Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida

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    Programa de psicoeducação LGBTI+ afirmativa, online, para grupos – uma avaliação de eficácia

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    Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Ispa – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.Nesta investigação-acção foi desenhado e implementado um programa de Psicoeducação LGBTI+ Afirmativa, para grupos, on-line, com o objectivo de ser eficaz no aumento da saúde desta população. Começámos por observar a discrepância em saúde mental desta população face à população geral. Procurámos quadros teóricos – e escolhemos o Modelo do Stress de Minorias e o conceito da Descompensação – que permitissem compreender esta situação para se poder intervir eficazmente. Para a sua operacionalização prática, e neste contexto específico, (associação ILGA Portugal), foi desenhado um protocolo – seleccionando conteúdos e definindo estratégias pedagógicas a adoptar – com vista a maximizar a eficácia da intervenção. A homofobia foi tida como uma atitude, o que permitiu a sua operacionalização num protocolo desenhado para promover alterações atitudinais. Esta dissertação foca-se na avaliação do programa, em que se procuraram indícios de eficácia através da metodologia qualitativa de análise de conteúdo. Usou-se uma amostra de conveniência que abrangeu duas intervenções. Apresentam-se os principais resultados que mostram que o programa foi eficaz na promoção de bem-estar e saúde mental. Discutem-se os limites da investigação e sugerem-se estudos futuros de forma a. gerar o aprimoramento sistemático do protocolo, intrínseco a uma investigação-acçãoThis action-research implemented a programme of LGBTI+ affirmative psychoeducation, online, for groups, so it would be beneficial to this population’s health. We started observing the mental health discrepancy between this population and general population. We searched for theoretical frameworks – and choose the minority stress model and decompensation concept – that allowed us to understand this situation so we could intervene properly. To implement it and in the context of an association (ILGA Portugal) we designed a protocol – selecting materials and choosing pedagogical strategies in order to maximise the efficiency of the intervention. Homophobia was taken as an attitude which allowed us to intervene by designing the protocol so it promotes attitude’s changing. This dissertation focus is the programme’s evaluation where we looked for efficacy hints through the method of content analysis. We used a convenience sample from two of the interventions. The results show that the programme was successful promoting wellbeing and mental health. Accordingly to action research methods, we discuss the research limits and further studies are suggested in a way to systematically improve the protocol

    Poderá a seleção artificial para a socialidade conduzir a uma melhoria das capacidades cognitivas no peixe-zebra?

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    Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Ispa – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Neurociências Cognitivas e ComportamentaisAs hipóteses da inteligência e cérebro sociais postulam que a vida em grupo gera as forças seletivas que impulsionam a evolução das capacidades cognitivas e do tamanho do cérebro. Estas hipóteses geraram um grande debate e as provas disponíveis que as suportam são ainda escassas. São necessárias abordagens experimentais que testem explicitamente as suas suposições e previsões. Está-se a tentar fazer isso com o peixe-zebra (Danio rerio), uma espécie que se estabeleceu como um modelo vertebrado importante em neurociência comportamental. Através de uma experiência de seleção artificial para a socialidade, e partindo de uma população de base (F0) de peixes-zebra da linhagem de Tuebingen (TU), estabelecemos quatro linhas de seleção utilizando um teste de preferência social. O teste consistiu em apresentar um estímulo social (um vídeo-playback de um cardume misto de quatro peixes) contra um estímulo não social (um vídeo-playback de um “cardume” de quatro círculos movendo-se aleatoriamente sobre a imagem de fundo do vídeo do cardume) e em medir a preferência relativa por peixes pelo estímulo social. Estabelecemos as linhas de seleção na geração F1 cruzando os peixes da F0 com maior preferência pelo estímulo social (a linha de Shoal), com menor preferência (a linha de Circles), com igual preferência, uma linha controlo selecionada (a linha de NoPref), ou com preferência aleatória, ou seja, uma linha controlo não selecionada (a linha de Random). Cada linha foi estabelecida com duas réplicas e o tamanho das populações foi mantido em 200 peixes por réplica. A experiência de seleção atingiu presentemente a geração F6, com um claro aumento da preferência pelo cardume por parte da linha de Shoal em comparação com as restantes. Utilizámos, por isso, os peixes da geração F6 para testar se a seleção para uma maior socialidade também impulsionou a evolução da cognição. Para tal, testámos peixes de cada população em tarefas de reversal e detour learning, que avaliam capacidade cognitivas gerais, como plasticidade e controlo inibitório. Os resultados mostram que a seleção artificial não parece ter impulsionado maior plasticidade cognitiva, mas a linha de Shoal mostrou melhores capacidades ao nível do controlo inibitório, o qual se pensa ser bastante vantajoso em ambiente social. Parece, por isso, que se encontrou alguma evidência a favor da hipótese da inteligência social, mas estudos futuros com os peixes da experiência de seleção devem ainda ser feitos devido às limitações que encontrámos no decorrer das experiências de aprendizagemABSTRACT: The social intelligence and social brain hypotheses posit that group living generates the selective forces that drive the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities and brain size. These hypotheses have generated large debate and the available evidence supporting them is still scarce. Experimental approaches that explicitly test their assumptions and predictions are necessary. We have been doing this with zebrafish (Danio rerio), a species that has become an established vertebrate model in behavioural neuroscience. We phenotyped a base (F0) population of Tuebingen (TU) zebrafish for sociality using a social preference test. The test consisted in presenting a social stimulus (a video-playback of a mixed shoal of four fish) against a non-social stimulus (a video-playback of a “shoal” of four circles moving randomly in the same background). We established four F1 selection lines from the F0 by crossing fish with the highest (Shoal preference line), the lowest (Circles preference line), equal (nopreference line, or NoPref), or random (Random preference line) preference for shoal vs circles. The NoPref and Random lines were control, first selected and the second not selected, where fish were crossed randomly despite their social preference. Each line was established with two replicates and population sizes have been kept at 200 fish per replicate. The selection experiment has now reached the F6 generation with a clear increase in shoal preference by the Shoal preference line compared to the other three. We, therefore, used fish from the F6 generation to test whether selection for greater sociality has also driven the evolution of enhanced cognition. We tested fish from each population in reversal and detour learning tasks, which assess general cognitive abilities, such as plasticity and inhibitory control, respectively. The results show that artificial selection does not seem to have enhanced cognitive plasticity, but the Shoal line showed to be better at inhibitory control, which is thought to be quite advantageous in a social environment. It seems, therefore, that some evidence has been found in favour of the social intelligence hypothesis, but future studies with fish from the selection experiment must still be done due to the limitations that we found during the reversal and detour learning experiments

    “Uma diferença muito grande”: Estudo narrativo exploratório com pessoas inquilinas no Programa Housing First com experiência de situação de sem-abrigo

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    Dissertação de Mestrado , apresentada no Ispa – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Comunitária.O principal objetivo desta investigação passou por procurar perceber como são os dias típicos de pessoas atualmente integrantes do Programa Housing First, anteriormente em situação de sem-abrigo. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas de base exploratória em profundidade com 5 participantes inquilinos(as) do Programa Casas Primeiro - Housing First, da Associação para o Estudo e Integração Psicossocial - AEIPS -, em 23 momentos diferentes. Em conjunto, colaborativamente, desenharam-se as rotinas num mapa de Lisboa, no sentido de compreender a amplitude dos seus percursos. As entrevistas foram analisadas segundo método da análise temática e os resultados mostraram que não existem dias típicos, mas idiossincráticos às situações específicas e prioridades do momento dos(as) inquilinos(as). Os(as) participantes testemunharam as alterações das suas rotinas e sentimentos, comparativamente a quando estavam em situação de sem-abrigo. As pessoas acederam a recursos novos, que diferiram entre si, mas que contribuíram para a sua integração psicossocial. Um tema importante que emergiu foi a gestão monetária, que influenciou os percursos e atividades realizadas. As pessoas perspetivavam, no futuro, ingressar no mercado de trabalho, ter um emprego estável com contrato, sem depender de apoios e subsídios do Estado, possibilitando o aumento da sua qualidade de vida. Com este estudo procura-se ampliar a voz de pessoas com experiência de situação de sem-abrigo e o seu percurso no Housing First, enfatizando que a habitação se constitui como um direito do ser humano e como um ponto básico para o desenvolvimento de novas regularidades sociais inclusivas e diversificadas.ABSTRACT: The main goal of this work was to look for an understanding about what is a typical day of people currently integrated in an Housing First Program, previously in a situation of homelessness. There were conducted semi-structured interviews with an in-depth exploratory based with participants of the Casas Primeiro - Housing First applied by Associação para o Estudo e Integração Psicossocial - AEIPS. Together, collaboratively, we drew the routines in a map of Lisbon, making an understanding of the width of their routes. The interviews were analyzed with the method of thematic analysis and the results showed that there were no typical days. They were idiosyncratic to the specific situations and priorities of the moment for the tenants. Participants evidenced the changes of their routines and feelings, compared with when they were in a homeless situation. People accessed new resources, which were diverse, yet which contributed to their psychosocial integration. An important theme that emerged was money management, which influenced their routes and activities. In the future, people wished to join the labor market, finding a stable job, with a contract, without depending on State support and subsidies, creating possibilities for an increase of quality of life. The contribution of this study was to amplify the voices of people with experience of homelessness situations and their ways in an Housing First Program, underlining the declarations of housing as a human right and how housing is a base for the development of new, inclusive and diversified social regularities

    Progressing delineations of key biodiversity areas for seabirds, and their application to management of coastal seas

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    Aim: Decision-making products that support effective marine spatial planning are essential for guiding efforts that enable conservation of biodiversity facing increasing pressures. Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) are a product recently agreed upon by an international network of organizations for identifying globally important areas. Utilizing the KBA framework, and by developing a conservative protocol to identify sites, we identify globally importants places for breeding seabirds throughout the coastal seas of a national territory. We inform marine spatial planning by evaluating potential activities that may impact species and how a proposed network of Marine Management Areas (MMAs) overlap with important sites. Location: Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Methods: We collated a national inventory of all breeding locations for seabirds, including abundance records where available, and complementary estimates of at-sea distribution. We delineated areas of importance in coastal seas following approaches tailored to the ecology of species and assessed areas against global KBA criteria. To determine opportunities for species conservation and management, we reviewed which human activities have been documented to impact the target species globally via IUCN Red List accounts, and also assessed the overlap of important sites with a proposed MMA network. Results: We identified global KBAs for nine seabird species (Anatidae, Diomedeidae, Laridae, Procellariidae, Spheniscidae, Stercorariidae) throughout national coastal seas. Globally important areas where multiple species overlapped were only partially accounted for in key zones of the proposed MMA network. Main Conclusions: Development of a conservative protocol to identify marine sites for assessment against KBA criteria, revealed opportunities for enhancing a network of proposed Marine Management Areas in coastal seas. The framework we apply in this study has broad relevance for other systems where the design or review of management plans for the marine environment is required.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Moralidade e criminalidade numa amostra de reclusos portugueses

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    Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Ispa – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia ForenseEstudar o crime e os seus contornos, junto de quem o comete, pode fornecer um contributo crucial para a prevenção do crime e a redução da reincidência. Este estudo teve como objetivo, através de uma análise temática, analisar perceções de indivíduos, condenados a pena de prisão, acerca dos fatores de risco e de dissuasão da criminalidade, e da experiência da mesma tendo como base alguns conceitos da teoria da ação situacional de Wikström. Nos resultados emergiram temas como o consumo de substâncias, a impulsividade e influência do meio como fatores de risco. Como dissuasores discutiu-se a educação, o apoio familiar e o acompanhamento psicológico adequado. As emoções morais e o filtro moral não parecem desempenhar um papel dissuasor forte o suficiente. Os resultados deste estudo podem, e devem, inspirar a aplicação de técnicas e programas adequados, em meio prisional.ABSTRACT: Studying crime and its implications, near those who commit it, can provide a crucial contribution to prevent crime and reduce recidivism. This study aimed to analyze, through a thematic analysis, the perceptions of men who are serving prison time, about the risk and deterrent factors for criminality, as well as they’re experience, based on some of Wikström’s situational action theory concepts. In the results, for risk factors emerged themes like substance consumption, impulsivity and the influence of the environment. As deterrents, education, family support and adequate psychological support. Moral emotions and the moral filter don’t seem to play a strong enough deterrent role. The results of this study can, and should, inspire the application of appropriate techniques and programs in prisons

    Trolling e dependência online : que relação?

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    Promover a capacidade de perdoar : uma revisão sistemática da literatura

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    Construir cidades saudáveis e amigas dos mais velhos : a perspetiva dos jovens

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    Relationship between attention to body shape, social physique anxiety, and personal characteristics of Brazilians: A structural equation model

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    Abstract: People can develop eating disorders due to excessive body image concerns. The primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between attention to body shape, social physique anxiety, and personal characteristics in a sample of Brazilians. The secondary objective was to evaluate the correlation of the constructs with the participants’ body composition. First, 1795 individuals (70% female; Mage = 25.5 ± 6.6 years) completed the Attention to Body Shape Scale, the Social Physique Anxiety Scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Then, 286 participants (58% female; Mage = 25.3 ± 5.7 years) underwent a bioimpedance exam to identify body composition. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the relationship between the variables. The greater the attention to body shape, the greater the expectations of negative physical evaluation and the less comfort with physical presentation. Younger age, female gender, consumption of supplements/substances for body change, restrictive diets, physical inactivity, poor self-assessment of food quality, and overweight/obesity were related to negative body concerns. An expectation of negative physical evaluation was positively correlated with body fat and negatively with muscle mass. Comfort with physical presentation was negatively correlated with fat and positively with muscle. These results can support preventive strategies aimed at reducing eating disorders resulting from body image concerns.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Co-design of a marine protected area zoning and the lessons learned from it

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    Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a tool to safeguard marine natural systems, yet their effectiveness depends on how well they are integrated into the existing socioeconomic context. Stakeholder engagement in MPA design can contribute to increasing integration. This study focuses on the co-design of an MPA between researchers, public administration, the private sector, and non-governmental organizations. The proposed MPA is in Portugal and includes an area that is a hotspot for biodiversity and economic activities. This is the first MPA proposal in mainland Portugal co-designed using a participatory approach. This study highlights the steps of the zoning process and synthesizes the eight main lessons learned, useful for other cases, particularly for relatively small coastal MPAs with multiple socioeconomic activities. Three zoning proposals were developed and discussed within the participatory process. The proposals considered the best scientific and local knowledge available and were defined using ecological, socioeconomic, and shape-area guiding principles. In an iterative manner and following a participatory approach, compromises with stakeholders were achieved, and a final proposal, scientifically sound and socially accepted by most stakeholders, was delivered to the government. The final zoning plan will achieve ambitious conservation goals, including the largest fully protected area to be declared in mainland Portugal, while minimizing the impacts on the existing economic activities and promoting its sustainability. This process resulted in valuable lessons that may be applied elsewhere and guide future MPA implementation or rezoning of existing ones. These transdisciplinary and participatory processes can be time and resource-consuming but are vital for ensuring MPA effectiveness.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

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