Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
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A relação entre os conflitos interparentais e os comportamentos autolesivos : Mediação da comunicação familiar e do pedido de ajuda em adolescentes
No full textRESUMO: A literatura existente acerca dos conflitos interparentais evidencia que desavenças conjugais tendem a influenciar o desenvolvimento dos adolescentes. Este estudo propõe reunir e apresentar contributos teóricos, que possibilitem uma melhor compreensão da relação entre os conflitos interparentais e os CAL, atendendo à comunicação familiar e ao pedido de ajuda como variáveis mediadoras. Analisa o impacto que a perceção dos conflitos interparentais tem na diversidade dos CAL. A amostra foi constituída por 437 jovens, com idades compreendidas entre os 13 e os 21 anos, provenientes de diversas instituições de ensino, localizadas em Portugal, aos quais foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: ICAL, comunicação (dimensão do FACES IV), CPIP, o questionário do pedido de ajuda e o sociodemográfico. Os resultados mais significativos demonstraram que a existência de conflitos interparentais contribui de forma geral para o aumento dos CAL e também para a diversidade destes comportamentos. Ademais, os resultados comprovaram que a comunicação familiar é um importante fator de atenuação dos efeitos dos conflitos interparentais nos jovens que realizam CAL. Não obstante a importância do pedido de ajuda, o mesmo não se apresentou influenciado pela perceção dos conflitos interparentais nos jovens com CAL, sendo que a continuidade destas investigações, poderá ter um papel fulcral para colmatar a dificuldade sentida pelos jovens ao pedir ajuda.ABSTRACT: The existing literature on interparental conflicts shows that marital disagreements tend to influence adolescents' development. This study aims to gather and present theoretical contributions that enable a better understanding of the relationship between interparental conflicts and DSH, taking into account family communication and asking for help as mediating variables. It aims to understand the impact that the perception of interparental conflicts has on the diversity of DSH. The sample consisted of 437 young people, aged between 13 and 21 years, from various educational institutions located in Portugal, to whom the following instruments were applied: ICAL, communication (dimension of FACES IV), CPIP, the request for help questionnaire and the sociodemographic questionnaire. The most significant results showed that the existence of interparental conflicts generally contributes to the increase in DSH and to the diversity of behaviors. In addition, the results showed that family communication is an important factor in mitigating the effects of interparental conflict in young people who practice DSH. Despite the importance of asking for help, it was not influenced by the perception of interparental conflicts in young people with DSH, the continuity of these investigations may play a key role in addressing the difficulty experienced by young people in asking for help
The role of acculturation strategies in the internalisation of racial oppression within Black families in Portugal
No full textAbstract: The study of internalisation of racial oppression has recently started to constitute a
subject of research in psychology. However, little research has focused on acculturation as an
operationalisation of racial socialisation and its potential effects of the internalisation of racial
oppression. This study aimed to investigate this association as well as whether strategies are
passed down transgenerationally. 70 Black dyads from two different generations within one
family, i.e. 140 persons who identified as Black, participated and were asked to complete a
Portuguese-adapted bi-directional acculturation scale as well as a colonial mentality scale used
to measure internalised racial oppression. We hypothesised that an assimilation strategy - i.e.
low identification with heritage culture and high identification with destination culture - would
yield highest levels of colonial mentality. Furthermore, we posited that an older generation's
wish for a younger generation's acculturation strategies would be associated wt´ith the younger
generation's actual reported acculturation strategies. Results showed both hypotheses were
confirmed - albeit to different degrees - and its structural and clinical implications are
discussed.Resumo: Tanto o estudo da aculturação como da internalização da opressão racial têm sido objeto
de pesquisas em psicologia. No entanto, pouca investigação se concentrou na aculturação como
uma operacionalização da socialização racial e dos seus efeitos potenciais na internalização da
opressão racial. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar essa associação, assim como uma
potencial transgeracionalidade na transmissão de estratégias de aculturação. Participaram 70
díades de participantes Negrxs de duas gerações diferentes dentro de uma família, ou seja, 140
pessoas. Estas foram solicitadas a preencher uma escala de aculturação bidirecional, bem como
uma escala de mentalidade colonial usada para medir a opressão racial internalizada. Ambas
escalas estão adaptadas ao contexto portugues. Colocamos a hipótese de que uma estratégia de
assimilação - ou seja, baixa identificação com a cultura hereditária e elevada identificação com
a cultura de destino - produziria níveis mais elevados de mentalidade colonial. Além disso,
postulamos que o desejo de uma geração mais velha de estratégias de aculturação para uma
geração mais jovem estaria associado às estratégias de aculturação reais relatadas pela geração
mais jovem. Os resultados mostraram que ambas as hipóteses foram confirmadas - embora em
graus diferentes - e suas implicações estruturais e clínicas são discutidas
Individual and sociodemographic factors associated to prosocial behaviors and academic performance in portuguese preschool and elementary school children: Highlights from a National Study After COVID-19
Get PDFScientifc knowledge has long been showing the intrinsic link between health and
well-being with education highlighting the positive health impacts from improvements in education. The present study was developed with the main goal of analyzing the individual and sociodemographic predictors of prosocial behavior and
academic performance in preschool and elementary school children. Data on 3623
school aged children, 1853 girls and 1770 boys, aged between 5 and 11 years old
(M=7.25; SD=1.56) participating in the study “Psychological Health and Wellbeing | School Observatory” were analyzed. Prosocial behavior was measured by
the SDQ, and academic performance was assessed by the students’ classifcations
on diferent domains/subjects. The results of regression analyses showed that girls
with less emotional, hyperactivity, behavioral and peer problems had more prosocial
behaviors. Younger preschool children with more support from school social action
tier, less hyperactivity problems and more prosocial behavior presented better academic performance. Elementary school children with parents/caregivers with higher
educational attainment, more support from school social action tier, fewer hyperactivity and emotional symptoms and more prosocial and behavior problems presented better academic performance. We can conclude that gender and internalizing
and externalizing symptoms are related to prosocial behavior and that hyperactivity
problems and higher social action levels are related to a poorer academic performance. Future in depth studies will focus on the mechanisms of these relationships
to better inform strategies for the promotion of prosocial behavior and academic performance. This is an important message for parents, educators, and teachers as well
as for public policies in education, whenever pupils’ psychological well-being and
their academic growth is concerned.
·info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Building stronger academic communities through critical thinking: Linking ACRL framework to AI
Get PDFThe Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education (ACRL) is a reference document that has served as a reflective guide for the pedagogical practices carried out by academic librarians. The present study proposes looking at each of the six conceptual frames recommended by this guiding document, observing the pedagogical opportunities brought by artificial intelligence (AI), namely chatGPT, for their teaching. Based on a literature review on the characteristics and functionalities of chatGPT, as well as its opportunities and risks presented in an international context, it is proposed to apply it in personalized academic tasks, suggesting the adoption of pedagogical experiences. This should be combined with the stimulation of critical thinking, reflecting on the opportunity to teach information skills in higher education libraries to promote knowledge and practical application of this communication tool. Thus, for each conceptual frame, examples and situated learning strategies are listed, which can contribute to acquiring essential instruments and structures of the mechanisms necessary for information skills. Regarding specifically understanding the usefulness and suitability of AI, it is important to work on the ability to extract relevant information from artificially written texts, knowing how to ask the right questions, so that it becomes a powerful instrument for obtaining and processing information, transversal learning and social insertion and is not reduced to mere superficial school learning, but reveals its potential in contexts of search, analysis and production of academic information. The main objective of this work is to make a creative and innovative contribution to the practical and situated application of the ACRL Framework in the context of generative AI, exploring the features of chatGPT to explain the concepts, dispositions, and practices recommended for teaching Information Literacy.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Depressão e a suscetibilidade ao efeito de ancoragem
No full textAbstract: Are depressive individuals more susceptible to anchoring effects? Does this susceptibility depend upon the affective nature of the event? Does individuals’ tendency to ruminative thinking have a role in these effects? We approach these questions by having participants (N=146) in a study perform an anchoring task (see Mussweiler & Strack, 2001) with neutral, negative, and depressive events, and subsequently indicate their level of depressive symptoms, via the Patient Health Questionnaire and levels of rumination via the Ruminative Response Scale. Results show anchoring effects to be stronger for neutral events than negative or depressive events. Both depression and rumination interfere positively with anchoring in such that the higher the levels of depression and rumination the higher the susceptibility to anchors. Both effects were shown to occur independently and not to be reliably moderated by the neutral, negative, or depressive nature of the events.Resumo: Indivíduos com depressão são mais suscetíveis aos efeitos de ancoragem? Essa susceptibilidade depende da natureza afetiva do evento? A tendência de pensamento ruminativo dos indivíduos desempenha um papel nesses efeitos? Abordamos estas questões ao ter participantes (N=146) num estudo a realizar uma tarefa de ancoragem (ver Mussweiler & Strack, 2001) com eventos neutros, negativos e depressivos e, posteriormente, a indicarem o seu nível de sintomatologia depressiva, através do Patient Health Questionnaire, e os seus níveis de ruminação, através da Ruminative Response Scale. Os resultados mostram que os efeitos de ancoragem são mais fortes para eventos neutros do que para eventos negativos ou depressivos. Tanto a depressão como a ruminação interferem positivamente com a ancoragem, de modo que quanto mais elevados os níveis de depressão e de ruminação, maior a susceptibilidade às âncoras. Ambos os efeitos mostraram ocorrer independentemente e não são confiavelmente moderados pela natureza neutra, negativa ou depressiva dos eventos.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
“Saí…, e agora?!” Estudo exploratório sobre a reintegração de ex-reclusos
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para
obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de
Psicologia Comunitária.O principal objetivo desta investigação passa por procurar perceber quais as
experiências e desafios do processo de reintegração de pessoas que estiveram em situação de
reclusão, após a saída do estabelecimento prisional.
Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, com base exploratória, com 6
participantes em situação de ex-reclusão, em momentos diferentes. Das entrevistas, emergiram
temas relacionados com o processo de reintegração, experiências percecionadas e apoios
recebidos.
As entrevistas foram analisadas de acordo com o método da análise temática e
organizadas através do modelo proposto por Graffam e Shinkfield (2007). Os resultados
mostram que os principais desafios que os participantes relatam no processo de reintegração
são o acesso à habitação estável e as oportunidades de emprego. O apoio de serviços e a rede
social de apoio são também percecionados como relevantes no processo de reintegração, onde
o apoio de serviços mostra ser facilitador deste processo. Ainda, o tempo e contexto antes e
dentro do tempo na prisão demonstra também ser uma variável que influencia o processo de
reintegração de ex-reclusos(as).
Com o presente estudo amplificam-se as vozes de pessoas que estiveram em situação
de reclusão, e que estão no processo de reintegração após a saída do estabelecimento prisional,
enfatizando que o apoio ao processo de reintegração deve adotar uma abordagem ecológica, na
construção e adaptação de intervenções e programas, de forma a melhor apoiar os indivíduos
que se encontram nesta situação.ABSTRACT: The main goal of this investigation is to try to understand what the experiences and
challenges of the process of reintegration are, regarding people that were in the situation of
reclusion, after the exit from the prison establishment.
Semi structured interviews were conducted, with an exploratory base, with 6
participants in the ex-reclusion situation, in different moments. Within the interviews, themes
emerged related to the reintegration process, perceived experiences and received support.
The interviews were analysed according with the thematic analyses method and
organized through the Graffam and Shinkfield (2007) proposed model. The results show that
the main challenges that the participants reported in the reintegration process are the stable
housing access and job opportunities. The service support and social support network are also
perceived as relevant in the reintegration process, where the service support proves to be a
facilitator of this process. Furthermore, the time and context before and within the time in prison
also proves to be a variable that influences the reintegration process of ex-prisoners.
With the present study, the voices of people that were in situation of reclusion and that
are in the reintegration process after the exit of the prison establishment are amplified,
emphasizing that the support of the reintegration process must adopt an ecological approach,
when designing and adapting interventions and programs, to better support the individuals that
are in this situation
Behavioral budgets and effects of environmental enrichment on the activities of sea otters (Enhydra Lutris) at Oceanário de Lisboa
No full textDissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Ispa – Instituto
Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Mestre em Biologia
Marinha e ConservaçãoAnimais ao cuidado humano vivem em ambientes artificiais que são previsíveis e
estruturados, o que poderá inibir a expressão de vários padrões de comportamento, promovendo
desta forma comportamentos anormais e estereotipados. Uma forma de mitigar estes
comportamentos é através da aplicação de programas específicos de enriquecimento ambiental,
como a introdução de brinquedos. Para uma avaliação mais ampla da adequação dos cuidados
prestados às espécies ex-situ e dos impactos associados ao bem-estar, a medição
comportamental é essencial. Uma forma de medição, é mediante os budgets comportamentais,
a percentagem de tempo dedicada a diferentes comportamentos. Este estudo visa criar um
etograma dos comportamentos mais comuns das lontras marinhas do Oceanário de Lisboa, com
o intuito de calcular os budgets comportamentais destes animais, e ao mesmo tempo, quantificar
e comparar o impacto de diferentes itens de enriquecimento no seu comportamento. Concluiuse com este estudo que as duas lontras passaram uma boa porção de tempo a interagir com os
itens de enriquecimento, tendo em consideração o único estudo encontrado sobre este tema.
Também ficou claro que quanto maior o brinquedo, maior o número de interações das lontras
com o brinquedo. Relativamente às situações de isolamento, ambos os tipos de itens avaliados
representaram boas soluções de enriquecimento ambiental, pois apesar das lontras marinhas
interagirem mais com os SITs (Ice Treats Pequenos) do que com os BTs (Brinquedos Grandes),
se os SITs fossem administrados constantemente poderiam criar ansiedade nestes animais.
Assim, a oferta de BTs que ofereçam desafios cognitivos também é fundamental.ABSTRACT: Animals in controlled conditions live in artificial environments that are predictable
and structured which can inhibit the expression of numerous behavior patterns, promoting
abnormal and stereotyped behaviors. One way to mitigate these behaviors is by applying
specific programs of environmental enrichment like the introduction of toys. For a broader
assessment of the adequacy of care provided to ex-situ species and associated welfare impacts,
behavioral measurement is essential. One form of measure is the behavioral budget, the
percentage of time dedicated to different behaviors. This study aims to create an ethogram of
Oceanário de Lisboa sea otters’ most common behaviors with the intention of calculating the
behavioral budgets of these animals and at the same time quantifying and comparing the impact
of different enrichment items on their behavior. In this study, it was concluded that both sea
otters spent a good fraction of time interacting with enrichment items considering the results of
the only study found on this topic. It was also clear that the larger the toy, the greater the number
of interactions sea otters had with it. Relatively to isolation situations, both item types evaluated
represented good environmental enrichment solutions because despite sea otters interacting
more with SITs (Small Ice Treats) than BTs (Big Toys), if SITs were given constantly could
create anxiety in these animals. So, the supply of BTs that offers cognitive challenges is also
fundamental
Empatia e crenças legitimadoras de violência conjugal em homens a cumprir pena de prisão por violência doméstica
No full textDissertação de Mestrado
apresentada no Ispa - Instituto Universitário para
obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de
Psicologia Forense.A Violência Conjugal, enquadra-se na tipologia de crime de Violência Doméstica e,
atualmente, constitui-se com uma das formas de violência mais exercidas. A literatura tem
apontado para a necessidade de caracterizar os indivíduos que cometem este tipo de crime, a
fim de elaborar estratégias de intervenção adequadas, que permitam a diminuição da
reincidência. As crenças legitimadoras de violência conjugal e a empatia têm sido alvo de
intervenção nestes indivíduos, no entanto, devido à evolução da consciencialização da
sociedade em relação a este tema, realça-se a importância de melhor compreender a
população atual perpetradora deste crime. Deste modo, o presente trabalho terá como objetivo
explorar estes construtos, assim como as suas diferenças e associações com outras variáveis,
como os níveis educacionais, o consumo de substâncias e a idade. A amostra é constituída
por 187 reclusos do sexo masculino, sendo que 92 foram condenados por Violência
Doméstica e 95 condenados por um crime não violento. Foi-lhes solicitado que respondessem
a um protocolo composto por um Questionário Sociodemográfico, pela Escala Básica de
Empatia - versão curta (BES-A), pela Escala de Crenças sobre a Violência Conjugal (ECVC)
e pela Escala de Desejabilidade Social (EDS-20). Os resultados sugerem que homens
condenados por Violência Doméstica apresentam níveis normativos na empatia e não
apresentam altos níveis de legitimação da violência conjugal. Não foram encontradas
diferenças significativas entre os mesmos e os indivíduos condenados por crimes não
violentos ao nível da Empatia e da legitimação da violência conjugal. Também, não foram
encontradas correlações significativas entre a empatia e as crenças legitimadoras de violência
conjugal, à exceção duma correlação, ainda que baixa, entre a legitimação e banalização da
pequena violência e a empatia cognitiva. Quanto à influência das variáveis
sociodemográficas: verificou-se que quanto maior o nível de escolaridade menor a
legitimação da violência conjugal; não foram encontradas diferenças entre os indivíduos que
apresentam historial de consumos e os que não apresentam; e não se encontrou nenhuma
associação entre a idade e as principais variáveis em estudo, a empatia e as crenças
legitimadoras de violência conjugal.ABSTRACT: Intimate Partner Violence falls under the crime category of Domestic Violence and is
currently one of the most common forms of violence. The literature has pointed to the need to
characterize the individuals who commit this type of crime, in order to develop appropriate
intervention strategies to reduce recidivism. The legitimizing beliefs of Intimate Partner
Violence and empathy have been the target of intervention in these individuals, however, due
to the evolution of society's awareness of this issue, it is important to better understand the
current population perpetrating this crime. The main objective of this study is therefore to
explore these constructs, as well as their differences and associations with other variables,
such as educational levels, substance use and age. The sample consisted of 187 male
prisoners, 92 of whom had been convicted of domestic violence and 95 of whom had been
convicted of a non-violent crime. They were asked to answer a protocol consisting of a
Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Basic Empathy Scale - short version (BES-A), the
Scale of Beliefs about Conjugal Violence (ECVC) and the Social Desirability Scale (EDS20). The results suggest that men convicted of domestic violence show normative levels of
empathy and do not show high levels of legitimization of Intimate Partner Violence. No
significant differences were found between them and individuals convicted of non-violent
crimes in terms of empathy and legitimization of Intimate Partner Violence. Also, no
significant correlations were found between empathy and beliefs legitimizing Intimate
Partner Violence, with the exception of a low correlation, between the legitimization and
trivialization of petty violence and cognitive empathy. As for the influence of
sociodemographic variables: it was found that the higher the level of education, the lower the
legitimization of Intimate Partner Violence; no differences were found between individuals
with a history of drug use and those without; and no association was found between age and
the main variables under study, empathy and beliefs legitimizing Intimate Partner Violence
Testing motivational and self-regulatory mechanisms of action on device-measured physical activity in the context of a weight loss maintenance digital intervention: A secondary analysis of the NoHoW trial
No full textBackground
To date, few digital behavior change interventions for weight loss maintenance focusing on long-term physical activity promotion have used a sound intervention design grounded on a logic model underpinned by behavior change theories. The current study is a secondary analysis of the weight loss maintenance NoHoW trial and investigated putative mediators of device-measured long-term physical activity levels (six to 12 months) in the context of a digital intervention.
Methods
A subsample of 766 participants (Age = 46.2 ± 11.4 years; 69.1% female; original NoHoW sample: 1627 participants) completed all questionnaires on motivational and self-regulatory variables and had all device-measured physical activity data available for zero, six and 12 months. We examined the direct and indirect effects of Virtual Care Climate on post intervention changes in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and number of steps (six to 12 months) through changes in the theory-driven motivational and self-regulatory mechanisms of action during the intervention period (zero to six months), as conceptualized in the logic model.
Results
Model 1 tested the mediation processes on Steps and presented a poor fit to the data. Model 2 tested mediation processes on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and presented poor fit to the data. Simplified models were also tested considering the autonomous motivation and the controlled motivation variables independently. These changes yielded good results and both models presented very good fit to the data for both outcome variables. Percentage of explained variance was negligible for all models. No direct or indirect effects were found from Virtual Care Climate to long term change in outcomes. Indirect effects occurred only between the sequential paths of the theory-driven mediators.
Conclusion
This was one of the first attempts to test a serial mediation model considering psychological mechanisms of change and device-measured physical activity in a 12-month longitudinal trial. The model explained a small proportion of variance in post intervention changes in physical activity. We found different pathways of influence on theory-driven motivational and self-regulatory mechanisms but limited evidence that these constructs impacted on actual behavior change. New approaches to test these relationships are needed. Challenges and several alternatives are discussed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Psychometric properties of the measure of achieved capabilities in homeless services
Get PDFBackground Purposeful participation in personally meaningful life tasks, enjoyment of positive reciprocal relationships, and opportunities to realize one’s potential are growth-related aspects of a meaningful life that should be
considered important dimensions of recovery from homelessness. The extent to which homeless services support
individuals to achieve the capabilities they need to become who they want to be and do what they want to do is,
in turn, an important indicator of their efectiveness. In this study, we developed a measure of achieved capabilities
(MACHS) for use in homeless services settings, and assessed its construct and concurrent validity.
Methods We analysed data collected from homeless services users at two time points in eight European countries to
assess the factor structure and psychometric properties of the new measure. Participants were adults engaged with
either Housing First (n=245) or treatment as usual (n=320).
Results Exploratory and confrmatory factor analyses yielded a four-factor structure of the capabilities measure:
community integration, optimism, safety, and self-determination. We obtained evidence for construct validity through
observed correlations between achieved capabilities and recovery, working alliance and satisfaction with services.
Moreover, we obtained evidence of the measure’s concurrent validity from its positive association between HF and
personal recovery, which was fully mediated by achieved capabilities.
Conclusions Findings demonstrate that the MACHS is a valid and reliable measure that may be used to assess the
extent to which homeless services support their clients to develop capabilities needed for growth-related recovery.
Implications for practice and future research directions are discussed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio