Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
Repositório do ISPANot a member yet
10030 research outputs found
Sort by
Sexual function, interoceptive awareness and substance and behavioural addictions : tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and smartphones
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.O progresso científico tem encontrado semelhanças entre as adicções químicas e comportamentais. Contudo, a literatura ainda carece de estudos que integrem estes dois tipos de adicções e estudem a sua relação com o funcionamento sexual e a consciência interoceptiva. Assim, o presente estudo procura examinar se pior funcionamento sexual se associa a maior severidade de dependência ao tabaco, álcool, canábis e smartphones, e se tal é explicado por menor consciência interoceptiva. A amostra total foi constituída por 897 indivíduos (716 mulheres e 181 homens) e sub-dividida em 3 sub-amostras: 168 consumidores de tabaco (123 mulheres e 45 homens), 716 de álcool (571 mulheres e 145 homens) e 106 de canábis (73 mulheres e 33 homens). Utilizou-se um questionário sociodemográfico, a escala de Avaliação Multidimensional da Consciência Interoceptiva (MAIA), o Índice de Funcionamento Sexual Feminino (FSFI), o Índice Internacional de Função Erétil (IIEF), a escala de Adicção ao Smartphone – versão reduzida (SAS-SV), o Teste de Fagerstrom para a Dependência da Nicotina (TDFN), o Álcool Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) e o Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test (CUDIT). Os resultados apontam que as adicções associam-se a um pior funcionamento sexual, excepto a adicção ao tabaco e canábis, onde não foram encontrados resultados significativos. A consciência interoceptiva associa-se a um melhor funcionamento sexual feminino. Igualmente, a consciência interoceptiva explica, em parte, a relação entre maior severidade da adicção ao smartphone e pior funcionamento sexual.The scientific progress has found similarities between chemical and behavioral addictions. However, the literature has a lack of studies that integrate these two types of addictions and also their relationship with sexual functioning and interoceptive awareness. Thus, the present study aims to examine if worse sexual functioning is associated with greater severity of dependence of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and smartphones, and if that relationship is explained by lower interoceptive awareness. The sample of this study included 897 individuals (716 women and 181 men), that were divided into 3 subsamples: 168 tobacco users (123 women and 45 men), 716 alcohol users (571 women and 145 men) and 106 of cannabis users (73 women and 33 men). It was used a Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA), the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), the Smartphone Addiction Scale- short version (SAS-SV), the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (TDFN), the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test (CUDIT). The results showed that addictions were associated with poorer sexual functioning, except for tobacco and cannabis addictions, where no significant results were found. Interoceptive awareness was associated with better female sexual functioning. Equally, interoceptive awareness partly explained the relationship between greater severity of addiction to smartphones and poorer sexual functioning
O efeito da imagética motora associada à terapia convencional, na recuperação funcional do membro superior após AVC, comparada com a terapia convencional : uma revisão sistemática
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Neurociências Cognitivas e ComportamentaisIntrodução: A terapia convencional (fisioterapia e terapia ocupacional) compreende um conjunto de medidas que ajudam os indivíduos com sequelas motoras, pós Acidente Vascular Cerebral a alcançar e manter a função ideal em interação com o seu ambiente, para a máxima independência e reinserção social. A imagética motora (IM) é uma intervenção relativamente recente que está a ser utilizada com mais frequência no tratamento de sobreviventes de AVC. E a literatura defende que a terapia convencional (TC) parece ser mais eficaz, na reabilitação da função motora, quando combinada com esta técnica.
Objetivo: Identificar a eficácia da imagética motora associada à terapia convencional, em comparação com a terapia convencional apenas, na recuperação da função do membro superior, pós AVC. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados Web of Science, PubMed, CINHAL, PEDro e Scopus de estudos registados até maio de 2021, para selecionar ensaios clínicos com controlo aleatorizado com utentes com AVC, nos quais a IM foi utilizada como técnica de reabilitação. Foram incluídos 14 ensaios clínicos. As características dos estudos e as medidas dos resultados foram resumidas e as evidências foram descritas.
Resultados: Os estudos diferiram em relação ao design, características dos utentes, protocolos de intervenção e medidas dos resultados. Todos os estudos envolveram o membro superior afetado nas tarefas de IM. A maioria dos estudos encontrou diferenças significativas na melhoria da função motora do membro superior nos grupos experimentais. E apenas um dos estudos não mostrou qualquer evidência de sua eficácia.
Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que TC combinada com IM é mais eficaz na recuperação da função do membro superior do que a TC apenas, estes foram também importantes para melhorar a heterogeneidade das intervenções futuras.Introduction: Conventional Therapy (physiotherapy or occupational therapy) comprising a set of measures that assist individuals who experience disability to achieve and maintain optimal function in interaction with their environment. Motor imagery is a relatively new intervention that is being used on an increasingly more frequently basis in the treatment of stroke patients. And the literature argues that conventional therapy seems to be more effective in motor control rehabilitation when combined with this technique.
Objective: To determine whether motor imagery combined with conventional therapy, compared with conventional therapy, is an effective intervention to improve upper-limb recovery after stroke.
Method: A systematic review of the literature was conducted until May 2021 in the Web of Science, PubMed, CINHAL, PEDro and Scopus databases to select randomized controlled trail with stroke patients in whom this technique was used as rehabilitation. 14 clinical trials were included. The characteristics of the studies and the measures of results were summarised and the evidence of their outcomes was described.
Results: Studies differed with respect to design, patient characteristics, intervention protocols, and outcome measures. All studies used imagery of tasks involving movement of the impaired limb. Most of the studies found significant differences in terms of improved motor rehabilitation of the upper limb among the subjects in the experimental groups. Only one of the studies failed to show any evidence of its effectiveness.
Conclusions: The results suggest that MI combined with CT is more effective in restoring upper limb function than CT alone, and they are important to improve the heterogeneity of future intervention
A diferenciação pedagógica no primeiro ciclo: contributos da diversificação de contextos para o desenvolvimento das aprendizagens em cada criança
No full textRelatório da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, criado por Aviso nº 9932/2017 publicado no Diário da República, 2ª série, nº 165, de 28 de agosto de 2017.O trabalho irá analisar a importância da diversidade pedagógica e dos contextos, para o desenvolvimento das aprendizagens personalizadas em cada criança. De ano para ano verifica-se a existência de uma maior variedade de origens de alunos e por isso é necessária uma constante atualização do modo como as diversas personalidades reagem ao processo de ensino de modo a manter os diversos alunos motivados e interessados.
Tendo em conta a localização da escola, a diversidade verifica-se mais no aspeto das características pessoais de cada aluno do que na sua origem de naturalidade. Todos os alunos são vindos de famílias de estratos sociais bastante semelhantes o que facilita a criação de actividades inclusivas de modo a motivar a descoberta para aprender. Não se pode de qualquer modo deixar de ter em atenção as várias sensibilidades de cada aluno e permitir que os que tenham maior dificuldade, sejam atendidos de forma a superarem essas dificuldades. A escola é e será sempre um agente integrador pelo que o trabalho em sala deve ser expandido para a zona de recreio e quando possível, como foi o caso, fazerem-se atividades ao ar libre que possibilita, com maior descontração a aprendizagem de conteúdos que de outra forma podem-se tornar mais difíceis de assimilar.
No presente estudo, elaborado no decorrer da Unidade Curricular de Prática Supervisionada em 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, utilizou-se a metodologia qualitativa e os instrumentos de recolha foram a observação, registos no diário de bordo, portfólio e entrevista.The work will analyse the importance of pedagogical diversity and contexts for the development of personalized learning in each child. From year to year there is a greater variety of student origins and therefore it is necessary to constantly update the way in which different personalities react to the teaching process to keep the different students motivated and interested.
Considering the location of the school, the diversity is seen more in the aspect of the personal characteristics of each student than in their birthplace. All students come from families from very similar social strata/ background, which facilitates the creation of inclusive activities to motivate discovery to learn. In any case, one cannot fail to pay attention to the various sensitivities of each student and allow those who have greater difficulty to be assisted to overcome these difficulties. The school is and will always be an integrating agent, so classroom work should be expanded to the recreational area and when possible, as was the case, open-air activities that enable, with greater relaxation, the learning of content that otherwise they may become harder to assimilate.
In the present study, elaborated during the Curricular Unit of Supervised Practice in the 1st Cycle of Basic Education, the qualitative methodology was used, and the collection instruments were observation, logbook records, portfolio, and interview
Variabilidade morfológica do esgana-gata (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) ao longo da sua área de distribuição global
Get PDFDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Biologia Marinha e ConservaçãoO esgana-gata é uma espécie cuja distribuição global que ocorre ao longo do hemisfério norte.
Tornou-se numa excelente espécie modelo para vários estudos por possuir grande variação na utilização de recursos e a nível morfológico dentro das mesmas populações e entre populações.
O esgana-gata é uma espécies que evolui rapidamente e por isso é de esperar que as populações destes organismos respondam rapidamente às alterações climáticas. O estudo da sua morfologia poderá ser um fator essencial para a sua conservação no sentido de entender como estas espécies estão a responder às alterações no seus habitas. Analisámos as variações morfológicas de populações de esgana-gata de vários lagos em 4 países distintos, Escócia, Islândia, Canadá e Alasca, que apresentam características ambientais diferentes com o intuito de entender qual o grau de variabilidade morfológica do esgana-gata ao longo da sua área de distribuição e se esta é maior a nível regional (entre países), ou local (entre os lagos). Analisou-se um total de 2763 indivíduos relativamente à forma do corpo e analisaram-se 9 variáveis morfométricas para os mesmos indivíduos. Identificaram-se dois tipos morfológicos pertencentes ao continente americano e ao continente europeu. Encontraram-se mais diferenças relacionadas com a morfometria dos indivíduos do que relacionas com a sua forma do corpo sobretudo entre países. Em termos de análises entre lagos, dentro de cada país, verificou-se uma grande variabilidade das variáveis complementares e praticamente não se obteve diferenças relativas à forma do corpo. Deste modo, os nossos resultados sugerem que a forma global do corpo de esgana-gata poderá estar a responder de forma mais acentuada a variações de larga escala, ao longo da sua distribuição e menos às características especificas do habitat.Three-spined Stickleback is a species whose global distribution occurs throughout the northern hemisphere. It has become an excellent model species for several studies as it has great variation in resource use and morphology within and between populations. The stickleback is a species that evolves quickly and therefore it is expected that populations of these organisms respond quickly to climate change. The study of their morphology can be an essential factor for their conservation in the sense of how these species are responding to changes in their habitats. We analyzed the morphological variations of stickleback populations from several lakes in 4 different countries, Scotland, Iceland, Canada and Alaska, which have different environmental characteristics in order to sense the degree of morphological variability of the stickleback throughout its distribution area and whether this is the highest regional (among countries) or local (among lakes) level. A total of 2,763 were analyzed regarding body shape and 9 morphometric variables were analyzed for the same individuals. Two morphological types belonging to the American continent and the European continent were identified. More differences were found related to the morphometry of the necessary than related to their body shape, especially between countries. In terms of analyzes between lakes, within each country, there was great variability in the complementary variables and practically no difference was obtained regarding the shape of the body. Thus, our results obtained that an overall shape of the stickleback body may be responding more strongly to large-scale variations, along its distribution and less to the specific characteristics of the habitat
Incorporating evolutionary based tools in cephalopod fisheries management
Get PDFWith gradual decline of global finfish
resources, fisheries targeting cephalopods expanded.
Yet, the stock assessment and management practice
are frequently lacking, and existing ones often remain
poorly suited for cephalopod unique life-history. In
light of increasing ecological disturbances in marine
ecosystems worldwide, assessing exploited species’
status and response becomes vital for devising effective
strategies that would ensure their sustainable
management. There is generally scarce understanding
of the way fisheries and other environmental stressors
exert their combined effects on cephalopods stock
dynamic and long-term resilience. To that end,
evolutionary-based population studies that inform on
identity, connectivity and adaptive potential of natural
populations present a unique opportunity for assessing
the viability of exploited cephalopod stocks. Such
studies have been revolutionized in the last decade by
proliferation of next generation sequencing technologies.
They offer new avenues for expanding our
knowledge, especially on population structure and the
evolutionary responses to shifts in environmental
pressures. In this paper we elaborate on how deep genomic insights into demographic and evolutionary
status of fished cephalopods could improve their stock
assessment and management practice. We also propose
that the common octopus Octopus vulgaris would
be a suitable model species to test the power of
evolutionary tools to inform fishery scientists and
managers on biological questions relevant for their
sustainable exploitation.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Combining survey and remotely sensed environmental data to estimate the habitat associations, abundance and distribution of breeding thin-billed prions Pachyptila belcheri and Wilson’s storm-petrels Oceanites oceanicus on a South Atlantic tussac island
Get PDFSmall petrels are the most abundant seabirds in the Southern Ocean. However, because they breed in burrows on remote and
often densely vegetated islands, their colony sizes and conservation status remain poorly known. To estimate the abundance
of these species on Bird Island in the Falkland archipelago, we systematically surveyed their breeding burrow density and
occupancy across this near-pristine tussac (Poa flabellata)-covered island. By modelling burrow density as functions of
topography and Sentinel 2 satellite-derived Normalised Difference Vegetation Index data, we inferred habitat associations and
predicted burrow abundance of the commonest species—Thin-billed Prions (Pachyptila belcheri) and Wilson’s Storm-petrels
(Oceanites oceanicus). We estimate that there are 631,000 Thin-billed Prion burrows on the island (95% CI 496,000–904,000
burrows). Assuming that burrow occupancy lies between 12 and 97%, this equates to around 76,000–612,000 breeding pairs,
making Bird Island the second or third largest P. belcheri colony in the world, holding approximately 3–27% of the species’
breeding population. We estimate that 8200–9800 (95% CI 5,200–18,300 pairs) pairs of Wilson’s Storm-petrels also
breed on the island. Notably, the latter burrowed predominantly under and within tussac pedestals, whereas they are usually
assumed to breed in rock cavities. Thin-billed Prions are declining in the Kerguelen archipelago, but their population trends
in the Falklands are unknown. Given the wide confidence intervals around our own and other population estimates for these
cryptic species, we recommend that their populations should be monitored regularly, at multiple sites.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Seabird diet analysis suggests sudden shift in the pelagic communities of the subtropical Northeast Atlantic
Get PDFThe dynamics of the subtropical pelagic ecosystems of the Northeast Atlantic are still poorly known due to the high costs associated with sampling large oceanic areas. Top predators can be used as alternative low-cost samplers and indicators of the temporal variability of such systems. To study the variation in the composition of pelagic species through time in the broad Canary current region, we analysed foraging trips and regurgitations of Cory's shearwaters Calonectris borealis nesting on Selvagens islands, in 2008-2011 and 2016-2018. Fisheries data, oceanographic variables and the North Atlantic Oscillation were explored as possible explanatory variables for trends in behaviour and diet. Cory's shearwaters' diet, complemented by fisheries data, revealed marked changes in the composition of the pelagic fish communities. In 2016 there was a peak in the abundance of the Atlantic chub mackerel Scomber colias, followed by an explosive increase in the abundance of the Longspine snipefish Macroramphosus scolopax in 2017 and 2018, as deduced from the diet composition of the Cory's shearwater, and supported by fisheries data, in the broad oceanic area surrounding the Selvagens islands. Oceanographic variables did not show fluctuations correlated with these marked shifts in pelagic fish availability, the causes of which remain largely unknown. This study highlights the importance of the Atlantic chub mackerel and of the Longspine snipefish in the Madeira/Canary region and exemplifies the efficiency of avian predators in revealing rapid changes in pelagic communities of oceanic domains. Such trends and variations need to be better monitored and understood to measure the impact of ongoing global changes and to sustainably manage the marine environment and resources.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Untangling causes of variation in mercury concentration between flight feathers
Get PDFBird feathers are one of the most widely used animal tissue in mercury biomonitoring, owing to the ease of collection and storage. They are also the principal excretory pathway of mercury in birds. However, limitations in our understanding of the physiology of mercury deposition in feathers has placed doubt on the interpretation of feather mercury concentratoins. Throughout the literature, moult sequence and the depletion of the body mercury pool have been taken to explain patterns such as the decrease in feather mercury from the innermost (P1) to the outermost primary feather (P10) of the wing. However, it has been suggested that this pattern is rather a measurement artefact as a result of the increased feather mass to length ratio along the primaries, resulting in a dilution effect in heavier feathers. Here, we attempt to untangle the causes of variation in feather mercury concentrations by quantifying the mercury concentration as μg of mercury (i) per gram of feather, (ii) per millimetre of feather, and (iii) per day of feather growth in the primary feathers of Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii chicks, effectively controlling for some of the axes of variation that may be acting in adults, and monitoring the growth rate of primary feathers in chicks. The mercury concentration in Bulwer's Petrel chicks' primaries increased from the innermost to the outermost primary for all three concentration measures, following the order of feather emergence. These observations confirm that the pattern of mercury concentration across primary feathers is not an artefact of the measure of concentration, but is likely an effect of the order of feather growth, whereby the earlier grown feathers are exposed to higher blood mercury concentrations than are later moulted feathers as a result of blood mercury depletion.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Spatial and temporal aggregation of albatross chick mortality events in the Falklands suggests a role for an unidentified infectious disease
Get PDFIn the context of environmental change, determining the causes underpinning unusual mortality events of vertebrate species
is a crucial conservation goal. This is particularly true for polar and sub-polar colonial seabirds, often immunologically
naïve to new and emerging diseases. Here, we investigate the patterns of black-browed albatross (Thalassarche melanophris)
chick mortality events unrelated to predation recorded between the 2004/05 and 2019/2020 breeding seasons in four colonies
across the species range in the Falklands. The prevalence of these mortality events was highly variable across years, causing
the death of between 3 and 40% of all chicks in the studied plots. With few exceptions, mortality was patchily distributed.
Using clustering methodologies, we identified the spatio-temporal mortality clusters based on the nest locations and chick
death date. Using generalised linear models and generalised additive mixed-effects models we found that chicks nearer the
first mortality event were predicted to die before those in more distant nests. The probability of death increased with age and
was highest for chicks close to nests where a chick had died previously. Our findings, along with the symptoms consistently
exhibited by most deceased chicks in the study, strongly suggest the prevalence of a widespread infectious disease, potentially
with a common aetiology, both in areas with regular and with very rare human presence. Understanding the causes driving
these disease-related mortality events, which seem different from the outbreaks documented in the literature, is a conservation
priority for the Falklands black-browed albatross population, which comprises over 70% of the species global population.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
A persuasão do psicoterapeuta como preditora de uma aliança terapêutica
No full textDissertação de Mestrado
Monteiro de Sousa, apresentada no ISPA –
Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau
de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia
Clínica.Objetivo: Estudos comprovam que a psicoterapia, independentemente do modelo terapêutico,
é eficaz no tratamento dos problemas de saúde mental. Uma crescente perceção da
importância da aliança terapêutica e o conhecimento que alguns terapeutas são mais eficazes
que outros tem ganho relevância científica. O presente estudo resulta da necessidade de
compreender se a qualidade da persuasão, como característica comum dos terapeutas, é um
fator preditor da aliança terapêutica, ou se diferentes modelos poderão ser considerados mais
persuasivos.
Método: O presente estudo é de natureza quantitativa, em formato essencialmente descritivo,
comparativo e correlacional. Teve por base a visualização de vídeos de sessões
psicoterapêuticas reais de dois modelos terapêuticos distintos, EFT e AEDP. Dados foram
analisados através do programa SPSS por modelo e por terapeuta, com base na cotação dos
vídeos através do questionário de Persuasão Adaptado e análise do questionário WAI-C.
Resultados: O modelo EFT apresenta uma média de persuasão superior ao modelo AEDP.
No entanto, podemos constatar que, relativamente à aliança terapêutica a observação é
inversa. Relativamente às correlações, não existe associação significativa entre as variáveis
persuasão e aliança terapêutica.
Conclusões: Entre modelos terapêuticos não foram observados resultados diferentes
relativamente à persuasão e à aliança terapêutica. Face às limitações, não é possível afirmar
que exista uma correlação significativa entre a persuasão do terapeuta e a aliança terapêutica,
nem que a persuasão seja um fator preditor da aliança terapêutica independentemente do
modelo , nem que diferentes modelos poderão ser considerados mais persuasivos que outros.Objective: Studies prove that psychotherapy, regardless of the therapeutic model, is effective
in treating mental health problems. A growing awareness of the therapeutic alliance
importance and the knowledge that some therapists are more effective than others has gained
scientific relevance. The present study results from the need to understand whether the quality
of persuasion, as a common characteristic of therapists, is a therapeutic alliance predictor, or
whether different models can be considered more persuasive.
Method: The present study is of a quantitative nature, in an essentially descriptive,
comparative and correlational format. It was based on viewing videos of real psychotherapy
sessions of two different therapeutic models, EFT and AEDP. Data was analysed through the
SPSS program by model and by therapist, based on video quotations through the Adapted
Persuasion questionnaire and WAI-C questionnaire analysis.
Results: The EFT model has a higher persuasion average than the AEDP model. However, it
was observed that, regarding the therapeutic alliance, the results are reversed. Regarding the
correlations, there is no significant association between the variables persuasion and
therapeutic alliance.
Conclusions: Through this analysis there are no different results between therapeutic models
regarding persuasion and therapeutic alliance. In view of the limitations, it is not possible to
state that there is a significant correlation between the therapist's persuasion and the
therapeutic alliance and that persuasion is a predictor of the therapeutic alliance regardless of
the model or that different models may be considered more persuasive than others