Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
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Burnout and dropout intention in medical students: the protective role of academic engagement
Get PDFIntroduction: The infuence of burnout, academic engagement, and their interaction in dropout intention among
medical students should be further studied. Current research shows its consequences are relevant, however, there
is little understanding on burnout and academic engagement moderation in dropout intention. The current study
tested a model that relates the efects of coping strategies, social support satisfaction, general distress on academic
engagement, burnout, and dropout intention, on medical students.
Methods: Through an online survey a non-probabilistic sample of one Medical Faculty’s 1st- and 2nd-year students was recruited. Cross-sectional data were collected using psychometric instruments (Maslach Burnout Inventory
– Student Survey, Social Support Satisfaction Scale for College Students, Brief COPE Scale for College Students, University Student Engagement Inventory, and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale), sociodemographic and academic
variables, and analyzed using structural equation modeling.
Results: 532 students (76% response rate) enrolled in the study. Latent variables structural model presented a
satisfactory ft to the data and confrmed the expected negative path between burnout and dropout intention
(βDI<-SB=0.430; p<.001) and the latent moderation burnout x engagement (βDI<-SB*SE=-0.218; p<.001).
Conclusion: Academic engagement attenuates the impact of burnout on dropout intention, working as a protective
factor. Social support satisfaction and adaptive coping are associated with increased levels of academic engagement,
and general distress and maladaptive coping are associated with burnout. Medical Schools should develop interventions to prevent dropout intention, tackle students’ stress and academic challenges, and develop their academic
engagement levels.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Family environment and portuguese adolescents: Impact on quality of life and well-being
Get PDFBackground: A healthy and supportive family environment leads to more positive results regarding adolescents’ development. The main objective of this study was to explore and analyze the relationship between adolescents’ quality of life (QoL) and their family environment/relationship. Method: The sample was collected as part of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children 2018 study, which included 8215 adolescents, 52.7% female, with a mean age of 14.36 years (SD = 2.28). Results: Girls are more involved in family activities (such as family meals), report being treated with fairness by their parents and feel less parental pressure to get good grades. Boys have a higher perception regarding their family affluence, better family relationships and support and better QoL. Having an above-average QoL is significantly related to high family affluence, better communication with both parents, greater involvement in family activities, greater perception of help from parents regarding decision-making, greater perception of being treated with fairness by parents and less pressure from parents to get good grades, as well as a better family relationship/support. Conclusion: It is important to determine the impact that parental divorce/separation or a weak parent–child relationship can have on adolescents. It is also necessary to consider the family relationship and structure when devising strategies and public policies related to the promotion of adolescents’ health and well-being.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Teacher attunement to preschool children's peer preferences: Associations with child and classroom-level variables
Get PDFTeacher attunement to peer preferences in preschool was assessed as the level of teacher-child agreement
on each child’s preferred playmates. The associations between attunement and children’s age, sex, disability status (with or without disabilities), time spent with teacher, and classroom level variables - group
size, emotional support, classroom organization, instructional support, and teacher experience - were investigated. Participants were 1415 children from 86 classrooms (743 boys and 672 girls; Mage = 62.15
months, SD = 8.80), including 108 children with disabilities. Overall, results showed that higher teacher
attunement was associated with children’s age (being older) and not having a disability. Implications for
educational policies and classroom-level professional development are discussed.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
O mundo dos intergaláticos
Get PDFTese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Psicologia do Desenvolvimento,apresentada no ISPA - Instituto Universitário no ano de 2021A perspetiva organizacional e hierárquica de desenvolvimento socioemocional (Sroufe, 2005; Sroufe et al., 2005) e a investigação longitudinal (e.g., Bornstein et al., 2010; Jones et al., 2015; Trentacosta & Fine, 2010) reconhecem a importância das competências socioemocionais desenvolvidas na infância para a adaptação futura. As potencialidades da intervenção na infância média (Lucas & Soares, 2013) e a necessidade de programas de prevenção universais de menor duração conduziram ao desenvolvimento d’O Mundo dos Intergalácticos.
Esta dissertação teve como objetivos: (1) avaliar as perceções dos psicólogos portugueses acerca da aceitabilidade d’O Mundo dos Intergalácticos (estudo empírico I); e (2) avaliar os benefícios da participação n’O Mundo dos Intergalácticos ao nível da redução dos problemas emocionais e comportamentais e da promoção de competências socioemocionais, na perspetiva de pais, professores e crianças (estudos empíricos 2 e 3).
O estudo empírico 1 envolveu 19 psicólogos que foram distribuídos em quatro grupos focais. A análise temática dedutiva conduzida por dois investigadores independentes revelou que os psicólogos portugueses percecionaram as dinâmicas, conteúdos e materiais como aceitáveis, sugerindo apenas modificações menores no sentido de: (1) maximizar a generalização de competências, (2) acompanhar os progressos das crianças ao longo do tempo, e (3) atender às especificidades desenvolvimentais e às barreiras práticas ao envolvimento de pais e professores durante a implementação do programa de intervenção.
No estudo empírico 2, participaram 11 professores de 171 crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 12 anos que preencheram o Teacher’s Report Form, antes e após os seus alunos participarem no novo programa de intervenção. Participaram ainda 43 mães de crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 11 anos que completaram o Child Behavior Checklist, em momentos de avaliação análogos aos dos professores. Os resultados mostraram que os professores percecionaram uma redução de magnitude pequena ao nível da psicopatologia geral, dos problemas de internalização e outros problemas (sociais e de atenção) e uma melhoria de magnitude pequena ao nível do rendimento escolar e da felicidade das crianças do pré para o pós-teste. Por sua vez, as mães percecionaram uma redução ao nível da psicopatologia geral e dos problemas externalizantes do pré para o pós-teste.
O estudo empírico 3 incluiu 95 crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 12 anos, que preencheram a Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Stresse para Crianças e a escala Para mim é fácil. Os resultados mostraram que a participação no programa é percecionada como benéfica para a redução da sintomatologia psicopatológica e para a promoção das competências socioemocionais globais pelas crianças mais novas (8-9 anos) e mais velhas (10-12 anos) de ambos os sexos.
Os resultados preliminares d’O Mundo dos Intergalácticos são promissores, quer no que se refere à sua aceitabilidade pelos profissionais que trabalham com o público-alvo, quer no que se refere aos seus benefícios, na perspetiva de diferentes informantes.The organizational and hierarchical perspective of socioemotional development (Sroufe, 2005; Sroufe et al., 2005) and longitudinal research (e.g., Bornstein et al., 2010; Jones et al., 2015; Trentacosta & Fine, 2010) recognize the importance of the socioemotional skills developed during childhood for future adaptation. The potentialities of intervention during middle childhood (Lucas & Soares, 2013) and the need for universal prevention programs of shorter duration led to the development of O Mundo dos Intergalácticos.
This dissertation aimed to: (1) evaluate the perceptions of Portuguese psychologists about the acceptability of O Mundo dos Intergalácticos (empirical study I); and (2) assess the benefits of participation in O Mundo dos Intergalácticos in terms of reducing emotional and behavioral problems and promoting socioemotional skills, according to the perspectives of parents, teachers and children (empirical studies 2 and 3).
Empirical study 1 involved 19 psychologists, who were distributed into four focus groups. Deductive thematic analysis conducted by two independent researchers revealed that Portuguese psychologists perceived the dynamics, contents and materials as acceptable, suggesting only minor modifications to: (1) maximize the generalization of skills, (2) monitor children's progress over time, and (3) address developmental specificities and practical barriers to parents’ and teachers’ involvement during the implementation of the intervention program.
In empirical study 2, participants were 11 teachers of 171 children aged between 8 and 12 who completed the Teacher's Report Form, before and after their students participated in the new intervention program. Forty-three mothers of children aged between 8 and 11 years who completed the Child Behavior Checklist also participated in the study, in similar assessment times when compared with teachers. The results showed that the teachers perceived a decrease of small magnitude in general psychopathology, internalizing problems and other problems (social and attention) and an improvement of small magnitude in school performance and levels of happiness of children from pre to the post-test. Conversely, mothers perceived a decrease in general psychopathology and externalizing problems from pre to post-test.
Empirical study 3 included 95 children aged 8-12 years, who completed the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale for Children and the Para Mim é Fácil Scale. The results showed that participation in the program is perceived as beneficial in decreasing psychopathological symptoms and promoting global socioemotional skills by younger (8-9 years) and older (10-12 years) children of both sexes.
The preliminary results of O Mundo dos Intergalácticos are promising, concerning not only its acceptability by professionals working with the target audience, but also its benefits, from the perspective of different informants
Positive development based on the teaching of personal and social responsibility: An intervention program with institutionalized youngsters
Get PDFFrom the standpoint of the school settings, sport participation constitutes a key strategy
concerning the manifestation of positive behaviors that result from the development of
personal and social responsibility. Based on the TPSR model, the goal of this study was
to evaluate the effects of an intervention geared toward teaching life skills through sport
to youngsters who had been committed. The participants were evaluated before and
after the intervention. After the initial evaluation, they were randomly assigned to the
experimental and control groups. The experimental group took part in the community
football program, while the control group attended physical education classes not based
on the TPSR model. The experimental model consisted of 3 weekly sessions over the
course of 6 weeks, which totaled 18 sessions. This investigation supplied empirical
evidence concerning the potential of community sport programs in the teaching and
development of life skills deemed necessary for an adequate reintegration of such at-risk
youngsters. The model was shown to be valid both in stimulating changes of attitudes
and in promoting the adherence to socially positive behaviors. The effectiveness of the
model, as well as its unique approach, make its application attractive to both the youngsters
and the professionals. This program facilitates the training of youngsters to act, in the
sense of promoting both their autonomy and the acquisition of a system of ethics and
moral values within a culture of responsibility for how decisions affect the individual and
the community. Finally, this intervention generated empirical support in favor of the
argument that sport constitutes a unique opportunity within the educational process to
establish values, beliefs, attitudes, and practical habits pertaining relationships and
cooperation that generate social responsibility in individuals.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
The Achieved Capabilities Questionnaire for Community Mental Health (ACQ‐CMH): A consumer‐based measure for the evaluation of community mental health interventions
Get PDFThe capabilities approach offers a multidimensional, ecological, and agent‐centered framework that may inspire models of intervention and evaluation. Agrowing number of measures grounded on the capabilities approach for outcomemeasurement are appearing. Regarding community mental health, newconsumer‐valued measures—constructed in collaboration with consumers—arehere considered crucial for a transformative shift. Meanwhile, new measurementsneed to provide psychometric evidence to enable proper choice and applica-tion. The Achieved Capabilities Questionnaire for Community Mental Health(ACQ‐CMH) was developed in collaboration with consumers of communitymental health services. It aims to assess consumers' capabilities achieved throughprogram support. The present paper shows advancements in the measurevalidation through a confirmatory factor analysis within a sample of communitymental health consumers (N= 225). Reliability and construct‐related validity werealso observed. A structural solution composed offive factors and 43 itemsrevealed a better modelfit than that obtained in a previous exploratory study.Findings support the reliability, sensibility, and both convergent and discriminantvalidity of using the ACQ‐CMH in the evaluation of community mental healthinterventions. The ACQ‐CMH offers a consumer‐valued framework with specificdimensions and indicators of capabilities for use in a routine service evaluationsettinginfo:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersio
“No vale dos lençóis”: A qualidade subjetiva do sono e a sua associação com o funcionamento sexual
Get PDFDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no
ISPA - Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau
de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.Tanto o sono quanto a sexualidade representam dois alicerces que contribuem
fortemente para a qualidade de vida. Contudo, na literatura denota-se uma escassez de estudos
que analisem a associação entre estas variáveis. Como tal, o objetivo do estudo passa por
averiguar a relação entre a qualidade subjetiva do sono, a prática de atividade sexual e as
dimensões do funcionamento sexual nas mulheres e nos homens. Trezentos e oitenta e sete
sujeitos participaram neste estudo, dos quais duzentas e trinta e sete mulheres e cento e
cinquenta homens. Aplicaram-se a Escala de Ansiedade, Depressão e Stress, o Índice da
Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh, a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth, o Índice de
Funcionamento Sexual Feminino, a Escala de Distress Sexual Feminino Revisto, o Índice
Internacional de Função Erétil e a Ferramenta de Diagnóstico de Ejaculação Precoce. Nas
mulheres encontraram-se correlações entre pior qualidade subjetiva de sono e pior função
sexual ao nível do desejo, da satisfação, da dor e do distress sexual. Nos homens, verificaramse associações entre pior sono e pior função sexual ao nível do orgasmo, da satisfação com a
relação sexual e da satisfação sexual global. Verificou-se ainda que, em ambos os sexos, uma
pior qualidade do sono se correlacionou com ausência de relações sexuais. O funcionamento
sexual masculino e feminino não se associou com a qualidade de sono, uma vez controlado o
estado de humor (à exceção do desejo sexual feminino). Os resultados confirmam que o humor
negativo pode contribuir para problemas sexuais, mas não a qualidade do sono em si mesma.Both sleep and sexuality are foundations that strongly contribute to the quality of life.
However, the literature shows a scarcity of studies that analyze the association between these
variables. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between subjective
sleep quality, the practice of sexual activity, and dimensions of sexual functioning in women
and men. Three hundred and eighty-seven subjects participated in this study, two hundred and
thirty-seven women and one hundred and fifty men. The Anxiety, Depression, and Stress Scale,
the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Female Sexual
Functioning Index, the Revised Female Sexual Distress Scale, the International Index of
Erectile Function, and the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool were applied. In women,
correlations were found between worse subjective sleep quality and worse sexual function at
the level of desire, satisfaction, pain and sexual distress. In men, there were associations
between worse sleep and worse sexual function at the level of orgasm, satisfaction with sexual
intercourse and overall sexual satisfaction. It was also found that in both sexes, poorer sleep
quality correlated with absence of sexual intercourse. Male and female sexual functioning did
not associate with sleep quality once mood was controlled (with the exception of female sexual
desire). The results confirm that negative mood can contribute to sexual problems, but not sleep
quality per se
Ortorexia nervosa: comer de forma excessivamente saudável é assim tão bom?
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Ispa – Instituto
Universitário para obtenção de grau de
Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia
Clínica.Introdução: A adoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis tem sido fortemente disseminada
e promovida. Porém, podemos averiguar um padrão disfuncional, i.e. Ortorexia Nervosa,
se as pessoas expressarem atitudes e comportamentos obsessivos em ingerir apenas
alimentos “saudáveis” e “puros”. Assim, este estudo tem o intuito de perceber a influência
da Ortorexia Nervosa na Literacia Alimentar, numa amostra de adultos portugueses.
Método: No total, 353 participantes portugueses (81 homens e 272 mulheres), entre os
18 e os 65 anos (M=38.68; DP=13.647), preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico,
o Ortho-15 Questionnaire (ortorexia nervosa) e o FOODLIT-Tool (literacia alimentar).
Resultados: Averiguou-se que pessoas que apresentam um valor congruente com
Ortorexia Nervosa apresentam maior literacia sobre seleção e planeamento dos alimentos
e sobre a origem dos mesmos. Verificou-se também que a presença de sintomas e
comportamentos de Ortorexia Nervosa (i.e., valores mais baixos na escala de Ortorexia)
correspondem ao sexo feminino, ao invés do sexo masculino. Conclusão: “Comer bem”
de forma obsessiva (tal como conceptualizado no quadro da ortorexia) poderá constituir
uma barreira, tanto física como mental, quando a patologia toma proporções exacerbadas.
Emerge a evidencia de que pessoas com comportamentos de Ortorexia apresentam maior
literacia, em algumas dimensões, o que poderá não ser congruente com um padrão
saudável de alimentação. São necessários mais estudos neste sentido.Introduction: The adoption of healthy eating habits has been strongly disseminated and
promoted. However, a dysfunctional pattern, i.e. Orthorexia Nervosa, can occur if people
express obsessive attitudes and behaviours in eating only "healthy" and "pure" foods.
Thus, this study aims to understand the influence of Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) in Food
Literacy in a sample of adults of portuguese origin. Method: A total of 353 Portuguese
participants (81 men and 272 women), aged between 18 and 65 years (M=38.68;
SD=13.647), completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Ortho-15 Questionnaire
(orthorexia nervosa) and the FOODLIT-Tool (food literacy). Results: It was found that
people presenting a value congruent with Orthorexia Nervosa have higher literacy on food
selection and planning and food origin. It was also found that the presence of symptoms
and behaviours of Orthorexia Nervosa (i.e., lower values on the Orthorexia scale)
correspond to the female gender, as opposed to the male gender Conclusion: "Eating
well" in an obsessive way (as conceptualised within the orthorexia framework) may
constitute a barrier, both physical and mental, when the pathology takes on exacerbated
proportions. Evidence emerges that people with orthorexia behaviours have higher
literacy in some dimensions, which may not be congruent with a healthy eating pattern.
Further studies are needed in this regard
Imagined and extended contact experiences and adolescent bystanders' behavioral intentions in homophobic bullying episodes
Get PDFBystanders' helping interventions in bias‐based bullying are rare, although they have the
potential to intervene on behalf of the victim and quickly stop the aggression. Two studies
tested, experimentally, the impact of adolescents' imagined (Study 1, N = 113, Mage =
16.17) and extended contact experiences (Study 2, N = 174, Mage = 15.79) on assertive
bystanders' behavioral intentions in the context of homophobic bullying, an under‐
researched but highly detrimental behavior that emerges mainly during early adolescence.
Potential mediators (empathic concern, social contagion concerns, and masculinity/
femininity threat) were also examined. Results showed that female younger participants
revealed more behavioral intentions to help victims of homophobic bullying when asked
to imagine an interaction with an outgroup member (Study 1). Younger participants
revealed less masculinity/femininity threat in the positive extended contact condition, and
female participants revealed less empathic concern in the negative extended contact
condition (Study 2). Overall, these findings identify specific conditions (e.g., younger
females) where indirect contact interventions (i.e., extended and imagined) are likely to
have a stronger impact. Age and sex differences were found to illustrate how adolescents
vary in their behavioral intentions, empathic concern, and threat; and also highlight the
need to further examine age and sex differences regarding responses to homophobic
bullying episodes.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Immediate effects of hypnosis, mindfulness meditation, and prayer on cold pressor outcomes: A four-arm parallel experimental study
Get PDFPurpose: Previous research supports the usefulness of hypnosis (HYP), mindfulness meditation (MM), and prayer as pain self
-management strategies in adults with chronic pain. However, their effects on acute pain have been less researched, and no previous
head-to-head study compared the immediate effects of these three approaches on pain-related outcomes. This study compared the
immediate effects of HYP, MM, and Christian prayer (CP) on pain intensity, pain tolerance, and stress as assessed by heart rate
variability (HRV).
Participants and Methods: A total of 232 healthy adults were randomly assigned to, and completed, a single 20-minute session of
MM, SH, CP, or an attention control (CN), and underwent two cycles (one pre- and one post-intervention) of Cold Pressor Arm Wrap
(CPAW). Sessions were audio-delivered. Participants responded to pre- and post-intervention pain intensity measurements. Pain
tolerance (sec) was assessed during the CPAW cycles. HRV was assessed at baseline, and at pre- and post-intervention CPAW cycles.
The study protocol was pre-registered at the ClinicalTrials.gov registry (NCT04491630).
Results: Small within-group decreases in pain intensity and small increases in pain tolerance were found for HYP and MM from the
pre- to the post-intervention. Small within-group improvements in the LH/HF ratio were also found for HYP. The exploratory
between-group pairwise comparisons revealed a medium effect size effects of HYP on pain tolerance relative to the control condition.
The effects of CP were positive, but small and not statistically significant. Only small to medium, though non-significant, Time ×
Group interaction effects were found.
Conclusion: Study results suggest that single short-term HYP and MM sessions, but not biblical-based CP, may be useful for acute
pain self-management, with HYP being the slightly superior option. Future research should compare the effects of different types of
prayer and examine the predictors and moderators of these pain approaches’ effects on pain-related outcomesFundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio