Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
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Association patterns of resident bottlenose dolphins in the region of the Sado estuary
No full textDissertação de Mestrado realizada sob a orientação de
Manuel Eduardo dos Santos, apresentada no Ispa –
Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na
especialidade de Biologia Marinha e da Conservação.A vida social é uma caraterística importante dos mamíferos, onde é comum a formação
de grupos constituídos por associações dinâmicas e não aleatórias. A rutura destas relações é
causada por alterações no ambiente e afetará a sua conetividade, ecologia e estabilidade. Assim,
a estrutura social é uma caraterística importante para a conservação e gestão de uma população.
A população residente de golfinhos roazes no Estuário do Sado é atualmente constituída
por 28 indivíduos, 20 adultos, 5 juvenis e 3 crias. Trata-se de uma população pequena e
envelhecida que apresenta filopatria e reduzido contacto com indivíduos não residentes. A
dimensão média dos grupos foi de 5,7 indivíduos, sendo os grupos mais comuns constituídos
por adultos, ou adultos e crias. A dimensão média dos grupos foi também analisada de acordo
com a atividade dominante, revelando-se semelhante para todas as atividades.
O software SOCPROG V. 2.9 foi utilizado para analisar a estrutura social e identificar
padrões de associação. As "associações preferenciais de curto prazo" prevaleceram entre e
dentro das classes de idade e sexo, e o coeficiente médio de associação foi de 0,15. Estas
características são típicas de uma sociedade do tipo fissão-fusão, com baixo coeficiente de
associação e associações preferenciais de curto prazo, comuns para esta espécie.
Este estudo atualiza o estado desta população no que diz respeito à estrutura social. As
medidas de conservação aplicadas para esta população devem ser ajustadas para contemplar os
padrões de associação e a dinâmica populacional, especialmente associações importantes como
as díades mães-crias.ABSTRACT: Social life is an important feature for mammals, where it is common to form groups that
are made up of dynamic, non-random associations. The disruption of this relationships is caused
by changes in the environment and will affect its connectivity, ecology and stability. Therefore,
social structure is an important feature for the conservation and management of a population.
The resident population of bottlenose dolphins in the Sado Estuary currently consists of
28 individuals, 20 adults, 5 juveniles and 3 calves. This is a small and aged population that
show philopatry and reduced contact with non-resident individuals. The average group size was
5.7 individuals, with the most common groups consisting of adults, or adults and calves. Mean
group size was also analysed according to the dominant activity and was similar for all
activities.
SOCPROG V. 2.9 software was used to analyse the social structure and identify patterns
of association. "Short-term preferential associations" prevailed between and within age and sex
classes, and the mean coefficient of association was 0.15. These characteristics are typical of a
fission-fusion type society, with low coefficient of association and short-term preferential
associations, common for this species.
This study updates the state of this population regarding social structure. Conservation
measures applied for this population should be adjusted to address the association patterns and
the population dynamic, especially important associations such as mother-calves’ dyads
Violência contra as mulheres: atitudes e experiências em Portugal
No full textDissertação de Mestrado realizada sob a
orientação do Professor Doutor José Ornelas e coorientação da Professora Doutora Maria João Moniz,
apresentada no Ispa – Instituto Universitário
para obtenção de grau de Mestre na
especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.Este estudo tem como objetivos estudar a prevalência e severidade de experiências
de violência contra as mulheres em Portugal, estudar as atitudes de Portugueses em
relação à violência interpessoal e, ainda, como estas crenças se podem relacionar com as
experiências de violência das mulheres. Para isto foi desenvolvido e divulgado um
questionário online constituído pelas escalas Attitudes Towards Dating Violence Scale
(Price et al., 1999) e Severity of Violence Against Women Scale (Marshall, 1992). Foram
utilizadas para análise 381 respostas ao questionário. Concluiu-se que a prevalência de
violência contra as mulheres em Portugal é elevada (65,8%), sendo a violência
psicológica o tipo de violência mais prevalente. De forma geral, as atitudes em relação à
violência interpessoal são desfavoráveis. A forma de violência mais condenada é a
violência sexual e mais legitimada a violência psicológica. Comparativamente às
mulheres, os homens têm atitudes mais favoráveis em relação à violência. São analisados
comentários sobre experiências de violência a apoio recebido.ABSTRACT: The aim of this work is to study the prevalence and severity of the experiences of
violence against women in Portugal, to study the attitudes of Portuguese people towards
interpersonal violence and, finally, how this beliefs are related with the women’s
experiences of violence. With this purpose, an online survey was developed, being this
survey constituted by the scales Attitudes Towards Dating Violence Scale (Price et al.,
1999) and Severity of Violence Against Women Scale (Marshall, 1992). 381 responses
to the survey were analyzed. We concluded that the prevalence of violence against women
in Portugal is high (65,8%), being psychological violence the most prevalent type of
violence. Generally speaking, the attitudes towards interpersonal violence are
unfavorable. The type of violence most condemned is sexual violence and the most
legitimated psychological violence. In comparison to women, men show more favorable
attitudes towards violence. Comments about experiences of violence and the support
received are analyzed
"O corpo lhe subiu à cabeça": uma pesquisa autoetnográfica acerca da formação em Teatro Playback
No full textDissertação de Mestrado realizada sob a orientação
do Professor Doutor António Gonzalez apresentada no
Ispa - Instituto Universitário para a obtenção de grau
de Mestre na especialidade de Mestre em Psicologia
Clínica.Enquadramento. O Teatro Playback é um tipo de teatro que evoca a audiência a partilhar histórias pessoais de forma a serem representadas através do improviso. Esta modalidade teatral tem sido alvo de investigação devido às suas repercussões positivas e transformadoras a nível coletivo e individual. Objetivo. O objetivo do presente estudo é apresentar o processo de participação da autora na formação em Teatro Playback em uma companhia de teatro LGBTQIAPN+. Método. Através do método auto etnográfico e da realização de um diário de bordo, busquei demonstrar a experiência e reflexividade subjetivas como contributos para o conhecimento científico neste campo. Resultados. A experiência da formação em Teatro Playback possibilitou transformações a nível subjetivo e realizações acerca das temáticas relacionadas ao corpo, à escuta, a possibilidade de utilização desta forma teatral para a criação de espaços políticos, do domínio ritual, do contexto de grupo e das relações entre o Teatro Playback e o campo da Psicologia, mais especificamente a Psicologia Clínica.Framework. Playback Theatre is a modality of theatre that invites the audience to share personal histories in order to be represented through improvisation. This theatre modality has been due to its positive and transformative repercussions at collective and individual levels. Plan. The objective of this study is to present the process of the author´s participation in Playback Theatre training in LGBTQIAPN+ theatre company. Method. Through the auto-ethnographic method and the creation of a logbook,I sought to demonstrate subjective experience and reflexivity as contributions to scientific knowledge in this field. Results. The experience of training in Playback Theatre enabled transformations at a subjective level and achievements regarding themes related to the body, listening, the possibility of using this theatrical form to create political spaces, the ritual domain, the group context and the relationships between Playback Theatre and the field of Psychology, more specifically Clinical Psychology
Interdisciplinary teaching practices in STEAM education in Brazil
Get PDFThis study explored primary school teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs about interdisciplinary teaching practices related to science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics (STEAM) education and project-based learning to understand teacher perceptions and practices and to recommend some teacher training according to the national curricular standards in Brazil. Qualitative data were gathered using semi-structured interviews carried out with in-service teachers, which were supplemented by a questionnaire featuring both closed-ended and open-ended questions. The data were subsequently subjected to quantitative analysis. The findings reveal that while most teachers are familiar with and incorporate project-based learning into their pedagogical approaches, their awareness of and training in STEAM education are limited. Nevertheless, teachers perceived themselves as being very competent across most STEAM domains, including interdisciplinary curricular integration and projects. Chemistry, physics and arts are exceptions, with lower levels of teacher self-efficacy when compared to the other disciplines. This article examines the implications of these findings for pedagogical practices and teacher training in Brazil, while addressing what are teachers’ current perceptions of STEAM practices, encompassing project-based learning and interdisciplinarity. It identifies the training requirements necessary to enhance their confidence in teaching science, while integrating arts-related subjects.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Mindfulness fills in the blank spaces left by affective uncertainty uplifting adaptive behaviors
Get PDFDrawing on the integrative model of uncertainty tolerance, we aimed to investigate whether uncertainty relates to adaptive performance, at the within-person level. We argue that daily uncertainty at work will trigger negative affective reactions that, in turn, will minimize adaptive performance. Moreover, we focus on socio-cognitive mindfulness as a cross-level moderator of the indirect relationship of uncertainty on adaptive performance via negative affect. To capture changes in daily life and test our model, we conducted two diary studies across 5-working days: One with a sample of telecommuters (n = 101*5 = 505), and the other with a sample of non-telecommuters (n = 253*5 = 1,265). Study 1 took place between February and March of 2021 (during the mandatory confinement), and Study 2 occurred between April and May 2021 (out of the mandatory confinement). Both studies were conducted in Portugal. The multilevel results showed that at the day-level of analysis, uncertainty decreased adaptive performance through the enhanced negative affect. Moreover, at the person-level of analysis mindfulness moderated (a) the direct relationship of uncertainty to adaptive performance, and (b) the indirect relationship of uncertainty to adaptive performance via negative affect, in such a way that it became weaker when mindfulness was higher (multilevel-mediated moderation effect). This relation was different between Studies 1 and 2; that is, in Study 1, teleworkers who were high on mindfulness engaged in more adaptive performance when negative affect was high. In Study 2, adaptive performance significantly decreased, when negative affect was higher, even though this effect was weaker for mindful of individuals. The findings show that mindfulness helps to fill in the spaces of the affective uncertainty attenuating its detrimental effects.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Violência doméstica perpetrada contra pessoas idosas: Análise de processos judiciais
No full textDissertação de Mestrado
apresentada no Ispa – Instituto
Universitário para obtenção de
grau de Mestre na
especialidade de Psicologia
ForenseIntrodução: No sentido de aumentar a investigação sobre a violência doméstica perpetrada na
população idosa, em Portugal, pretendeu-se identificar e traçar os perfis das vítimas e ofensores,
identificar as caraterísticas da vitimação, os fatores de risco individuais e contextuais, as
decisões judiciais e analisar a relação entre o grau de ensino das vítimas e as formas de
violência. Método: Foram consultados 80 processos crime e acórdãos, pertencentes,
maioritariamente, às regiões do Porto e Lisboa. 87 pessoas eram vítimas e 80 ofensores. Foi
construída uma grelha de codificação para recolher os dados. Resultados: Verificou-se que as
vítimas tinham idades compreendidas entre os 60 e os 91 anos, eram, maioritariamente,
casadas/em união de facto, com baixa escolaridade e reformadas. Os ofensores tinham idades
entre os 29 e os 85 anos, eram, maioritariamente, divorciados, com baixa escolaridade e
empregados. A relações mais estabelecidas foram ex cônjuges/ex companheiros e
cônjuges/companheiros. A situação de vitimação durou, grosso modo, entre 2 e 6 anos, foi
continuada e predominaram a violência psicológica e física. Foram identificados fatores de
risco individuais e contextuais na presente amostra. As penas principais tiveram uma duração
média de 2 a 2,9 anos, sendo a suspensão da execução da pena de prisão a pena de substituição
mais prevalente. Foi encontrada uma associação significativa entre o grau de ensino das vítimas
e a violência financeira. Conclusão: Apesar das limitações, este estudo acabou por constituir
uma mais valia na compreensão deste fenómeno. Dada a importância desta problemática,
sugere-se a realização de mais estudos, especialmente em Portugal.ABSTRACT: Introduction: In order to increase research into domestic violence perpetrated against the
elderly population, in Portugal, the aim was to identify and profile victims and offenders,
identify the characteristics of victimisation, individual and contextual risk factors, judicial
decisions and analyse the relationship between the victims' level of education and the forms of
violence. Method: 80 criminal cases and judgements were consulted, mostly from the Porto
and Lisbon regions. 87 people were victims and 80 offenders. A coding grid was constructed
to collect the data. Results: It was found that the victims were aged between 60 and 91, mostly
married/in a civil partnership, with low levels of education and retired. The offenders were aged
between 29 and 85, mostly divorced, with low levels of education and employed. Most of the
victimisation lasted between 2 and 6 years, was continuous and and psychological and physical
violence predominated. Individual and contextual risk factors were identified in this sample.
The main sentences lasted between 2 and 2,9 years on average, with suspended prison sentences
being the most prevalent substitute sentence. A significant association was found between the
victims' level of education and financial violence. Conclusion: Despite its limitations, this
study has added value to understanding this phenomenon. Given the importance of this issue,
it is suggested that more studies be carried out, especially in Portugal
Analysing grade retention beliefs within teachers’ psycho-pedagogic beliefs system
Get PDFTeachers have a complex and multidimensional system of socially constructed beliefs that influence their
professional practice. Based on self-reported beliefs of 449 Portuguese primary teachers we explored the
connectivity between grade retention beliefs and other psycho-pedagogical beliefs using a structural
equation model. We also studied the psychological centrality of grade retention beliefs using a latent
profile analysis. The results indicated that teachers’ grade retention beliefs are maintained within their
beliefs system with a high degree of connectivity and centrality, especially when shared by their community. These findings may have implications to the educational policies that aim to reduce retention
ratesFundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
The impact of combining SRSD instruction with a brief growth mindset intervention on sixth graders’ writing motivation and performance
No full textSelf-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) is an evidence-based instructional approach combining background
knowledge, writing, and self-regulation strategies to improve students’ writing motivation and performance.
While the positive impact of SRSD on writing performance variables is well-established, mixed findings were
found for motivational variables, namely self-efficacy. In addition, the impact of SRSD on motivational constructs
other than self-efficacy—such as implicit theories—has received considerably less attention. In this study, we
examined the impact of an SRSD instructional program about opinion text writing on two extensively studied
writing performance variables (i.e., text quality and text length) and on two motivational variables (i.e., selfefficacy and implicit theories). Moreover, we tested whether adding a brief growth mindset intervention to
SRSD instruction would result in gains in writing motivation and performance. To this end, we enrolled 191 sixth
graders, from 11 classes, and their Portuguese language teachers to participate in a six-week intervention study.
Using a quasi-experimental design, the classes were assigned to one of three conditions: (a) an active control
condition (three classes); (b) an SRSD group (four classes); (c) an SRSD plus growth mindset intervention group
(henceforth, SRSD + GM; four classes). Our results showed that both the SRSD and the SRSD + GM generally did
not significantly differ from the active control group in self-efficacy and implicit theories of writing at posttest.
The only exception was self-efficacy for ideation. Of note, the SRSD and the SRSD + GM groups outperformed the
active control group in terms of text quality and text length. Our findings did not reveal an added value of a brief
growth mindset intervention for SRSD instruction. Overall, our study showed that a six-week SRSD instructional
program was effective in improving students’ self-efficacy for ideation and writing performance. However, the
brief nature of both SRSD and mindset interventions may have precluded a broader positive impact on motivational beliefs, such as self-efficacy for conventions, self-efficacy for self-regulation, and implicit theories.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Facing ostracism: Micro-coding facial expressions in the Cyberball social exclusion paradigm
Get PDFBackground Social exclusion is often measured with the Cyberball paradigm, a computerized ball-tossing game.
Most Cyberball studies, however, used self-report questionnaires, leaving the data vulnerable to reporter bias, and
associations with individual characteristics have been inconsistent.
Methods In this large-scale observational study, we video-recorded 4,813 10-year-old children during Cyberball and
developed a real-time micro-coding method measuring facial expressions of anger, sadness and contempt, in a multiethnic
population-based sample. We estimated associations between facial expressions and self-reported negative
feelings, explored associations of child characteristics such as sex and parental national origin with observed and selfreported
feelings during social exclusion, and tested associations of observed and self-reported feelings during social
exclusion with behavior problems at age 14.
Results Facial expressions of sadness and anger were associated with self-reported negative feelings during the
game, but not with such feelings after the game. Further, girls reported to have had less negative feelings during the
game than boys, but no such sex-differences were found in total observed emotions. Likewise, children with parents
of Moroccan origin reported less negative feelings during the game than Dutch children, but their facial expressions
did not indicate that they were differently affected. Last, observed emotions related negatively to later internalizing
problems, whereas self-report on negative feelings during the game related positively to later internalizing and externalizing
problems.
Conclusions We show that facial expressions are associated with self-reported negative feelings during social
exclusion, discuss that reporter-bias might be minimized using facial expressions, and find divergent associations of
observed facial expressions and self-reported negative feelings with later internalizing problems.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Aesthetic dental treatment, orofacial appearance, and life satisfaction of Finnish and Brazilian adults
Get PDFTo study the probability of seeking/undergoing aesthetic dental treatment (ADT) and compare self-perception of orofacial appearance (OA) based on sex, age, and monthly income; and to estimate the impact of OA on life satisfaction (LS) among Finnish and Brazilian adults, considering the indirect effect of receiving ADT and the moderating effects of those sociodemographic variables.
Methods
This was an online cross-sectional study. Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES), Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were used. Probability of seeking/receiving ADT was calculated using logistic regression and odds ratio (OR). OA scores were compared according to sociodemographic characteristics (ANOVA, α = 5%). Structural equations models estimated the impact of OA on LS.
Results
3,614 Finns [75.1% female, 32.0 (SD = 11.6) years] and 3,979 Brazilians [69.9% female, 33.0 (SD = 11.3) years] participated in the study. Women were more likely to receive ADT than men in both countries (OR>1.3). However, no statistically or practical significant differences were observed in OA between sexes (p>0.05 or p0.05) were the same among different ages and monthly income. In Brazil, younger individuals (OR>1.6) and those with higher monthly income (OR>2.7) were more likely to receive ADT, while those with lower income had a greater psychosocial impact of OA (p0.07). Individuals who were more satisfied with their own OA and had less psychosocial impact from OA had higher levels of LS (β = 0.31–0.34; p<0.01; explained variance: 9.8–13.1%).
Conclusion
Demand for ADT is influenced by sociodemographic and cultural factors. Greater societal pressure on physical appearance is observed among women in Western countries. In countries with high socioeconomic inequalities, consumerism and social prestige are involved in this demand. Self-perception of orofacial appearance plays a significant role in individuals’ subjective well-being. Therefore, the planning of aesthetic treatments in the orofacial region should consider the patient’s perceptions and social context.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio