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Cormorant Fisher Breeding Techniques and Motivation for Reproductive Intervention : A Case Study of Artificial Breeding Techniques Maintained by Cormorant Fishers on Erhai Lake, Yunnan Province, China
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Risk of Decompression Sickness and Dive Computer : Enlargement of Body Sensation and Physical Ability and Risk Perception among Recreational Divers
Get PDF観光ダイビングは，近年マリン・レジャーとして人気が高まり，世界中に多
数の愛好者がいる。海棲生物との出会いや海中での浮遊感を楽しむダイビング
は，熱帯域のビーチリゾートでの観光活動の定番の一つとなっている。
しかしその一方で，人間が呼吸することができない水中に長時間とどまるこ
とから，スクーバ・ダイビングは本質的に危険な活動である。スクーバ・ダイ
ビングは，窒息死を始めとする，様々な身体的リスクの源泉でもある。
本稿は，観光ダイビングを，かつては人間が滞在することの能わなかった水
中という異世界へと進出する活動として捉える。観光ダイビングの実践におい
ては，水中での人間の身体能力の限界を補うために，多様なテクノロジーを活
用して事実上の身体能力の増強がなされている。本稿は，そうした各種テクノ
ロジーのなかでもとりわけ，水中滞在時間と深度を計測して減圧症リスクを計
算する技術／機器としてのダイブ・コンピュータに着目して，その導入と普及
によって成立しているダイバーにおける独特なリスク認知の様相を，明らかに
する。Recreational diving has become an extremely popular form of marine
leisure. Although it is estimated that there are more than a million worldwide,
the global market for scuba diving has continued to grow. Diving shops can
be found at every popular tropical beach resort. Watching tropical fish in the
sea or simply floating underwater is a typical pleasure of recreational diving.
Because it requires that human beings remain underwater for long periods,
scuba diving is also an inherently dangerous activity. Scuba equipment
and a sufficient supply of compressed air during diving enable divers to
breathe comfortably underwater for more than an hour. Nevertheless, using
such equipment can pose various hazards including fatal accidents related to
pressure changes or drowning.
This paper presents consideration of recreational diving as an activity to
advance into underwater worlds that humans cannot inhabit. Because the
human body is not well adapted to underwater environments, various technologies
must be used to augment or extend basic human physical abilities
such as breathing, watching, and swimming. This study specifically examines
one such technology: the dive computer that a diver uses to measure the time
and depth of a dive to avoid decompression sickness. This paper describes
how the diffusion of dive computers has changed recreational divers’ risk
perception related to decompression sickness.departmental bulletin pape
Spread of Chinese Food Culture along the Southern Silk Road in the Pre-Qin Period, Han, and Jin Dynasties
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Functions of Mouthing in the Interrogatives of Chinese Sign Language
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Interactions between Manual and Automated Labor in Factory Production
Get PDF本稿では，労働生産の文脈で手作業と機械がどのような関係性を取り持つの
かを技術論・組織論の観点から明らかにすることを目的とする。技術史家の中
岡哲郎の理論的枠組みに沿うならば，手作業と機械の関係性のあり方は，工場
が一つの組織として成り立つ過程の中で定まっていく。日本の青森県に立地す
る食品加工工場と機械加工工場でのフィールド調査をもとに，機械化が進む際
の手作業と機械の新たな役割，ならびに分業を検討した。そこでは，“手作業
の復権” とも呼べるような手作業の役割の強化が見出される一方，機械にシン
ボルとしての役割が付されていた。加えて，工程を制御するための知的熟練に
も限界があることを事例の中から提起した。こうした手作業と機械の関係性
は，生産の流動化と高付加価値化といった外部環境に対応する過程の中で形成
されてきたと考えられる。総合考察では，以上の身体－機械関係性の議論が現
代の自動化問題に対して持つ含意について論じた。This study clarifies the relation between manual and automated work in
the context of labor production from the perspectives of technology and organization
studies. According to the theoretical framework developed by
Nakaoka, a technology historian, the relation between manual and automated
work is configured as a process by which the factory, as a single organization,
develops its practices of manual and automated work. Based on a field survey
of food-processing factories and machining shops in Aomori Prefecture,
Japan, the author examined the complicated relation between manual and
automated work in the mechanization process to elucidate the new roles of
manual labor and machine. The practice of factory production reinforces the
importance of manual work, at least at the discourse level, which is designated
as the “revival of manual work,” whereas the body of the machine is
assigned a new symbolic role. Additionally, we referred to difficulties in abilities
of process control. Characteristics of the relation between manual and
machinery work seem to reflect the dynamics of modern factories related to
their adaptation to the external market environment characterized as high
added value and fluidization of production. The concluding part of the report
presents an examination of how such a theoretical framework is useful to
analyze the coming age of automation.departmental bulletin pape
