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Advanced biological pretreatment technologies for the deconstruction of agricultural substrates
Get PDFBiofuel has been in use since the very early days of the automotive industry, but recently the use of biofuel, like bioethanol, products are in a market that is working together as no renewable sources of energy are vanishing. Lignocellulosic biomass has an important role to play in biofuel, whether it is new or waste. Agriculture waste is one of the lignocellulosic sources that need to be consumed, and for that, pretreatment is one of the crucial processes. There are several pretreatment processes out there, but the biological method is one of the ways that includes the microbial method of disintegration of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. This method does not do any kind of pollution or keep the environment clean. It has bacteria and fungi that play a role in destroying the cellulosic part of agricultural waste. Microbial fermentation and enzymatic method come under this biological method of pretreatment. Because it is also an environment-friendly process, but it has some drawbacks that pull this method behind. In this chapter, biological methods of pretreatment and their advantage and disadvantage for industrial substrate deconstruction will be discussed. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
A different look at the local government system in Afghanistan
Get PDFSosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kamu Yönetimi Ana Bilim DalıYerel yönetimler halkın yerel ihtiyaçlarını gidermek için kurulmuş yönetim birimleridir. Bu birimler zaman içerisinde içinde bulundukları toplumun sosyo-ekonomik ve siyasi özelliklerine göre şekillenmektedir. Ancak Afganistan'da köklü bir yerel yönetim geçmişi bulunmamaktadır. Kurulumları ve seçimlerin yapılması Anayasal olarak güvence altına alınmış olmasına rağmen halen kurulumları tamamlanmamış ve seçimler yapılmamıştır. Bu kapsamda hazırlanan bu tez ile Afganistan için gerek sosyo-ekonomik şartlarına gerekse içinde bulunduğu siyasi duruma uygun bir yerel yönetim modeli önerilmiştir.Local governments are administrative units established to meet the local needs of the people. These units are shaped over time according to the socio-economic and political characteristics of the society in which they exist. However, Afghanistan does not have a deep-rooted local government history. Although their establishment and elections are constitutionally guaranteed, their establishment has not been completed and elections have not been held. In this context, this thesis proposes a local government model for Afghanistan that is suitable for both its socio-economic conditions and the political situation it is in
Simultaneous deep eutectic solvent based microextraction of Allura Red and Brilliant Blue in violet-purple foodstuffs
Get PDFA vortex-assisted simultaneous deep eutectic solvent based microextraction and spectrophotometric determination method was established for the first time to simultaneously monitor Allura Red and Brilliant Blue in violet-purple foodstuffs. A ternary deep eutectic solvent was created using benzoic acid, tetra butyl ammonium bromide and benzyl alcohol at 1:1:3 mol ratio. The method variables including pH, volume of deep eutectic solvent and vortex time were optimized by Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. The limits of detection were determined to be 25 and 9 mu g/L for Allura Red and Brilliant Blue, respectively. The linear dynamic ranges of the method were obtained between 82 and 12,000 and 29-4200 mu g/L for Allura Red and Brilliant Blue, respectively. Preconcentration factor of the method was obtained as 15. Greenness evaluation was performed using Analytical GREEnness tools. Extraction mechanisms affecting quantitative simultaneous microextraction of the target dyes were explained. The developed method was validated with high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Analyte addition-recovery tests were also applied to confectionery samples to validate the proposed method and determine the dye contents of foodstuffs. Allura Red and Brilliant Blue contents of violet-purple confectioneries were determined between 3.85 and 74.59 and 4.02-26.11 mu g/g concentrations with 94.5-98.6 % and 93.0-101.0 % recoveries, respectively.Unit of Scientific Research Projects of Nigde Omer Halisdemir University [FMT2024/3-BAGEP]This study was financially supported by the Unit of Scientific Research Projects of Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, with project number FMT2024/3-BAGEP. The authors would like to thank Chemist Idris Guvenfor his helpson HPLC analysis
Effects of the nano boron doping and permanent magnet on the magnetic levitation and stiffness performance of Sm1.75Ca(2.20-x)BxCu3.4Oy superconducting ceramics
Get PDFWe have successfully fabricated a series of the SmCaBCuO bulk superconducting ceramics with different ratios of nanoscale Boron doping into mixture powder by the solid-state reaction method. Permanent magnets (PMs) with three different values in the same form were used for magnetic levitation force (MLF) measurements. During measurement of levitation forces between small PMs and bulk high Tc superconducting ceramic materials, significant hysteretic behavior was observed as a function of the distance between the magnet and the superconductor. We focused on the effect of doping and different permanent magnets on magnetic levitation force (MLF) measurements and magnetic stiffness calculations of materials, considering zero field-cooling (ZFC) and field-cooling (FC) conditions. It was seen that MLF decreased with the increase in boron dopant in the sample under ZFC conditions. We explained this result with weak bonds between grain boundaries, cracks and grain size reduction in the samples. Under FC conditions, with the increase of permanent magnet value and nano boron doping, the levitation force, which should be effective, left its place to the attractive force. Flux trapping centers formed by doping dominate the attractive force. The increase in doping caused a decrease in magnetic stiffness values. The increase in the permanent magnet caused an increase in the stiffness values of the material. This result agrees with the literature. The MLF and magnetic stiffness data got will be useful in the technological applications of maglev and carrier systems
Project-based environmental education for middle school students examining the effect on environmental awareness
Get PDFEğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Matematik ve Fen Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı, Fen Bilgisi Eğitimi Bilim DalıBu araştırma, 2022-2023 Eğitim Öğretim yılı bahar döneminde, Niğde ilinde bulunan Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı'na (MEB) bağlı Yıldıztepe Zeynep Erden Ortaokulu'nda yapılmıştır. Araştırmada bu okulda öğrenim gören 36 öğrenci çalışma grubu olarak belirlenmiştir. 8. sınıf öğrencilerinden oluşan çalışma grubunda 8/A sınıfı öğrencilerinin oluşturduğu 16 kişilik deney grubuna, proje tabanlı öğrenme yöntemiyle çevre eğitimi verilmiş, yine aynı sınıf düzeyinde 8/B sınıfı öğrencilerinden oluşan 20 kişilik diğer sınıfa ise geleneksel öğrenme yöntemi ile çevre eğitimi verilmiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda oluşturulan rastgele olmayan daha önceden belirlenmiş gruplardan seçilen, yarı deneysel yönteme göre deney ve kontrol grupları oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma, Bilim Uygulamaları dersinde haftada iki ders saati olmak üzere uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı kırsalda yaşayan öğrencilerin proje tabanlı öğrenme yöntemi ile çevre eğitiminin, süregelen düz anlatım ile çevre eğitimi verilen diğer öğrenciler arasındaki çevre bilgi düzeyleri, çevre duyuş ve çevre davranış düzeyleri arasındaki farklılıkları ölçülmek ve değerlendirmektir. Her iki grupta bulunan öğrencilere çalışma öncesinde ön test uygulanarak, 10 hafta boyunca deney grubunda yer alan öğrencilere farklı çevre konularıyla ilgili proje çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Kontrol grubunda bulunan öğrencilere ise proje çalışmalarının konu başlığını oluşturan çevre konuları düz anlatımla öğrencilere aktarılmıştır. Çalışma tamamlandığında her iki gruptaki öğrencilere son test uygulanarak, proje tabanlı öğrenme ve geleneksel öğretim yöntemiyle çevre eğitimi verilen öğrencilerin çevre bilgi düzeyleri, çevresel duyuş ve çevresel davranışlarındaki değişim ölçülmüştür. Testlerin analizinde SPSS 26 programından yararlanılmış, ilişkili iki ölçüm setine ait puanlar arasındaki farkın istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı olup olmadığını test etmek için Wilcoxon İşaretli Sıralar testi kullanılmıştır. İki ilişkisiz örneklemden elde edilen puanların birbirinden istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir şekilde farklılık gösterip göstermediğini test etmede de Mann Whitney U testi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda çevre bilgi testinde proje tabanlı çevre eğitiminin verildiği deney grubunun, geleneksel öğretim ile çevre eğitimi verilen kontrol grubuna göre test puanlarında artış gözlenmiştir. Çevre duyuş testi analizlerinde her iki grup düzeyinde anlamlı farklılık oluşmamıştır. Çevre davranış testi analizlerinde ise deney grubunda olumlu geri bildirimler alınmış olsada, istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunamamıştır. Çalışma süresi daha geniş tutularak öğrencilerin çevresel duyuş ve çevresel davranış yönünden gelişmelerine imkân verilebilir. Çalışmada nicel ölçme araçları kullanılmıştır. Nitel ölçme araçlarıyla çevresel duyuş ve davranış düzeylerinde daha fazla veri sağlanarak farklı sonuçlar elde edilebilir. Anahtar sözcükler: Proje Tabanlı Yaklaşım, Geleneksel Öğretim, Çevre Eğitimi, Çevre Okuryazarlığı, Çevre Bilinci, Çevresel Duyuş, Çevresel Davranış, Bilim Uygulamaları Dersi, Kırsal Bölge.This study was conducted in the spring term of the 2022-2023 academic year at Yıldıztepe Zeynep Erden Secondary School affiliated to the Ministry of National Education (MoNE) in Niğde province. In the study, 36 students studying at this school were determined as the study group. In the study group consisting of 8th grade students, environmental education was given to the experimental group of 16 students 8/A class with project-based learning method, and environmental education was given to the other class of 20 students 8/B class with traditional learning method. Experimental and control groups were formed according to the quasi-experimental method, selected from non-random, predetermined groups formed for this purpose. The study was implemented in science applications courses for two hours a week. The aim of the study was to measure and evaluate the differences between the environmental knowledge levels, environmental affect and environmental behaviour levels of students living in rural areas and other students who were given environmental education with project-based learning method. A pre-test was administered to the students in both groups before the study and different project studies related to environmental issues were carried out for 10 weeks for the students in the experimental group. The students in the control group were taught the environmental issues, which constituted the subject of the project studies, by lecturing. When the study was completed, a post-test was applied to the students in both groups and the changes in their environmental knowledge levels, environmental affect and environmental behaviours were measured with project-based learning and traditional teaching method. SPSS 26 programme was used in the analysis of the tests and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to test whether the difference between the scores of two related measurement sets was statistically significant. Mann Whitney U test was used to test whether the scores obtained from two unrelated samples differed from each other in a statistically significant way. As a result of the study, an increase was observed in the test scores of the experimental group in which project-based environmental education was given in the environmental knowledge test compared to the control group in which environmental education was given with traditional teaching. There was no significant difference at the level of both groups in the environmental affect test analyses. In the environmental behaviour test analyses, although positive feedbacks were received in the experimental group, no statistically significant difference was found. The duration of the study can be kept wider and students can be given the opportunity to develop in terms of environmental sensitivity and environmental behaviour. Quantitative measurement tools were used in the study. With qualitative measurement tools, different results can be obtained by providing more data at the levels of environmental affect and behaviour. Key words: Project Based Approach, Traditional Teaching, Environmental Education, Environmental Education, Environmental Literacy, Environmental Awareness, Environmental Affect, Environmental Behaviour, Science Applications Course, Rural Area
Coenzyme Q10 and Vitamin E Regulate the Bioactivity of Human Corneal Fibroblast Cells
Get PDFPurpose: Corneal fibroblasts are involved in the wound healing of the cornea with proliferation, migration, and differentiation processes. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and vitamin E can enhance corneal wound healing when applied after a corneal lesion as an eye drop. Thus, this study was performed to determine the potential efficiency of a CoQ10 ophthalmical solution containing a CoQ10 and vitamin E D-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)-derived formulation in human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) in vitro.Methods: Primary HCFs were obtained from cadaveric corneal tissue, and cell viability was determined using MTT assay at 24 and 72 h. Cell migration was evaluated using an in vitro wound healing assay, and mRNA expressions of collagen type I (COL-I), collagen type III (COL-III), lumican, hyaluronan, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were assessed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction at 24 and 72 h.Results: At various concentrations of CoQ10 ophthalmical solution (CoQ10-os), cell viability and wound healing rates of HCFs increased compared with the control group. The expressions of COL-I, COL-III, lumican, and hyaluronan were increased by CoQ10-os, whereas those of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 were not affected by CoQ10-os at 24 and 72 h. In treating HCFs with a CoQ10-os medium, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8 decreased, whereas IL-10 was significantly increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner.Conclusions: The findings indicate that CoQ10 and vitamin E-TPGS are potent regulators of the bioactivity of HCFs, thus supporting their potential application as ophthalmical solutions in therapies aimed at the fast regeneration of damaged cornea tissues
Assessing Accessible Open and Green Areas for Emergency Gathering and Temporary Shelter: The Case of Lefkoşa, TRNC
Get PDFThis study focuses on the potential of accessible open and green areas (OGAs) to serve as gathering spaces and temporary shelters during emergency response to disasters such as flood, earthquake, storm, terrorism, battle, etc. Specifically, the city of Lefkoşa in Northern Cyprus (TRNC) is studied in this context. A systematically constructed approach is employed, starting with the identification of the Dense Urban Core (DUC) within an 800 m access zone of OGAs and with a population density of more than 260 ha based on the Lefkoşa Urban Development Plan (LUDP). The study then determines the OGA requirements for gathering and temporary shelters during and after disasters, based on the floor area ratio, maximum building footprint ratio and projected population density given by LUDP. As a result of the study, the OGA requirements within the scope of the DUC were calculated to be minimum of 92 ha for gathering places, and minimum of 687 ha for temporary shelters. In this context, the city's disaster resilience index of the city is determined respectively to be 0.46 and 0.10. It is expected that this study will contribute to the integration of urban OGA development plans with disaster management efforts
Aroma profiles of shalgam: Effect of purple carrot (Daucus carota) amount
Get PDFShalgam is a fermented product characterized by its color and aroma compounds. However, there is no standard regarding the amount of use of purple carrot, which is the major raw material in production and affects the fermentation and aroma compounds of the product. This present research was designed to examine the effect of purple carrot concentrations on aroma compounds, which are one of the most important characteristics that reflect the quality characteristics of shalgam and affect consumer preferences. Aroma compounds in shalgam juices produced using five different amounts of carrots were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector-mass spectrometry (GC-FID-MS). As expected, since the difference between the produced shalgam beverages was only the amount of purple carrots, a qualitative similarity and a quantitative difference were determined in the aroma profiles in general. In the aroma categories defined, terpenes (26 compounds) were the most abundant compounds, followed by esters (17 compounds) and higher alcohols (11 compounds). 88 aroma compounds have been identified in shalgam, and a total of 28 ACs, including 7 terpenes, 7 esters, 3 alcohols, 4 volatile acids, 3 volatile phenols, 1 lactone, 1 norisoprenoid, and 2 naphthalenes, were detected for the first time. The concentration of aromas in the samples varied from 5471.5 to 6490.1 mu g/L (p < .05). According to principal component analysis, it was determined that the correlation between the position of the shalgam samples in the coordinate system and the aroma groups was significant. This study shows that purple carrots also affect the aroma compounds of shalgam beverages.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBIdot;TAK)The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUB & Idot;TAK
Chitosan films tailored with deep eutectic solvent extracts from Hibiscus sabdariffa: Fabrication and characterization
Get PDFNatural polymers are the most promising alternatives to petroleum-based plastics for developing biodegradable food packaging films. However, the brittleness and lack of active protection of films from most natural polymers pose a challenge to their practical application. The addition of plasticizers and natural extracts to these films is considered an effective solution to address these issues. In this study, the potential for the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and DES extracts derived from Hibiscus sabdariffa in the production of chitosan films and their effects on their mechanical and antioxidant properties were examined. Initially, the extraction efficacy of DESs composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and various carboxylic acids (citric, lactic, tartaric, and oxalic acids) was evaluated in terms of phenolic and anthocyanin contents along with antioxidant activities. Optimal results were achieved with the utilization of ChCl-oxalic acid as the extraction medium. Subsequently, chitosan films were fabricated by introducing DESs and DES extracts as plasticizers and compared with glycerol-plasticized chitosan films. The incorporation of DESs and DES extracts into the film matrix led to a notable reduction (11.78–14.82%) in moisture content compared with glycerol (25.34%). Notably, using ChCl-tartaric acid improved the tensile strength, while ChCl-citric acid enhanced the film flexibility. Films containing ChCl-tartaric acid demonstrated exceptional light barrier properties. SEM analysis revealed an interaction between chitosan and DESs, which was further corroborated by FTIR and XRD. Additionally, DES extracts provided superior antioxidant activity to the films than their pure DESs. These findings suggest a significant potential for DES extracts from Hibiscus sabdariffa as bioactive agents and plasticizers in chitosan films. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTAK, (2209–A
Effective and selective Type V deep eutectic solvent based microextraction of E127 in foodstuffs and drugs
Get PDFThe effective and selective deep eutectic solvent (DES) based microextraction method was developed for the first time, using new generation Type V DES for the separation and determination of E127 (erythrosine) in foodstuffs and drugs. Dicyclohexylamine and diphenylamine were mixed at 1:5 mol ratio to create the DES. The essential parameters (pH, DES volume and vortex time) were optimized using Box-Behnken Design of Response Surface Methodology. The quadratic microextraction approach was favorable chemometric model design (R2=0.9945) for the method. The limits of detection and quantitation were determined to be 23 and 78 mu g/L, respectively. E127 was enriched to be thirty-fold at the optimum conditions. The concentrations of E127, ranging between 0.078 and 4.0 mu g/mL, were linearly determined using the equation A=62.114 C+3.8 (R2=0.9989). The interference effect of ions and dyes was investigated in detail. The relative standard deviation was lower than 6 % throughout the experiments. Analyte addition-recovery tests were applied to the real samples for determination of their E127 concentrations. The method was validated by calculating microextraction recoveries obtained from spiked tests. E127 contents of foodstuffs and drugs were determined between 8.8 and 42.4 mu g/g, with recovery values ranging from 94 % to 102 %. AGREEmethod and AGREEprep tools were used to define environmentally friendly index of the method