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Lexical Skills Learned by Elementary School Children Through Foreign Language Activities : from the surveys of reading aloud learning and word recognition skills associated with compulsory foreign language lessons
No full textThis study surveyed two English learning methods (reading aloud learning and rapid hand-writing learning) between elementary school children in the fifth and sixth grades. For the reading aloud learning method, 24 fifth graders and 19 sixth graders participated. For the rapid hand-writing learning method, 24 fifth graders and 21 sixth graders participated. The results showed there were no significant differences between the two learning methods. However, it revealed a positive correlation: memory of English words increased as the number of English learning years increased. In addition, a pseudo-word test was given to all participants in order to determine English recognition skills. The results showed that the sixth graders of the reading aloud learning method had a significantly higher learning effect than any other group for both immediate test and delayed test after seven days. Surveys also revealed that for students who did not learn to write any English words in English lessons as the number of English learning years increased, the reading aloud learning method was actually more affective than the rapid hand-writing learning method. Lastly, a questionnaire on active English learning efforts was administered the following five factors were extracted: a) learning environment of everyday life, b) learning environment at school, c) learning environment at learning institution besides school, d) motivation for learning, and e) establishment of learning basis
Insights into motor learning from a viewpoint of transcranial magnetic stimulation
Get PDFSeveral protocols of non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation have been developed in the past decades. Single-and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation are painless, and noninvasive tools to evaluate cortical and corticospinal excitability in cerebral cortex compared with transcranial electric stimulation. Motor evoked potential induced by paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation can particularly assess changes of the cortical excitability after motor learning, such as motor skill and motor practice in sports and functional recovery in rehabilitation. However, the effect of electric current in transcranial magnetic stimulation on pyramidal neuron and interneuron in gray and white matters is not actually understood well yet in the field of sports and rehabilitation sciences. Here, we show the important basic knowledge of neurophysiology and transcranial magnetic stimulation and introduce some studies of cortical plasticity and motor learning by using transcranial magnetic stimulation
Examination of psychological preparation for children undergoing operations for epilepsy : Weighting and quantification of explanations given subconsciously by nurses
Get PDF【目的】てんかんの手術を受ける児に対するプレパレーションの実施における、看護師の考える内容の重みづけ、および可視化を目的とした。 【方法】小児科勤務の看護師10名を対象とし、半構造的面接で術前プレパレーションの内容の重要さ、困難さ等を語ってもらった。抽出された項目ごとに「心理量測定ツールRami」を用いて、重要さは面積、困難さは高さとして円を描写した。面接により得られたデータは、意味内容の同質性等に注目して分類しカテゴリー名を命名した。対象者が描写した円の項目は、カテゴリーに対応させてクラスター分類し、数値化した。それらを単純集計し、項目間でFriedman検定を実施した。 【結果】面接内容はカテゴリーが8抽出された。また重要さ ・ 困難さでは6クラスターが抽出された。重要さは上位から《手術の目的》《疼痛》《手術への励まし》《術後の制約》《術後のボディイメージの変化》《術後の身体不調》と続き、困難さは、上位から《手術の目的》《ボディイメージの変化》《手術への励まし》《疼痛》《術後の身体不調》《術後の制約》と続いた。Friedman検定では困難さで有意差があった。 【考察】看護師は児に相応しい方法と内容で実施しようと試みていても、児の理解度が判断しづらい状況が推測された。プレパレーションを受ける児によって項目を選択でき、児の不安や恐怖をあおらず、医学的内容を分かりやすく伝える教育的方略の教材が必要であることが示唆された。【Purpose】 The purpose of this study was to weight and visualize nurses’ individual preparation with regard to the psychological preparation for children undergoing operations for epilepsy. 【Method】 Ten pediatric nurses talked about the importance and difficulty of psychological preparation prior to operations in semi-structured interviews. Using Rami, a tool that measures psychological quantity, nurses drew circles with importance as area and difficulty as height for each category that they pinpointed. Data obtained from the interviews was classified focusing on the homogeneity of meaning and categories were named. Circle categories drawn by subjects were classified into clusters corresponding to categories and then quantified. Simple aggregation was conducted and categories were compared using the Friedman Test. 【Results】 The results of analysis of interview contents produced 8 categories. Six clusters were produced for importance and difficulty. Importance clusters were（ in descending order）: purpose of the operation, pain, encouragement concerning the operation, post-operative restrictions, changes in body image after the operation, and poor physical condition after the operation. Difficulty clusters were （in descending order）: purpose of the operation, changes in body image, encouragement concerning the operation, pain, poor physical condition after the operation and post-operative restrictions. There was statistical significance between difficulty clusters in the Friedman Test. 【Discussion】 It is assumed that, even if nurses try to implement psychological preparation with methods and contents that are suitable for children, it is difficult to judge the level of understanding of the child in question. It was suggested that educational materials in order to teach an educational plan that explains medical details in easy-to-understand terms without instilling fear or anxiety in children, in which nurses can select categories depending on the child who is going to receive psychological preparation, is required
A survey of the terminology used for and texture of modified diets for dysphagia in hospitals and elderly care facilities
Get PDF病院や高齢者施設で提供されている食事を2014年5月～8月に新潟県と山形県の病院と高齢者施設679施設にアンケートを実施し、食事形態ごとの名称とかたさの実態を明らかにした。なお、食事名称は、6つの食事形態、(1)普通に調理した食事、(2)素材の形を残し調理した食事、(3)食べやすく小さくカットした食事、(4)なめらかな状態にした食事、(5)とろみ剤などで固めた食事、(6)その他の食事、の食事形態毎に食事の名称を把握し、かたさは、食事形態の(2)～(6)について4段階、①容易に噛める、②歯ぐきでつぶせる、③舌でつぶせる、④噛まなくてよい、で調査した。その結果、235施設から回答を得た（回収率34.8％）。(2)では、名称に「軟菜」を使用し、①のかたさに調整している施設が多く、これは日本摂食嚥下リハビリテーション学会嚥下調整食分類2013のコード4に合致した。(3)では、独自の名称を用いている施設が多く、かたさも①から④と様々であった。(4)では、(2)と同様に学会分類コード2に合致する名称、かたさの施設が多かった。(5)では、独自の名称を用いている施設が多く、かたさは②から④と様々であった。このことから、(3)と(5)では、他に比べてより対象者の嚥下機能に合わせた個別対応の必要性が高く、施設独自の名称をつけ、かたさを調整した食事提供の必要性が高いことが推察された。We conducted a survey of the terms used for and the texture of dysphagia diets used in hospitals and elderly care facilities. A survey of the terms and texture of dysphagia diets in a total of 679 hospitals and elderly care facilities in Niigata and Yamagata prefectures was conducted from May to August 2014. Hospitals and facilities were asked to provide information on names and texture corresponding to the following six forms of dysphagia diets: Form (1), prepared in a normal manner; Form (2), containing solids; Form (3), containing finely diced/cut food; Form (4), mashed or pureed food; Form (5), thickened using a thickening agent; and Form (6), other. A 4-point scale was used to describe food texture: ①, easily masticated; ②, can be mashed with the gums; �③, can be mashed with the tongue; and ④, mastication not required. A total of 235 hospitals and elderly care facilities responded (response rate, 34.8%). Form (2) diet was called “Nansai”(soft food), and the texture was described as easily masticated by most of respondents. This name and texture were consisted the cord 4 in the Society’s 2013. Form (3) diet had the greatest variation in naming and texture. The names for Form (5) diet had varied original names used of hospitals and elderly care facilities. Taken together, the results show that although Form (3) and (5) diets had greater variation in naming and texture than other form diets, suggesting that the preparation of these form of diets varies more widely among hospitals and elderly care facilities
A Discussion on the South China Sea Arbitration by the Permanent Court of Arbitration : PCA Case Nº 2013-19, the Republic of the Philippines v. the People’s Republic of China
Get PDFフィリピンと中国の南シナ海を巡る係争に関し2016年7月12日に常設仲裁裁判所が出した裁定は、中国の南シナ海域内の資源に対し中国が主張する管轄権や歴史的権利を否定したが、同裁定は常設仲裁裁判所が執行機関を持たないことから「強制力」がない。しかしながら、たとえ「強制力」はないとしても裁定は「最終的」かつ「法的拘束力」を持つ。中国は下された裁定に従う意向を見せず、同海域での動きを活発化させている。裁定は力ではなく法に基づく海洋法秩序の維持という観点から、当事国のみならずすべての国・地域が真摯に受け止めるべきものである。国連海洋法条約により組織された常設仲裁裁判所によって出された裁定を尊重しないということは、中国が国連の加盟国として国際社会で法と秩序を守る責任感を欠如していること、また、国連の常任理事国としての失格がないことを認めたのと同義である。日本及び国際社会は、国連という国際社会の秩序の枠組みと法規範に基づいて決定されたことでであっても、強大な軍事力と経済力を持ってすればこれを無視することもできる、といった誤ったメッセージで既成事実(fait accompli)を形成してしまわないよう、裁定に従わない中国に対し、あらゆる場で協調して対応していく責務がある。今次の裁定は、旧約聖書の羊飼いの少年ダビデが巨漢戦士ゴリアテを倒し勝利した寓話を思い起こさせるが、フィリピン及び周辺国・地域をローマ軍を撃破した古代ギリシャのピュロス王の「割に合わない勝利」に終わらせてはならない
Comparison of the Picture Scroll of Hiden Kikugenpou Betsuden-Hachiji and the Illustrations of Kikugenpou Betsuden Catalog Hihachi Catalog
Get PDFオランダ測量術が1641年から1649年に日本に伝わった．江戸幕府(1603-1867)は国絵図作成のためにオランダ流測量術を奨励した．秘伝規矩元法別伝・八事絵巻と規矩元法別伝目録秘八目録図解は，清水貞徳(1645-1717)が確立したオランダ流測量術である．絵巻は題名，著者，年代不明である．目録は盛岡藩家臣簗田義智(義和)が1759年に盛岡藩別家の殿様に献上するために書いた．これら2つは，目録の最初の4ページを除けばほぼ同じ内容であり，どちらが古いか以前から問題となっている．本稿の目的はこれを考察することにある．このため我々は2つの違いを詳細に比較する．その結果「絵巻は目録より古いであろう．目録は殿様用に模写・改良したものである．」という結論を得る．さらに清水太右衛門尉貞徳の説明箇所では，絵巻では門弟は「数千人」とある．この「数千人」は当時の清水流測量術の隆盛を示す貴重な数値である
A Study on Health Conscious and Action of the University Students
Get PDFIt is important that students take a healthy action and are conscious of health.The teacher who takes charge of health education has to guide so that students can practice the theory learned in the class in their life.The purpose of this study is to clarify the method of health education for students.
In order to carry out this survey,a questionnaire was used,which 377 students replied.The main results were as follows:1.Students had been interested in health.2.Being healthy for students,it is important to have a good balanced diet and take exercise.3.Students think that the lack of sleep and stress inhibit are factors that obstruct health.The purpose of the healthy education is that students can provide a self-care for their health