Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida
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Show me your best side: Lateralization of social and resting behaviors in feral horses
No full textGrowing evidence shows a variety of sensorial and motor asymmetries in social and non-social interactions in
various species, indicating a lateralized processing of information by the brain. Using digital video cameras on
tripods and drones, this study investigated lateralization in frequency and duration of social behavior patterns, in
affiliative, agonistic, and resting contexts, in a feral population of horses (Equus ferus caballus) in Northern
Portugal, consisting of 37 individuals organized in eight harem groups. Affiliative interactions (including
grooming) were more often performed, and lasted longer, when recipients were positioned to the right side. In
recumbent resting (animals lying down) episodes on the left side lasted longer. Our results of an affiliative
behavior having a right side tendency, provide partial support to the valence-specific hypothesis of Ahern and
Schwartz (1979) - left hemisphere dominance for positive affect, affiliative behaviors. Longer recumbent resting
episodes on the left side may be due to synchronization. However, in both instances it is discussed how lateralization may be context dependent. Investigating the position asymmetries of social behaviors in feral equids
will contribute to a better understanding of differential lateralization and hemispheric specialization from the
ecological and evolutionary perspectives.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Burnout and suicidal behaviours in health professionals in Portugal: The moderating effect of self-esteem
Get PDFThe main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of burnout on suicidal
behaviours and the mediating effect of self-esteem in this relationship. A total of 1172 healthcare
professionals working in Portugal’s private and public sector organisations participated in this study.
The results indicate a high level of burnout among these professionals and that exhaustion (β = 0.16; p
< 0.001) and disengagement (β = 0.24; p < 0.001) positively and significantly affect suicidal behaviours.
In turn, self-esteem has a significant and negative effect (β = −0.51; p < 0.001) on suicidal behaviours.
Self-esteem moderates the relationship between disengagement and suicidal behaviours (B = −0.12;
p < 0.001) and the relationship between exhaustion and suicidal behaviours (B = −0.11; p < 0.001),
representing an essential variable for future lines of research, namely on the role of self-esteem in
preventing burnout and suicidal behaviours in professionals from other professional areas.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Personal projects analysis as an idiographic approach in psychotherapy: An exploratory study
Get PDFClient feedback research is a new but encouraging area that
recognizes the importance of engaging patients in offered treatments and the relevance of the relationship between therapist
and client. This study aimed to explore clients’ experiences of
goal-oriented work using Personal Projects Analysis (PPA). PPA
was applied to 5 participants of a psychodrama group after their
consent and in agreement with the ethics and deontology research university committee. Their progress was evaluated with
Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure
(CORE-OM; 4 moments) and subjective well-being measures.
Findings show how personal projects may be informative about
clients’ difficulties and change processes. All outcomes on
CORE-OM went below clinical cut-off points, and all these
changes are reliable and clinically significant. PPA offers a consistent way to implement the goals approach in a psychotherapeutic context successfully. Nevertheless, some adjustments
need to be implemented in the goal-oriented work using PPA.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Adolescents’ perceptions about non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts
Get PDFIntroduction: Non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal thoughts and behaviors present high prevalence rates in adolescence.
Aims: This study aimed to describe adolescents’ perceptions about these
phenomena, and to analyze and compare the differences of these perceptions among adolescents with and without a history of non-suicidal selfinjury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts.
Methods: The convenience sample consisted of 452 adolescents in ages between 12 and 18 (M(SD) = 15.59(1.50), 48% male and 52% female. For
data collection, the Free Association Test was used in a survey, and data was
analyzed through content analysis.
Results: Results showed that 10.8% of the participants presented a history of non-suicidal self-injury, 19.9% suicidal ideation, and 2.7% suicide
attempts. Perceptions were grouped into eight dimensions: Consumption of Psychoactive Substances; Death/Suicide; Interpersonal Factors;
Intrapersonal Factors; Moral Judgments; Negative Emotions; Psychological Functions; and Self-Injurious Methods. Further analysis revealed that
adolescents with and without a history of non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal
ideation, and suicide attempts presented differences in their perceptions of
these phenomena.
Conclusions: These findings contribute to the understanding regarding the
perceptions of adolescents about these phenomena and might have implications regarding their prevention and intervention.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Statistical Learning Within Objects
Get PDFResearch has recently shown that efficient selection relies on the implicit extraction of environmental regularities, known as statistical learning. Although this has been demonstrated for scenes, similar learning arguably also occurs for objects. To test this, we developed a paradigm that allowed us to track attentional priority at specific object locations irrespective of the object’s orientation in three experiments with young adults (all Ns = 80). Experiments 1a and 1b established within-object statistical learning by demonstrating increased attentional priority at relevant object parts (e.g., hammerhead). Experiment 2 extended this finding by demonstrating that learned priority generalized to viewpoints in which learning never took place. Together, these findings demonstrate that as a function of statistical learning, the visual system not only is able to tune attention relative to specific locations in space but also can develop preferential biases for specific parts of an object independently of the viewpoint of that object.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Descrições comportamentais pré-testadas para estereótipos raciais e valência : dados de amostra Americana e portuguesa
No full textAbstract: In social psychology research, there are several kinds of stereotypical materials that can be
used – faces, videos, lists of words, attributes. However, when it comes to behavioral sentences, there
is a lack of pre-tested racial stimuli available in the literature. To fill the gap, this paper provides two
lists of 154 short behavioral sentences, with stereotypicality (white to black) and valence (negative to
positive) ratings. The first list was pre-tested with an American sample (Study 1), while the second
list was pre-tested with a European Portuguese sample (Study 2). Importantly, this paper focuses on
the broader meaning of black stereotypes’ and not just the narrower definition of the African American
stereotype, whose differences are discussed. T-tests identified 73 and 118 stereotypical behavioral
descriptions, for future use, respectively for the American and European Portuguese samples.
Additional comparisons within and between samples are also provided. Full behavioral descriptions,
along with pertinent statistical data, are available to the reader, as a useful working instrument for
future research.Resumo: Na investigação em psicologia social, há vários tipos de materiais com conteúdo estereotípico
que podem ser usados – faces, vídeos, listas de palavras, atributos. No entanto, no que diz respeito a
descrições comportamentais, existe falta de estímulos raciais pré-testados na literatura. Para preencher
esta lacuna, este artigo fornece duas listas de 154 descrições comportamentais curtas com avaliações
de estereotipicidade (branco para negro) e valência (negativa para positiva). A primeira lista foi prétestada
com uma amostra Americana (Estudo 1), enquanto a segunda lista foi pré-testada com uma
amostra Portuguesa (Estudo 2). Note-se ainda que este artigo se foca no conceito mais amplo do
estereótipo de negro e não apenas na definição mais estreita do estereótipo de afro-americano, cujas
diferenças são discutidas. Testes t identificaram 73 e 118 descrições estereotípicas, para uso futuro,
respectivamente para a amostra americana e para a amostra portuguesa. Comparações adicionais dentro
e entre as amostras também são fornecidas. Descrições comportamentais completas, juntamente com
dados estatísticos pertinentes, estão disponíveis para o leitor, como um instrumento de trabalho útil
para investigação futura.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Avaliação do potencial de moderação moderada do apoio organizacional percebido e da modalidade de trabalho, na relação entre a autoeficácia e o desempenho individual de trabalho
Get PDFDissertação de Mestrado realizada sob a
orientação de Professor Doutor Luís Andrade e
apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário
para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade
de Psicologia Social e das Organizações.Esta dissertação enquadra-se no estudo dos fenómenos individuais e sociais associados aos
desafios da adaptação a novas modalidades de trabalho: modelos híbridos ou teletrabalho.
Recorrendo a um modelo de moderação moderada, investigámos o efeito da Percepção do
Suporte Organizacional (moderador primário) na relação entre a percepção da Autoeficácia
(variável preditora) e Desempenho Individual de Trabalho (variável critério), assim variações do
efeito nos diferentes níveis da Modalidade Trabalho (moderador secundário).
Seguiu-se um delineamento não-experimental com dado recolhidos em dezembro de 2021
e participação voluntária de profissionais de serviços a clientes à distância - Customer Services
Support. A amostra totalizou 842 participantes (n = 842), dos quais 580 (68.9%) do sexo feminino
e 262 (31,1%) do sexo masculino, com idades entre os 18 e 63 anos (M = 36,26; SD = 8,46).
Como instrumentos de investigação foram utilizadas adaptações para português das escalas
New General Self-Efficacy Scale (Chen et al., 2001), Perceived Organizational Support (Eisenberg
et al., 1986) e Cross-cultural Adaptation of the Individual Work Performance (Koopmans et al.,
2014).
Os resultados evidenciam forte capacidade preditiva da Autoeficácia no Desempenho de
Individual de Trabalho, estabelecendo-se como o efeito principal mais relevante neste estudo.
Conclui-se também que a Percepção de Suporte Organizacional promove um efeito
positivo, mas somente quando o trabalhador se encontra numa modalidade de trabalho que inclua
uma componente presencial, com efeitos positivos para a melhoria do desempenho de tarefa nos
sujeitos com baixa autoeficácia, assim como uma redução de atitudes prejudiciais relativamente à
organização em sujeitos com elevada autoeficácia.ABSTRACT: This dissertation contributes to the study of individual and social phenomena associated
with the challenges of adaptation to new work modalities: hybrid models or telework.
Using a moderate moderation model, we investigated the effect of Organizational Support
Perception (primary moderator) on the relationship between Self-efficacy perception (predictor
variable) and Individual Work Performance (criterion variable), as well as variations in the effect at
different levels of the Work Modality (secondary moderator).
It followed a non-experimental design, with data collected in December 2021 and voluntary
participation of professionals from Customer Services Support. The sample consisted of 842
participants (n = 842), of which 580 (68.9%) were female and 262 (31.1%) were male, aged between
18 and 63 years (M = 36.26; SD = 8.46).
The instruments used were the Portuguese of the New General Self-Efficacy Scales (Chen
et al., 2001), Perceived Organizational Support (Eisenberg et al., 1986) and Cross-cultural
Adaptation of the Individual Work Performance (Koopmans et al., 2014).
The results show a strong predictive capacity of Self-efficacy in the Performance of
Individual Workers, establishing itself as the most relevant main effect in this study.
It is also concluded that the Perception of Organizational Support promotes a positive
effect, but only when the worker is in a work modality that includes an in-office component, with
positive effects for the improvement of the task performance in subjects with low self-efficacy, as
well as a reduction of harmful attitudes towards the organization in subjects with high self-efficacy
Estudo sobre a perceção de stress e de saúde mental, estilos de coping e atitudes face à procura de apoio psicológico profissional nos adultos portugueses
No full textDissertação de Mestrado realizada sob a orientação do Professor Doutor José Luís
Pais Ribeiro, apresentada no Ispa - Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de
Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.O propósito deste trabalho foi o de perscrutar o estado psicológico dos adultos
portugueses, mediante a análise da perceção de stress e da saúde mental, dos estilos de coping
e das atitudes face à procura de apoio psicológico profissional. 615 portugueses, com média de
idades de 38,75 anos (DP=14,88) completaram as escalas de stress percebido (PSS-10) e de
estilos de coping (BriefCOPE) e autoavaliaram a sua saúde mental por um único item. As
atitudes face à procura de apoio psicológico profissional foram medidas pela escala Attitude
towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help – Short Form (ATSPPH-SF), cuja adaptação
para a população portuguesa fez parte do presente estudo.
Os resultados da adaptação da ATSPPH-SF para a população portuguesa validaram a
estrutura unifatorial como medida de atitudes global, e a estrutura de dois fatores, Valor da
procura de tratamento e Abertura ao tratamento para problemas emocionais. Os portugueses
avaliaram favoravelmente o apoio psicológico profissional, principalmente as mulheres e quem
já recorreu a esse serviço; os mais jovens e sujeitos com maior nível de escolaridade dão maior
valor ao apoio psicológico profissional. Evidenciou-se uma associação negativa entre o stress
percebido e a autoavaliação da saúde mental. A grande maioria dos participantes apresentou
níveis moderados de stress e autoavaliou como positivo o seu estado psicológico. Os grupos
com valores de maior stress e saúde mental mais medíocre foram as mulheres, os mais jovens,
as pessoas com doenças graves e aqueles com apoio psicológico profissional, que também são
os que mais usam estilos de coping não adaptativos. Ainda assim, os estilos adaptativos
parecem ser mais usados, com maior recurso ao coping ativo, ao planeamento e à
reinterpretação positiva, em contraste com os menos valorados, como o uso de substâncias,
desinvestimento comportamental e a negação. Os resultados evidenciaram que os estilos de
coping são mediadores na relação entre a autoavaliação da saúde mental e o stress percebido.
Este estudo contribuiu para a literatura com a adaptação da escala de atitudes face à procura de
apoio psicológico profissional para a população geral portuguesa. Os resultados permitem
refletir sobre o estado psicológico dos portugueses, podendo repercutir-se em programas de
saúde pública direcionados para as populações identificadas como mais vulneráveis e para os
menos dispostos a ter acompanhamento psicológico profissional.ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to explore the psychological state of Portuguese adults
by means of an examination of their perceptions of stress and mental health, their coping styles,
and their attitudes towards seeking professional psychological assistance. A total of 615
Portuguese adults, with an average age of 38.75 (SD = 14.88), participated in this study. They
completed assessments related to perceived stress (PSS-10) and coping styles (BriefCOPE).
Furthermore, participants evaluated their own mental health using a single-item measure.
Attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help were assessed using the Attitude
towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale– Short Form (ATSPPH-SF), which
adaptation for the portuguese population is part of the present research.
The results of the ATSPPHS-SF’s adaptation for the portuguese population validated a
unifactorial structure for measuring overall attitudes, and a two-factor structure for the
dimensions of Value of treatment and Openness to seeking mental healthcare for one’s own
emotional problems. Portuguese participants exhibited a positive evaluation towards
professional psychological support, which was more pronounced among women and those who
had previously sought such services. Additionally, younger individuals and those with higher
levels of education demonstrated better appreciation for professional psychological support. A
negative association was established between perceived stress and self-rated mental health.
Most of the participants reported moderate stress levels and a good self-perception of their
mental health. Noteworthy demographic groups exhibiting higher stress levels and poorer
mental health evaluations involved women, younger individuals, individuals with severe
illnesses, and those who had previously professional psychological help. This latter group also
exhibited a propensity for maladaptive coping styles. Adaptive coping styles, such as active
coping, planning, and positive reframing, were more adopted, contrasting with less used
including substance use, behavioural disengagement, and denial. The results indicated that the
repertoire of coping styles had an impact on mental health by reducing or increasing perceived
stress.
This study contributed to the literature with the adaptation of the scale ATSPPH-SF for
the broader Portuguese population. The findings provide insights into the psychological well being of the Portuguese populace, with potential implications for public health programs that
aim to assist populations identified as being more susceptible and less inclined to seek
professional psychological support
Competências de Intervenção de um Psicoterapeuta Eficaz [Análise Qualitativa de Sessões de Psicoterapia]
Get PDFDissertação de Mestrado realizada sob a orientação de Professor Doutor Daniel Cunha Monteiro de Sousa, apresentada no Ispa – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.Problema: A inexistência de um consenso na literatura sobre o significado de expertise em
psicoterapia transformou-se num debate relevante a importantes reflexões sobre profissionais
de destaque e seus desempenhos. Contudo, apesar de haver muitos estudos focados nos factores
dos terapeutas com melhores resultados (outcomes), existe ainda uma lacuna de estudos
baseados no critério dos outcomes. Objectivo: Este estudo procurou explorar qualitativamente
uma psicoterapeuta que foi identificada, por uma clínica universitária inglesa, como tendo
sistematicamente bons outcomes clínicos. Método: Procedeu-se à análise de 29 sessões de dois
pacientes acompanhados por uma psicoterapeuta escolhida com base nos seus outcomes. As
sessões foram audiogravadas e analisadas pela abordagem construtivista Grounded Theory
(Charmaz, 2014). Resultados: A análise de dados deu origem a 14 categorias, que representam
as intervenções clínicas utilizadas pela psicoterapeuta. A estrutura de organização dos três
grandes domínios: (1) Promoção do senso de agencidade do cliente e da natureza colaborativa
do processo terapêutico; (2) Apoio à exploração de conteúdos significativos, equilibrando
responsivamente entre seguir o cliente e introduzir novas dimensões; (3) Criação de um clima
relacional de segurança emocional para o cliente, assente na presença empática, autenticidade
e aceitação incondicional.ABSTRACT: Problem: The lack of a consensus in literature on the definition of expertise in psychotherapy
has become a debate prompting important reflections on outstanding professionals and their
performance. However, although there are many studies focused on the therapists' factors with
regards to better results (outcomes), there is still a dearth of studies based on outcome criteria.
Objective: The present study sought to qualitatively explore the work of a psychotherapist who
was identified, by an English university clinic, as having consistently good clinical outcomes.
Method: We proceeded to analyze 29 sessions of two patients accompanied by a
psychotherapist chosen based on their outcomes. The sessions were audio-recorded and
analyzed using the constructivist Grounded Theory (Charmaz, 2014). Results: Data analysis
led to the addition of two new categories to the 12 existing ones, which represent the clinical
interventions used by the psychotherapist. The organizational structure of the three major
domains: (1) Promoting the client's sense of agency and the collaborative nature of the
therapeutic process; (2) Support the exploration of meaningful contents, responsively balancing
between following the client and introducing new dimensions; (3) Creation of a relational
climate of emotional security for the client, based on empathic presence, authenticity, and
unconditional acceptance
Invalidação emocional percebida, ruminação e autoestima na adultez emergente
No full textDissertação de Mestrado realizada sob a
orientação da Professora Doutora Tânia
Brandão, apresentada no Ispa – Instituto
Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre
na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.A adultez emergente é uma fase do ciclo de vida caracterizada por uma multiplicidade de
desafios, com implicações significativas para as perceções de si, em que as relações
interpessoais e a regulação emocional assumem um papel de relevo. Neste contexto, o
presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o papel mediador da ruminação na relação entre a
invalidação emocional percebida e a autoestima negativa. Participaram neste estudo 177
jovens adultos, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 29 anos (M = 23.75, DP = 2.85).
A invalidação emocional percebida, a ruminação e a autoestima negativa foram avaliadas
através de medidas de autorrelato, disponibilizadas numa plataforma online. Os resultados
mostraram uma associação positiva e significativa entre a invalidação emocional percebida e
a ruminação, entre a invalidação emocional percebida e a autoestima negativa, e entre a
ruminação e a autoestima negativa. No modelo proposto, a ruminação mediou parcialmente a
relação entre a invalidação emocional percebida e a autoestima negativa. Estes resultados
sugerem que quanto maior for a perceção de invalidação emocional, maior é o nível de
ruminação e, consequentemente, mais negativa é a autoestima destes adultos emergentes. Os
resultados destacam a importância de considerar não só a invalidação emocional percebida
pelos adultos emergentes como também as estratégias de regulação emocional utilizadas pelos
mesmos de forma a promover a sua saúde mental. Intervenções psicológicas dirigidas a estes
aspetos podem contribuir para melhorar a autoestima dos adultos emergentes.ABSTRACT: Emerging adulthood is a phase of the life span characterized by a multitude of challenges,
with significant implications for self-perceptions, in which interpersonal relationships and
emotion regulation assume a prominent role. In this context, the present study aimed to
examine the mediating role of rumination in the relationship between perceived emotional
invalidation and negative self-esteem. A total of 177 emerging adults aged 18 to 29 (M =
23.75, SD = 2.85) participated in the study. Perceived emotional invalidation, rumination and
negative self-esteem were assessed using self-report measures through an online platform.
The results revealed a significant and positive association between perceived emotional
invalidation and rumination, between perceived emotional invalidation and negative self esteem, and between rumination and negative self-esteem. In the proposed model, rumination
partially mediated the relationship between perceived emotional invalidation and negative
self-esteem. These findings suggest that a higher perceived emotional invalidation is
associated with increased rumination which in turn contribute to a more negative self-esteem
among emerging adults. The results highlight the importance of considering not only
perceived emotional invalidation but also emotion regulation strategies in emerging adults as
a way to promote their mental health. Psychological interventions targeting these aspects can
enhance self-esteem in emerging adults