Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
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Developing and evaluating a Portuguese-language meditation App for medical students: motivation, adherence, and emotional effects
No full textThe well-being of medical students is affected by high stress levels. The relevance of a mindfulness mediation app (Med@Med) specifically produced to help medical students at a Portuguese medical school cope with stress was evaluated. The app, consisting of 21 short meditations, was totally developed in Portuguese to fulfill with the needs of some of the students. The motivations to use the app, adherence to it, and its emotional benefits were evaluated. A total of 147 medical students were enrolled in the study. Students completed questionnaires related to emotional regulation (Emotion Regulation of Others and Self) and emotional thermometers before the first meditation and at the end of the project. Before and after each meditation, the students were invited to identify their basic emotion (joy, fear, disgust, anger, or sadness), no perceived emotion, or no reply. Participants received daily motivational messages (scientific or in lay language) or no message during the first 7 days of the project and the retention was registered. The main motivations to use the Med@Med app were to experience meditation (33%), decrease stress/anxiety (25%), or implement a daily meditation routine (16%). The remaining motivations of the students were sleep improvement or enhancement of academic performance. The self-motivation to use the app was high (7.3 ± 3.2 on a 1–10 scale). Participants that received daily messages in lay language, which summarized scientific findings about the benefits of meditation, were more likely to continue to use the app. The emotions changed from pre- to post-practice, with an increase in self-identification with joy and decrease of fear and sadness. An improvement in the intrinsic emotional regulation subscale (p < 0.01) was detected. In comparison with age-matched students that did not use the Med@Med app, the students that used the app presented less emotional distress and anxiety as evaluated by emotional thermometers. This study shows that medical students are motivated to use a meditation app. The improvement of emotion-related parameters after the use of the Med@Med app is a promising result. The benefits of using the Med@Med meditation app prepared in Portuguese keeping in mind the needs of medical students should be evaluated in other Portuguese-speaking medical schools
Expectativa e dor: Um estudo experimental sobre a influência de instruções verbais
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Neurociências Cognitivas e Comportamentais.A experiência da dor é influenciada por fatores biológicos, psicológicos, sociais e culturais, sendo que a expectativa em relação a estímulos dolorosos, também desempenha um papel fundamental na modulação da experiência da dor. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a relação entre a expectativa do estímulo e a intensidade da dor, tolerância à dor e níveis de stress em adultos saudáveis, utilizando o paradigma Cold Pressor Arm Wrap (CPAW) para indução de dor aguda. A amostra foi composta por 40 jovens adultos. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos, recebendo instruções de conotação negativa (grupo experimental) ou neutra (grupo controlo), com o objetivo de induzir diferentes expectativas em relação ao ensaio experimental. A intensidade da dor foi avaliada através de uma escala numérica de 0 a 10, a tolerância à dor foi medida pelo tempo até o desconforto se tornar insuportável para o participante, e o stress foi monitorizado através variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) como um marcador psicofisiológico. Os resultados não confirmaram a hipótese de que as instruções influenciariam significativamente as expectativas de dor, exceto no parâmetro da tolerância à dor, sugerindo que o efeito placebo é mais relevante ao quanto um individuo consegue suportar a dor, e não à dor em si. A segunda hipótese também não foi confirmada, sendo que a expectativa não está associada à intensidade da dor, à tolerância à dor e ao stress. A análise destacou ainda a variabilidade inter-individual presente no estudo nas respostas à dor, reforçando que fatores contextuais e emocionais desempenham um papel significativo na perceção da dor. Este estudo enfatiza a necessidade de metodologias mais robustas para explorar como as expectativas moldam a experiência individual da dor, contribuindo para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos subjacentes à modulação da dor.The experience of pain is influenced by biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors, and the expectation of painful stimuli also plays a fundamental role in modulating the experience of pain. This study evaluated the relationship between stimulus expectation and pain intensity, pain tolerance, and stress levels in healthy adults, using the Cold Pressor Arm Wrap (CPAW) paradigm to induce acute pain. The sample consisted of 40 young adults. The participants were divided into two groups, receiving instructions with a negative connotation (experimental group) or neutral (control group), to induce different expectations concerning the experimental trial. Pain intensity was assessed using a numerical scale from 0 to 10, pain tolerance was measured by the time until the discomfort became unbearable for the participant, and stress was monitored using heart rate variability (HRV) as a psychophysiological marker. The results did not confirm the hypothesis that the instructions would significantly influence pain expectations, except for the pain tolerance parameter, suggesting that the placebo effect is more relevant to how much pain an individual can bear, and not to the pain itself. The second hypothesis was also not confirmed, as the expectation is not associated with intensity, tolerance to pain, and stress. The analysis also highlighted the inter-individual variability present in the study in responses to pain, reinforcing that contextual and emotional factors play a significant role in the perception of pain
Impacto da sobrequalificação no flow: O papel da orientação anti-trabalho
No full textDissertação apresentada no Ispa - Instituto Universitário, para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia Social e das OrganizaçõesO estado de flow, definido como um estado de imersão e envolvimento total nas tarefas, tem sido associado a níveis elevados de bem-estar no trabalho. Contudo, fatores como a percepção de sobrequalificação (SQP) podem comprometer essa experiência positiva. Esta dissertação procurou investigar se a SQP afeta negativamente o estado de flow e se essa relação é mediada pela orientação anti-work (AWO), que reflete atitudes negativas em relação ao trabalho.
O estudo contou com a participação de 339 trabalhadores de diferentes gerações, seguindo um delineamento quantitativo com recurso a escalas de auto-relato. Os dados foram analisados com os programas SPSS e Jamovi, utilizando regressão linear simples e análise de mediação.
Os resultados revelaram uma relação negativa significativa entre a sobrequalificação percebida e o estado de flow, parcialmente mediada pela orientação anti-work. Tais resultados indicam que trabalhadores que se percecionam como sobrequalificados tendem a experienciar menor prazer e motivação nas suas atividades, sobretudo quando manifestam posturas marcadas pelo desinteresse e distanciamento profissional.
Tais conclusões permitem aprofundar a compreensão sobre a influência da sobrequalificação percebida e da orientação anti-work na vivência do flow, sendo esta uma relação ainda pouco explorada. Adicionalmente, destaca-se a importância de promover experiências funcionais de flow, concebendo políticas de gestão mais eficazes e ajustadas à realidade dos contextos laborais.The state of flow, defined as a state of immersion and total involvement in tasks, has been associated with high levels of well-being at work. However, factors such as perceived overqualification (POQ) can compromise this positive experience. This dissertation aimed to investigate whether perceived overqualification negatively affects the state of flow and whether this relationship is mediated by the anti-work orientation (AWO), which reflects negative attitudes towards work.
The study involved 339 workers from different generations, following a quantitative design using self-report scales. The data was analysed with SPSS and Jamovi software, using simple linear regression and mediation analysis.
The results revealed a significant negative relationship between perceived overqualification and flow state, partially mediated by anti-work orientation. These results indicate that workers who perceive themselves as overqualified tend to experience less pleasure and motivation in their activities, especially when they manifest attitudes marked by disinterest and professional detachment.
These conclusions allows a deeper understanding of the influence of perceived overqualification and anti-work orientation on the experience of flow, a relationship that has yet to be explored. In addition, the importance of promoting functional flow experiences is emphasised, by designing management policies that are more effective and adjusted to the reality of the contexts in which they work
Models of care and associated targeted implementation strategies for cancer survivorship support in Europe: A scoping review protocol
No full textIntroductionCancer and its treatments can lead to a wide range of side-effects that can persist long after treatments have ended. Across Europe, survivorship care is traditionally hospital-based specialist-led follow-up, leading to gaps in supportive care. Improved screening, diagnosis and treatment increase survival rates. With more individuals living with, through and beyond cancer, the predominance of the hospital-based specialist model is unsustainable, costly and resource-intensive. An understanding of what alternative Models of Care are available and the barriers and facilitators to their implementation is a first step towards enhancing supportive care across the cancer journey. The aim of this scoping review is to source and synthesise information from studies evaluating patient-oriented models of cancer survivorship supportive care for adults in Europe.Methods and analysisThe scoping review will be reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses—Scoping Review Extension guidelines and will be guided by a six-stage methodological framework. A search strategy has been developed according to the Population, Concept and Context structure and will be applied to seven databases. A targeted search of grey literature will be completed. All identified records will be screened using predefined eligibility criteria by at least two researchers and undergo full-text review for inclusion. Data pertaining to the conceptualisation, evaluation and implementation of sourced Models of Care will be extracted.Ethics and disseminationAs there is no primary data, ethical approval is not required. This review will be conducted as part of the EU COST Action CA21152—Implementation Network Europe for Cancer Survivorship Care. The protocol and subsequent scoping review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. The Action involves representatives from most countries across Europe which will assist with the dissemination of the work to key stakeholders.</jats:sec
Couples and parenting dynamics during Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review of the literature
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic constituted a public health crisis bound to impact couples, parents, and families globally. However, the literature on the impacts of COVID-19 in families is not yet integrated. This systematic review aims to (1) provide an overview of how the COVID-19 pandemic potentially changed family systems, especially the couples and parenting dynamics, as well as (2) integrate inconsistent findings, and, finally, (3) define new avenues for research and clinical practice. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined for this review. The data was collected in bibliographic databases using a combination of keywords. The study includes empirical research published in English, Spanish, Italian, or Portuguese, appearing in peer-reviewed journals, focusing on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the functioning of different-gender or same-gender couples, married or cohabitating, or cohabitating parents with children aged 2 to 18, between April 2020 and December 2023. Within 381 articles, 58 studies met the inclusion criteria, which 50 were quantitative, four qualitative, and four mixed methods studies. A qualitative thematic analysis of the reviewed articles identified 12 categories that were organized by stress sources, mediators, and outcomes. There is consistent evidence across the literature showing some sources of stress during COVID-19, such as Gender Inequalities (e.g., Unequal Division of Household Duties and Lack of Support for Mothers), and External Stress. Also, we identified some themes on the mediators such as Coping Strategies (e.g., Dyadic Support, Communication as a Mediator and Adaptation to New Daily Routines) and finally as outcomes, Lower Psychological Well-Being, and Relational Growth. However, some inconsistencies were found in Relationship (In) Satisfaction, Sexual Functioning and Communication as an Outcome. Explorations of moderators showed that these inconsistencies should be understood in reference to (1) quality assessment (2) coping and (3) income. After conducting a comprehensive analysis of inconsistencies, our study revealed no notable differences in either relationship satisfaction or sexual frequency before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, a decline in sexual satisfaction was observed during the COVID-19 period. No conclusive associations were identified between income, relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, sexual frequency, and stress related to COVID-19. Nonetheless, our observations indicated that individuals with moderate or high income, in conjunction with the implementation of effective coping strategies, exhibited a diminished impact of COVID-19-related stress on both relationship satisfaction and sexual functioning. Future studies should focus on a dyadic perspective at various stages of the family cycle, including longitudinal perspectives, as well as studies focused on the role of dyadic coping during times of crises. Findings must be considered with caution because not all studies had equal methodological rigor
Sweating it out: The influence of sex and emotions on human sweat production
No full textHuman sweat conveys a wealth of information about its donors, including their emotional state at the time of release. While extensive research has examined the communicative potential of human sweat, the mechanisms underlying emotional sweat production remain underexplored. This study employed a data-driven approach with a large sample of sweat donors (N = 334; most participants were university students) to investigate the relation between sweat production and the emotional state of males and females across three conditions – fear, happiness, and rest. Four key questions were addressed: (i) Do males produce more sweat than females across emotional conditions? (ii) Does sweat production vary as a function of emotional experience? (iii) Is sweat production associated with self-ratings of emotional experience? and (iv) Are there sex differences in these associations? Results revealed that males produced significantly more sweat than females in fear-inducing conditions, which also showed the highest overall sweat production. Contrary to prior findings, happiness-related sweat production did not exceed that of rest in either sex, a discrepancy potentially due to contextual factors. Moreover, sweat production was positively associated with reported negative emotional experience during the fear-inducing sessions, but only for males. This suggests that male, but not female, donors may have the capacity to encode emotional intensity in sweat production. These findings provide new insights into the physiological and contextual factors that shape emotional communication through sweat, with potentially important implications for future research. Additionally, the observed sex asymmetries are discussed in light of a possible evolutionary explanation.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FC
Emotional processing in alexithymia: Behavioral evidence
No full textMaster’s presented at ISPA-Instituto Universitário as part of a master’s degree in the specialization of Cognitive and Behavior Neurosciences.Social cognition plays a crucial role in primate survival. A key facet of social cognition is the recognition of others’ emotions, which facilitates social interactions by providing insights into others’ mental states and enabling us to adjust our behaviors accordingly.
This dissertation focuses on understanding emotional processing deficits associated with alexithymia - a personality trait characterized by difficulties identifying and describing emotions - in a neurotypical population. To achieve this goal, we designed two experiments to
investigate whether the emotional processing deficits associated with alexithymia extend to neutral expressions (Experiment I) and to explore their possible connection to altered holistic processing (Experiment II). In both experiments, perceptual difficulty was increased by adding visual noise, known to exacerbate alexithymia-related deficits. Alexithymia traits were independently measured using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20).
In the first experiment, 35 university students were presented with 30 images of fearful faces, neutral faces, and objects, which they were asked to categorize. Results showed lower accuracy across all categories associated with increasing alexithymia scores. In the second experiment, 90 upright and inverted faces (displaying fear, happiness, and neutral expressions) were presented to 49 university students in a similar design to Experiment I. Participants with higher alexithymia scores performed worse when holistic processing was disrupted by image inversion, compared to upright presentation.
Our analysis suggests that individuals with higher levels of alexithymia exhibit a general impairment in perceptual categorization, contrasting with the anticipated emotion-specific deficits (Experiment I) and rely on holistic processing (Experiment II).A cognição social é essencial para todos os primatas. Uma dimensão essencial da cognição social é o reconhecimento das expressões faciais de emoção. Esta característica permite aceder indiretamente aos estados mentais de outros indivíduos, permitindo ajustar o nosso comportamento em conformidade. Este estudo analisou o processamento emocional associados à alexitimia, condição
caracterizada pela dificuldade em identificar e descrever emoções – numa população neurotípica. Foram desenhadas duas experiências para averiguar se possíveis défices associados a traços de alexitimia se estendem ao processamento de faces neutras (Experiência I) e se este
efeito está associado a alterações no processamento holístico (Experiência II). Em ambas as experiências, os estímulos foram apresentados sob condições percetuais taxativas que acentuam
os défices presentes na alexitimia. Os traços da alexitimia foram medidos através do questionário Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20).
Na primeira experiência apresentámos, 30 faces neutras, 30 faces de medo e 30 objetos a 35 estudantes universitários para estes as categorizarem. Os resultados demonstraram um decréscimo na capacidade de categorização com o aumento do nível de alexitimia. Na segunda experiência foram apresentadas a 49 estudantes universitários, 90 faces direitas e invertidas (medo, felicidade e neutras) em condições semelhantes à Experiência I. Foi verificada uma pior
performance na capacidade de categorização quando comprometemos o processamento holístico associado a mais traços de alexitimia. A nossa análise sugere que indivíduos com mais traços associados à alexitimia exibem alterações percetivas generalizadas, ao invés dos esperados déficits em emoções especificas (Experiência I) e que dependem do processamento holístico para o processamento emocional (Experiência II)
Saúde intestinal, stress percebido e bem-estar subjetivo
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.De há uns anos para cá, o campo da investigação tem vindo a debruçar-se na relação entre o Intestino e o Cérebro, demonstrando o quão íntimos estes realmente são e como a microbiota intestinal desempenha um papel crucial quando nos referimos a perturbações do foro mental. Alterações na microbiota podem levar à disbiose, sendo o Stress, um dos principais contribuintes. O Bem-Estar, é outro componente-chave no que concerne à saúde mental, podendo ser facilmente comprometido, quando o individuo se confronta com stressores de vida diários ou sofre alterações no trato gastrointestinal. Assim, dado o cariz atual da temática e por parecer existir espaço para maior investigação no campo da Psicologia Clínica, tendo como base a literatura existente, o presente estudo teve como principal intuito explorar as possíveis associações entre Stress Percebido, Saúde Intestinal e Bem-Estar Subjetivo, contribuindo para o enriquecimento do tema dentro da área da Psicologia Clínica. Para esta finalidade, recorreu-se a um questionário online, dirigido à população adulta em geral, constituído pelos seguintes instrumentos: Escala de Stress Percebido; Escala de Avaliação de Sintomas Gastrointestinais; Escala de Satisfação com a Vida; Escala de Experiências Positivas e Negativas. De entre os resultados obtidos, observaram-se associações estatisticamente significativas entre todos os principais construtos em estudo, salvo exceção para a Satisfação com a Vida, a qual revelou uma correlação muito fraca e não significativa com os Sintomas Gastrointestinais.In recent years, the field of research has been focusing on the relationship between the gut and the brain, demonstrating how intimate they truly are and how the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in mental disorders. Changes in the microbiota can lead to dysbiosis, with stress being a major contributor. Well-being is also another key component of mental health, which can easily be compromised when an individual is faced with daily life stressors or experiences changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, given the current nature of the topic and the apparent scope for further research in the field of Clinical Psychology, based on the existing literature, the present study's main objective was to explore the possible associations between Perceived Stress, Gut Health, and Subjective Well-Being, contributing to the enrichment of the topic within the field of Clinical Psychology. To this end, an online questionnaire was used, aimed at the general adult population, comprising the following instruments: Perceived Stress Scale; Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale; Life Satisfaction Scale and Scale of Positive and Negative Experiences. Among the results obtained, statistically significant associations were observed between all the main constructs under study, apart from Life Satisfaction, which revealed a very weak and non-significant correlation with Gastrointestinal Symptoms
PortNE - Representações da negligência em Portugal: Contributos para uma abordagem preventiva da violência nos idosos
No full textO envelhecimento populacional é um fenómeno global que requer respostas eficazes para assegurar o bem-estar e a segurança das pessoas idosas. Dos múltiplos desafios associados a esta realidade, a negligência nos idosos destaca-se como um tipo de violência de difícil identificação, comprometendo a qualidade de vida desta população. Esta problemática tem raízes multifatoriais, incluindo fatores individuais, relacionais, comunitários e sociais, que interagem de forma complexa ao longo do ciclo de vida. A compreensão destes fatores é fundamental para a implementação de estratégias de intervenção preventivas e eficazes. O projeto PortNE teve como objetivo principal analisar a violência por negligência em idosos em Portugal, explorando os fatores psicossociais associados e as representações sociais deste fenómeno. Com um desenho metodológico misto, esta investigação foi desenvolvida em duas fases: uma quantitativa e outra qualitativa. Na primeira fase, a quantitativa (capítulos 3 e 4), foram realizadas análises com uma amostra de 1101 idosos portugueses, com o intuito de estudar a vulnerabilidade à violência e aos indicadores de exposição à negligência, bem como o impacto de variáveis ecológicas associadas, como resiliência, solidão, suporte social, sentido de comunidade e idadísmo. Os resultados revelaram que aproximadamente 27% dos participantes apresentavam sinais de vulnerabilidade à violência. Para além disso, fatores como baixo suporte social e baixa perceção de sentido de comunidade demonstraram estar significativamente associadas aos indicadores de exposição à negligência. Na segunda fase, a qualitativa (capítulo 5), foram conduzidas entrevistas com 52 idosos com o propósito de aprofundar a compreensão das perceções sobre a negligência nos idosos. A análise temática identificou fatores etiológicos proximais, tais como dinâmicas familiares e dificuldades económicas, mas também identificou fatores distais, isto é, a sobrecarga emocional dos cuidadores e a desvalorização social dos idosos. As medidas preventivas identificadas nesta fase incluem estratégias ativas, como o fortalecimento da autonomia dos idosos, e estratégias passivas, como a capacitação de cuidadores e campanhas de sensibilização para o idadísmo. Os resultados demonstram que a negligência nos idosos resulta da interação de diversos fatores, destacando-se a influência negativa da solidão, do idadísmo e da falta de suporte social. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que idosos com maior resiliência apresentavam menor perceção de exposição à negligência, sugerindo que esta competência pode desempenhar um papel de fator protetor. A nível prático, estes resultados salientam a necessidade de implementar programas comunitários de inclusão social e políticas de apoio ao cuidador informal.Population aging is a global phenomenon that requires effective responses to ensure the well-being and safety of older adults. Among the many challenges associated with this reality, neglect of older adults stands out as a form of violence that is difficult to identify, compromising the quality of life of this population. This issue has multifactorial roots, including individual, relational, community and social factors, which interact in a complex way throughout the life cycle. Understanding these factors is crucial for implementing preventive and effective intervention strategies. The main objective of the PortNE project was to analyze neglect-related violence in seniors in Portugal, exploring the associated psychosocial factors and social representations of this phenomenon. With a mixed-methods design, this research was developed in two phases: one quantitative and the other qualitative. In the first phase, the quantitative (chapters 3 and 4), analyses were carried out with a sample of 1101 Portuguese older adults to study vulnerability to violence and indicators of exposure to neglect, as well as the impact of associated ecological variables such as resilience, loneliness, social support, sense of community and ageism. The results revealed that approximately 27% of the participants showed signs of vulnerability to violence. Moreover, factors such as low social support and low perception of a sense of community were significantly associated with indicators of exposure to neglect. In the second phase, the qualitative (chapter 5), interviews were conducted with 52 older adults to deepen the understanding of their perceptions about neglect in seniors. The thematic analysis identified proximal etiological factors, such as family dynamics and economic difficulties, but also identified distal factors, namely, caregiver emotional overload and the social devaluation of the older adult. Preventive measures identified in this phase include active strategies, such as strengthening the autonomy of the older adults, and passive strategies, such as caregiver training and awareness campaigns on ageism. The results demonstrate that neglect in older adults results from the interaction of various factors, highlighting the negative influence of loneliness, ageism and lack of social support. Additionally, it was found that older individuals with greater resilience had a lower perception of exposure to neglect, suggesting that this competency may play a protective role. Practically, these results emphasize the need to implement community-based social inclusion programs and policies to support informal caregivers
Fatores relacionados com as crenças dos docentes sobre educação inclusiva: Revisão sistemática com meta-análise
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia da Educação.A Educação Inclusiva (EI) foi uma das reformas mais significativas a nível global no caminho
para a igualdade de direitos na educação. Os docentes desempenham um papel central nesta
reforma, e diversos fatores podem estar relacionados com as suas crenças sobre a EI. A presente revisão sistemática com meta-análise procurou assim investigar a relação entre as crenças dos docentes sobre EI e (1) características sociodemográficas (sexo, idade); (2) características do seu percurso profissional (anos de experiência, formação específica em EI, experiência com alunos com Necessidades Educativas Especiais (NEE)); e (3) crenças de autoeficácia e conhecimento sobre EI (autoeficácia para a prática da EI, conhecimento percebido sobre EI). Foram incluídos na revisão 34 estudos, publicados em 22 países entre 2015 e 2024, totalizando
78 efeitos padronizados (d de Cohen). A meta-análise multinível revelou que as crenças dos docentes sobre EI estão relacionadas com os anos de experiência (β = 0.22, p = .019), a participação em formação específica (β = 0.20, p = .017) e a experiência com alunos com NEE
(β = 0.24, p = .010), enquanto o sexo e a idade não apresentaram efeitos significativos. Devido ao número reduzido de estudos, as variáveis de autoeficácia e conhecimento percebido foram sintetizadas narrativamente, sugerindo uma associação entre as crenças dos docentes e a sua autoeficácia para a prática da EI. Conclui-se que os percursos profissionais dos docentes constituem preditores significativos das crenças inclusivas, destacando a importância de
formações e experiências práticas para modificar sistemas de crenças e promover a EI.In terms of the path towards equal rights in education, we can assume that Inclusive Education (IE) has been one of the most significant reforms at a global level. Teachers play a central role in this reform and various factors can determine their beliefs about IE. This systematic review with meta-analysis sought to investigate the relationship between teachers' beliefs about IE and (1) sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age); (2) characteristics of their professional
experience (years of experience, specific training in IE, experience with students with special educational needs (SEN)); and (3) self-efficacy and knowledge beliefs (self-efficacy for IE practice, perceived knowledge about IE). Thirty-four studies were included, published in 22 countries between 2015 and 2024, totalling 78 standardized effects (Cohen's d). The multilevel meta-regression revealed that teachers' beliefs about IE are related to years of experience (β = 0.22, p = .019), participation in specific training (β = 0.20, p = .017) and experience with
students with SEN (β = 0.24, p = .010), while gender and age showed no significant effects. Due to the small number of studies, the variables of self-efficacy and perceived knowledge were synthesized narratively, suggesting an association between teachers' beliefs and their selfefficacy for practicing IE. We conclude that teachers' professional experiences are significant predictors of inclusive beliefs, highlighting the importance of training and practical experiences to modify belief systems and promote IE