologia do desenvolvimento.
O objetivo do presente trabalho é a utilização do peixe zebra de forma a estudar os
possíveis impactos que o corte da barbatana possa ter nos padrões de movimento e
natação dos peixes. Para isso foram cortadas quatro barbatanas, a dorsal, peitoral direita,
caudal superior e caudal inferior, uma em cada contexto. Foi criado um algoritmo em
MATLAB de forma a poder ser realizado video-tracking em vídeos pré (baseline) e pós
corte. Os dados obtidos foram depois analisados com o auxílio do SPSS.
Os resultados indicam que houve diferenças significativas em três pares distintos: pré e
pós controlo (onde nenhuma barbatana foi cortada), pré e pós barbatana peitoral direita e
pré e pós barbatana caudal superior.
O presente trabalho demonstrou que o peixe-zebra, uma espécie modelo muito
reconhecida, pode ser uma ferramenta valiosa para a biologia da conservação. Sendo
assim, podem ser desenvolvidos e aplicados protocolos em contexto laboratorial antes de
serem aplicados in situ. Isto permitiria que os resultados de estudos futuros fossem mais
robustos e que espécies em risco de extinção fossem protegidas.Fin clipping is a widely used technique used to collect biological samples that are
valuable in various contexts like conservation biology. It makes it possible to extract
samples of tissue which are then used in genetic sampling. These analyses allow for a
more thorough understanding of certain population dynamics concepts.
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a small cyprinoid teleost that is extensively used in
laboratories around the world as a model organism in various fields of biology, like
genetics, biomedical sciences and developmental biology.
The objective of the present work is to use the zebrafish as a model organism in an effort
to gain some insight into what impacts fin clipping might have on movement and
swimming patterns. Four different fins were cut, one in each context: Dorsal fin; Right
pectoral fin; Superior caudal fin; and inferior caudal fin. A MATLAB algorithm was
created so that video-trackingcould be performed in videos recorded before and after each
fin was cut. Gathered data was then analysed using SPSS.
The results indicate that there were significant differences between three of the studied
pairs: pre and post control (no fin was cut), pre and post right pectoral fin cut, and pre and
post superior caudal fin cut.
The present work showed that zebrafish, a widely recognized biological model species in
other areas, can be a valuable asset to conservation biology. This means that protocols
may be created and applied in a laboratory setting using Danio rerio before applied in
situ, thus bettering the outcome of future studies and experiments, while also protecting
endangered species
Self-efficacy, mental models and team adaptation: A first approach on football and futsal refereeing
Get PDFObjective
Within the football and futsal refereeing context, even though referees work within teams, there is very little research considering the implications of team dynamics. In response, this study starts to address this gap in the literature by investigating the moderating effect of mental models on the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and perceptions of team adaptation within the exciting context of professional and national football and futsal refereeing.
Design
We obtained online questionnaires from 339 active football and futsal referees within the National and Professional league at two distinct points (April and May) within the football season.
Results
Self-efficacy beliefs were positively associated with perceptions of team adaptation (only for football referees). Mental models were positively associated with team adaptation. Likewise, the moderation between mental models and self-efficacy beliefs was positively associated with perceptions of team adaptation. However, such an effect was only significant at the futsal referees’ level.
Conclusion
This study emphasises the importance of mental models for team adaptation and the importance of self-efficacy beliefs in predicting perceptions of team adaptation. We hope that this study represents the first step in a greater appreciation of the salience of team dynamics and their impact on football and futsal referees’ performance and that future research can build upon our work.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
A sinalização semelhante à oxitocina modula a transmissão social do estresse no peixe-zebra
Get PDFDissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Neurociências Cognitivas e Comportamentais.Uma emoção é um estado mental transitório que impulsiona o comportamento adequado frente aos desafios do ambiente social, desencadeado por estímulos externos que causam mudanças corporais no sujeito e que podem ser reconhecidas e transmitidas a outros indivíduos, processo denominado contágio emocional. O contágio emocional tem sido estudado em diferentes espécies, com evidências de que não é uma habilidade exclusiva dos humanos, mas uma habilidade evolutivamente conservada entre os animais sociais. Para que um grupo funcione e sobreviva, os indivíduos precisam discriminar diferentes estímulos em seu ambiente social e tomar decisões rápidas, utilizando informações de seus coespecíficos. No entanto, ainda não está claro como a informação é transmitida entre os indivíduos de um grupo e quais são os mecanismos subjacentes. Devido ao vasto papel da oxitocina na regulação de vários aspectos do comportamento social entre os táxons, particularmente na atribuição de saliência e motivação da conformidade do grupo, hipotetizamos que no peixe-zebra, a oxitocina também pode estar envolvida nesses mecanismos. Aqui, usamos uma linha mutante do receptor de oxitocina (oxtr) para avaliar se o contágio emocional no peixe-zebra depende do tamanho do grupo e se as mudanças na estratégia cognitiva implicam na sinalização da oxitocina. Para isso, usamos reproduções de vídeo de peixe-zebra. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o contágio emocional do estresse é exibido pelo peixe-zebra, o que constitui uma capacidade de aprendizagem social. Além disso, demonstramos que o contágio emocional tem função adaptativa e exige estratégias de conformidade social, pois facilita a transferência e propagação de informações sociais, promovendo a sobrevivência do grupo. Nossos resultados também sugerem que esses mecanismos são modulados pelo sistema oxitocinérgico.An emotion is a transient mental state that drives adequate behavior in the face of the challenges of the social environment, triggered by external stimuli that cause bodily changes in the subject and that can be recognized and transmitted to other individuals, a process called emotional contagion. Emotional contagion has been studied in different species, with evidence that it is not an ability exclusive to humans, but an evolutionarily conserved ability among social animals. For a group to function and survive, individuals need to discriminate between different stimuli in their social environment and take quick decisions, by making use of information from their conspecifics. However, it is still not clear how information is transmitted between individuals in a group and what are the underlying mechanisms. Due to the vast role of oxytocin in regulating various aspects of social behavior across taxa, particularly in the attribution of salience and motivation of group conformity, we hypothesize that in zebrafish, oxytocin may also be involved in these mechanisms. Here, we use a mutant oxytocin receptor (oxtr) line to assess whether emotional contagion in zebrafish depends on the size of the group and if changes in cognitive strategy implicate oxytocin signaling. For this, we use video playbacks of zebrafish. Our results demonstrate that emotional contagion of stress is exhibited by zebrafish, which constitutes a social learning ability. In addition, we demonstrate that emotional contagion has an adaptive function and it demands social conformity strategies, as it facilitates the transfer and propagation of social information, promoting the survival of the group. Our results also suggest that these mechanisms are modulated by the oxytocinergic system
O papel da imagem corporal na relação com a ideação suicida e comportamento autolesivo
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.Este estudo procura entender qual o papel da apreciação corporal na relação em relação aos comportamentos autolesivos e a ideação suicida nos adolescentes. O método adotado é quantitativo, a partir de um estudo descritivo-correlacional e no qual participam 411 jovens, com idades entre os 12 e 19 anos. Foram utilizados três instrumentos de recolha de dados – o Questionário de Ideação Suicida (QIS); o Inventário de Comportamentos Autolesivos (ICAL) e a Escala de Apreciação Corporal (EAC-PT) – todos eles adaptados para a população portuguesa. Os dados encontrados revelam que os participantes, na sua generalidade, apresentam altos níveis de apreciação corporal e níveis significativos de comportamentos autolesivos, assim como de ideação suicida. A imagem corporal está negativamente correlacionada com a ideação suicida e com os comportamentos autolesivos nos adolescentes, e os comportamentos autolesivos aparecem positivamente correlacionados com a ideação suicida. Também foi encontrado diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos na apreciação corporal sendo que os rapazes apresentavam uma melhor apreciação corporal e as raparigas maiores níveis de ideação suicida e maior prática dos comportamentos autolesivos de cortar e morder. Conclui-se que a imagem corporal é um fato de risco para a ideação suicida e para a prática de comportamentos autolesivos, e a apreciação corporal, quanto mais elevada, menores os níveis de ideias suicidas e de comportamentos autolesivos.This study seeks to understand the role of body appreciation in relation to self-injurious behaviors and suicidal ideation in adolescents. The method adopted is quantitative, based on a descriptive-correlational study and in which 411 young people, aged between 12 and 19 years old, participate. Three data collection instruments were used - the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (QIS); the Inventory of Self-injurious Behaviors (ICAL) and the Body Appreciation Scale (EAC-PT) - all of them adapted for the Portuguese population. The data found reveal that the participants, in general, have high levels of body appreciation and significant levels of self-injurious behaviors, as well as suicidal ideation. Body image is negatively correlated with suicidal ideation and self-injurious behavior in adolescents, and self-injurious behavior appears positively correlated with suicidal ideation. There was also a statistically significant difference between the sexes in body appreciation, with boys showing better body appreciation and girls with higher levels of suicidal ideation and greater practice of self-injurious behaviors of cutting and biting. It is concluded that body image is a risk factor for suicidal ideation and for the practice of self-injurious behaviors, and the body app
Delinquência juvenil : qual a relação com o autocontrolo, o funcionamento familiar e a orientação temporal
No full textDissertação de Mestrado
apresentada
no ISPA –Instituto
Universitário para obtenção de
grau de Mestre na especialidade
de Psicologia Clínica.De acordo com a Teoria Geral do Crime, os comportamentos desviantes são explicados
através de um baixo nível de autocontrolo, tal como uma mentalidade focada no presente.
A família também é um contexto muito importante no desenvolvimento de
comportamentos delinquentes, sendo que, em famílias com um baixo funcionamento
familiar, e níveis baixos de comunicação, os jovens são mais propensos de desenvolver
comportamentos desviantes. Portanto, este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de
explorar a relação entre a delinquência juvenil, e o autocontrolo, o funcionamento familiar
e a orientação temporal. Para tal, contámos com uma amostra constituída por 337 jovens,
com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 21 anos de idade. Os participantes, através de
um questionário online, completaram as seguintes escalas: Escala Breve de Autocontrolo,
Escala de Orientação Temporal, Escala de Avaliação da Coesão e Flexibilidade Familiar
(FACES IV) e a Escala de Variedade da Delinquência.
Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente através de correlações. Os resultados,
verificaram assim as seis hipóteses previamente elaboradas, onde a delinquência juvenil
apresenta uma relação com o autocontrolo, o funcionamento familiar e a orientação
temporal. Os resultados são discutidos, consoante a teoria subjacente às hipóteses
formuladas, tal como as conclusões e limitações.According to the General Theory of Crime, deviant behaviors are explained through a
low level of self-control, such as a mindset focused on the present. The family is also a
very important context in the development of delinquent behaviors, and in families with
low family functioning and low levels of communication, young people are more likely
to develop deviant behaviors. Therefore, this study was carried out with the objective of
exploring the relationship between juvenile delinquency, self-control, family functioning
and temporal orientation. For this, we had a sample of 337 young people, aged between
18 and 21 years old. The participants, through an online questionnaire, completed the
following scales: Brief Self-Control Scale, Temporal Orientation Scale, Family Cohesion
and Flexibility Assessment Scale (FACES IV) and the Delinquency Variety Scale.
The data were analyzed statistically through correlations. The results thus verified the six
hypotheses previously elaborated, where juvenile delinquency has a relationship with
self-control, family functioning and temporal orientation. The results are discussed,
depending on the theory underlying the formulated hypotheses, as well as the conclusions
and limitations
Facial emotion detection in Vestibular Schwannoma patients with and without facial paresis
Get PDFThis study investigates whether there exist differences in facial emotion detection accuracy in patients suffering from Vestibular Schwannoma (VS) due to their facial paresis. Forty-four VS patients, half of them with, and half of them without a facial paresis, had to classify pictures of facial expressions as being emotional or non-emotional. The visual information of images was systematically manipulated by adding different levels of visual noise. The study had a mixed design with emotional expression (happy vs. angry) and visual noise level (10% to 80%) as repeated measures and facial paresis (present vs. absent) and degree of facial dysfunction as between subjects' factors. Emotion detection accuracy declined when visual information declined, an effect that was stronger for anger than for happy expressions. Overall, emotion detection accuracy for happy and angry faces did not differ between VS patients with or without a facial paresis, although exploratory analyses suggest that the ability to recognize emotions in angry facial expressions was slightly more impaired in patients with facial paresis. The findings are discussed in the context of the effects of facial paresis on emotion detection, and the role of facial mimicry, in particular, as an important mechanism for facial emotion processing and understanding.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Effect of exercise training interventions on energy intake and appetite control in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
No full textThis systematic review examined the impact of exercise training interventions on energy intake (EI) and appetite control in adults with overweight/obesity (≥18 years including older adults). Articles were searched up to October 2019. Changes in EI, fasting appetite sensations, and eating behavior traits were examined with random effects meta-analysis, and other outcomes were synthesized qualitatively. Forty-eight articles were included (median [range] BMI = 30.6 [27.0-38.4] kg/m2 ). Study quality was rated as poor, fair, and good in 39, seven, and two studies, respectively. Daily EI was assessed objectively (N = 4), by self-report (N = 22), with a combination of the two (N = 4) or calculated from doubly labeled water (N = 1). In studies rated fair/good, no significant changes in pre-post daily EI were found and a small but negligible (SMD < 0.20) postintervention difference when compared with no-exercise control groups was observed (five study arms; MD = 102 [1, 203] kcal). There were negligible-to-small pre-post increases in fasting hunger and dietary restraint, decrease in disinhibition, and some positive changes in satiety and food reward/preferences. Within the limitations imposed by the quality of the included studies, exercise training (median duration of 12 weeks) leads to a small increase in fasting hunger and a small change in average EI only in studies rated fair/good. Exercise training may also reduce the susceptibility to overconsumption (PROSPERO: CRD42019157823).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Pensamento contrafactual no significado para a vida : jovens versus idosos
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no
ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de
Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.A presente investigação teve como objetivo estudar o efeito de pensamentos contrafactuais na criação de significado para a vida em jovens e idosos.
Participaram neste estudo um total de 60 participantes, sendo 30 jovens adultos(M idade=20.27) e 30 idosos (M idade=71.13). As duas faixas etárias foram divididas aleatóriamente entre a condição de pensamento contrafactual e pensamento factual.
Foi pedido a cada participante que escolhesse um ponto de viragem na sua vida, sendo depois pedido para que pensasse factualmente sobre esse ponto, ou contrafactualmente, dependendo da condição atribuída. Por fim foi-lhes pedido que avaliassem o significado que esse evento teve para a sua vida.
Os resultados mostraram que, de um modo geral, pensar contrafactualmente acerca de um determinado evento faz com que seja atribuído um maior significado a esse mesmo evento. No entanto, a diferença no significado atribuído pelos idosos em condição contrafactual e condição factual, apesar de ir ligeiramente de encontro aos efeitos gerais, não é significativa, ou seja, apesar de pensar factualmente ou contrafactualmente os idosos atribuem um alto nível de significado ao evento escolhido. Ambos resultados vão de encontro às hipóteses formuladas.The present investigation had as an objective to study the effect of counterfactual thinking in creating meaning to life in young and older adults.
There were a total of 60 participants in this study, 30 being younger adults (age M=20.27), and 30 older adults (age M=71.13). The two age groups were divided randomly between the counterfactual thinking condition and the factual thinking condition.
It was asked to each participant to choose a turning point in their life, and then asked to think either factually or counterfactually about that point, depending on the assigned condition. Lastly they were asked to evaluate the meaning of that life event to their life.
Results showed that, in general, thinking counterfactually about a determinate event makes it so there’s a higher meaning attribution. Although, the difference in meaning attributed by older adults in the counterfactual and factual condition, although it does go slightly in agreement to the geral results, is not significant, that is, despite thinking factually or counterfactually, older adults give a high level of meaning to the chosen event. Both results are in agreement with the formulated hipothesis
Effect of exercise on cardiometabolic health of adults with overweight or obesity: Focus on blood pressure, insulin resistance, and intrahepatic fat—A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Get PDFThis systematic review examined the impact of exercise intervention programs on selected cardiometabolic health indicators in adults with overweight or obesity. Three electronic databases were explored for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that included adults with overweight or obesity and provided exercise-training interventions. Effects on blood pressure, insulin resistance (homeostasis model of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR), and magnetic resonance measures of intrahepatic fat in exercise versus control groups were analyzed using random effects meta-analyses. Fifty-four articles matched inclusion criteria. Exercise training reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mean difference, MD = -2.95 mmHg [95% CI -4.22, -1.68], p < 0.00001, I2 = 63% and MD = -1.93 mmHg [95% CI -2.73, -1.13], p < 0.00001, I2 = 54%, 60 and 58 study arms, respectively). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased also when considering only subjects with hypertension. Exercise training significantly decreased HOMA-IR (standardized mean difference, SMD = -0.34 [-0.49, -0.18], p < 0.0001, I2 = 48%, 37 study arms), with higher effect size in subgroup of patients with type 2 diabetes (SMD = -0.50 [95% CI: -0.83, -0.17], p = 0.003, I2 = 39%). Intrahepatic fat decreased significantly after exercise interventions (SMD = -0.59 [95% CI: -0.78, -0.41], p < 0.00001, I2 = 0%), with a larger effect size after high-intensity interval training. In conclusion, exercise training is effective in improving cardiometabolic health in adults with overweight or obesity also when living with comorbitidies.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio