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Preliminaries to the Historical Study of Icelandic Stress -- Based on Philological and Descriptive Researches --
Get PDFIn Icelandic, the primary stress as a rule falls on the first or left-most syllable of a word; any information on parts of speech, origins (i.e. native words/loanwords), the number of syllables, and (internal) structures (i.e. simplex/compounds) of a word is of no relevance. Although tremendous number of historical studies have been made on Icelandic, almost no academic attention has been paid to diachronic aspects of accent. The aim of this paper is thus to shed light on the historical development of Icelandic accent from the Early Middle Ages, and to reveal what sort of accentual system the language formerly had and several synchronic mechanisms behind the historical development, based on data both collected from written materials and elicited through field researches. The findings of the present study are as follows:
a. Old Icelandic had a single-pattern stress accent system; the primary stress falls on the first syllable of a word. The arguments are:
(i) No mention nor linguistic description was made on the stress system in Old Icelandic grammar,its commentaries/manuals, and comprehensive introductions.
(ii) No non-initial stress patterns were found in Old Icelandic poetry.
b. Modern Icelandic inherited and retains the stress accent system of Old Icelandic. The arguments are:
(i) The single-pattern system is the result of convergence.
(ii) The motive for the convergence is to produce a more unmarked and economical system.
(iii) For a morphological reason, assigning the primary stress on the ultimate syllable is avoided.journal articl
Hierarchical Cluster and Region of Interest Analyses Based on Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Human Brain Tumours
Get PDFapplication/pdfImaging mass spectrometry (IMS) has been rarely used to examine specimens of human brain tumours. In the current study, high quality brain tumour samples were selected by tissue observation. Further, IMS analysis was combined with a new hierarchical cluster analysis (IMS-HCA) and region of interest analysis (IMS-ROI). IMS-HCA was successful in creating groups consisting of similar signal distribution images of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and related multiple proteins in primary brain tumours. This clustering data suggested the relation of GFAP and these identified proteins in the brain tumorigenesis. Also, high levels of histone proteins, haemoglobin subunit α, tubulins, and GFAP were identified in a metastatic brain tumour using IMS-ROI. Our results show that IMS-HCA and IMS-ROI are promising techniques for identifying biomarkers using brain tumour samples.journal articl
Real-Time 3D Imaging and Inhibition Analysis of Various Amyloid Aggregations Using Quantum Dots
Get PDFapplication/pdfAmyloidosis refers to aggregates of protein that accumulate and are deposited as amyloid fibrils into plaques. When these are detected in organs, they are the main hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other related diseases. Recent medical advances have shown that many precursors and proteins can induce amyloidosis even though the mechanism of amyloid aggregation and the relationship of these proteins to amyloidosis remains mostly unclear. In this study, we report the real-time 3D-imaging and inhibition analysis of amyloid B (AB ), tau, and a-synuclein aggregation utilizing the a nity between quantum dots (QD) and amyloid aggregates. We successfully visualized these amyloid aggregations in real-time using fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy simply by adding commercially available QD. The observation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that QD particles bound to all amyloid fibrils. The 3D-imaging with QD revealed di erences between amyloid aggregates composed of di erent amyloid peptides that could not be detected by TEM.We were also able to quantify the inhibition activities of these proteins by rosmarinic acid, which has high activity for AB aggregation, from fluorescence micrographs as half-maximal e ective concentrations. These imaging techniques with QD serve as quick, easy, and powerful tools to understand amyloidosis and to discover drugs for therapies.journal articl
Evaluation of Mechanical and Shrinkage Behavior of Cold-weather Cementitious Mortars Mixed with Nitrite-Nitrate Based Accelerator
Get PDFapplication/pdfRecently, calcium nitrite (Ca(NO2)2) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) have been increasingly used as the main components of salt- and alkali-free anti-freezing agents, for promoting concrete hydration in cold-weather concreting. With an increase in the amount of nitrite-based accelerator, the hydration of C3A, C3S, and βC2S in the cement is accelerated, thereby improving its early strength and effectively preventing the initial frost damage. Meanwhile, with an increase in the amount of nitrite-based accelerator, the expansion and shrinkage of the concrete—and, therefore, the crack occurrence—are expected to increase. In this study, various experiments were conducted on shrinkage, crack initiation, and the development of mortar containing a considerable amount of a nitrite-based accelerator. The result confirmed that, as the amount of nitrite-based accelerator was increased, the shrinkage was increased, and cracking in early age was more likely to occur, compared to the cases without the addition of this accelerator.journal articl
Enabling Computational Intelligence for Green Internet of Things: Data-Driven Adaptation in LPWA Networking
Get PDFapplication/pdfWith the exponential expansion of the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, many state-of-the-art communication technologies are being developed to use the lowerpower but extensively deployed devices. Due to the limits of pure channel characteristics, most protocols cannot allow an IoT network to be simultaneously large-scale and energy-efficient, especially in hybrid architectures. However, different from the original intention to pursue faster and broader connectivity, the daily operation of IoT devices only requires stable and low-cost links. Thus, our design goal is to develop a comprehensive solution for intelligent green IoT networking to satisfy the modern requirements through a data-driven mechanism, so that the IoT networks use computational intelligence to realize self-regulation of composition, size minimization, and throughput optimization. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to use the green protocols of LoRa and ZigBee to establish an ad hoc network and solve the problem of energy efficiency. First, we propose a unique initialization mechanism that automatically schedules node clustering and throughput optimization. Then, each device executes a procedure to manage its own energy consumption to optimize switching in and out of sleep mode, which relies on AI-controlled service usage habit prediction to learn the future usage trend. Finally, our new theory is corroborated through real-world deployment and numerical comparisons. We believe that our new type of network organization and control system could improve the performance of all green-oriented IoT services and even change human lifestyle habits.journal articl
クロオオアリの感覚子に発現する「化学感覚タンパク質」の構造と化学分子結合特性
Get PDF室蘭工業大学Muroran Institute of Technology博士（工学）application/pdfアリやミツバチなどの社会性昆虫では、その社会を維持するために個体間の情報交換が重要な働きをしている。その様な情報交換は化学物質を介して行われ、同種間の情報交換を担う化学物質はフェロモンと呼ばれる。クロオオアリ（Camponotus japonicus）は体表をおおう種固有のクチクラ炭化水素（CHC）をフェロモンとして利用し、そのコロニー固有の混合パターンを錘状触角感覚子（S. basiconica）を使用して感知し、巣仲間かどうかを判別し、巣仲間以外を排除する行動をとる。錘状触角感覚子の内部は、感覚神経リンパで満たされ、疎水性のCHCは化学感覚タンパク質（CSP）に結合して、神経細胞受容体まで輸送されると考えられている。クロオオアリ触角のRNA解析によって12種のCSPが発現していることがわかったが、本研究では、CHCの受容に必須であるCjapCSP1と、それと同様に働きアリの触角に多く発現し、CjapCSP1と同⼀細胞で共発現しているCjapCSP13に注目して研究した。まず、CjapCSP1がCHCを結合し、運搬したのち、どの様にして神経細胞受容体にCHCを「渡す」のかについて調べた。この機構として、カイコガの運搬タンパク質では、pH変化によってタンパク質の構造が変化し、結合しているフェロモンを解離するという機構が提唱されている。そこで、CjapCSP1のpH4.0および7.0での円二色性（CD）およびX線溶液散乱を測定した。その結果、CD測定から二次構造の違いは見られないが、X線溶液散乱の結果から、pH7.0よりもpH4.0で回転半径（Rg）が5.3％（0.74Å増加）大きくなることがわかった。次に、CjapCSP1とCjapCSP13との関わりについて調べた。各タンパク質に特徴的な配列をもつペプチドを合成し、それを抗原として、特異的な抗血清を作成した。クロオオアリの触角、足、顎からの抽出物と、発現精製したCjapCSP1とCjapCSP13を用いたウエスタンブロット法により、抗体の特異性を確かめ、両タンパク質が触角にあることを確かめた。さらに、これらの特異的抗体を用いた蛍光免疫組織化学により、CjapCSP1とCjapCSP13が触角にあるが、タンパク質の存在場所が異なることを明らかにした。最後に、クロオオアリCHCの一種である (z)-9-tricoseneや他の３種類の化学物質への結合特性を調べた。両タンパク質ともに (z)-9-tricoseneに結合したが、CjapCSP13はCjapCSP1よりも強く結合し、また他の３種類の化学物質に対し異なる結合特性を示した。以上の結果より、CjapCSP1とCjapCSP13は触角の同じ細胞で生合成されるが、局在と結合特性の違いにより、CHC受容・運搬において異なる働きをしていることが示唆された。Social insects depend on complex communication systems to maintain their societies, in which individuals may exchange information through pheromones. Ants are one such example of social insects. In many species of ants, even if they are conspecific, nestmates are clearly able to distinguish non-nestmates, which they subsequently reject. This is accomplished with cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) blends on the ant body that are used in social pheromone nestmate recognition. The Japanese carpenter ant Camponotus japonicus uses basiconic antennal sensilla (s. basiconica) to sense colony-specific blends of species-specific CHCs, which are hydrophobic. Basiconic antennal sensilla are only observed in females and are filled with sensillar lymph. Chemosensory proteins have been shown to be major proteins that are expressed in ant antenna and are thus expected to transport CHCs to the receptor membranes of olfactory neurons. Twelve CSPs were found from the analysis of RNA expression in C. japonicus antennae. In particular, CSP1 in C. japonicus (CjapCSP1) was found to be highly expressed and has been shown to bind to 18 C. japonicus-specific CHCs. We investigated whether CSP1 represents pH-dependent changes in structure and/or ligand-affinity. In addition, we studied CjapCSP13. Both CjapCSP1 and CjapCSP13 are abundantly expressed in worker ant antennae and are coexpressed in some chemosensilla. To understand the functions of CjapCSP1 and CjapCSP13 based on their structures and their structural changes in the solution, X-ray solution scattering measurements, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) were performed. The molecular basis of CSP1 function was evaluated from its structure in solution by CD and X-ray solution scattering measurements at pH 4.0 and 7.0. Although the secondary structure did not vary, the gyration radius (Rg) was found to be 5.3% larger (0.74 Å increase) at pH 4.0 than at pH 7.0. The dissociation constant (Kd) of a fluorescent probe, 1-N-phenylnaphtylamine, for CjapCSP1 was larger at pH 4.0 than at pH 7.0, suggesting that this structural change could trigger ligand dissociation at acidic pH. In contrast to the CSP1, the Rg of CjapCSP13 was slightly smaller at pH 4.0 than at pH 7.0. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry with specific antiserums revealed that both CjapCSP1 and CjapCSP13 were detected in antenna, but differed in location. The binding characteristics to four kinds of compounds, including the ant CHCs (z)-9-tricosene, were also examined. Although both CjapCSP1 and CjapCSP13 bound to (z)-9tricosene, CjapCSP13 bound more strongly than CjapCSP1 and showed different binding properties. CjapCSP1 and CjapCSP13 are synthesized in the same cell of the antenna, but they function differently in the CHC reception due to differences in their localization and binding characteristics.doctoral thesi
Mg−X二元系新規化合物の高圧合成とその水素化特性 (X= Co, Zn, Y)
Get PDF室蘭工業大学Muroran Institute of Technology博士（工学）application/pdfMgは、その水素吸蔵量は7.6 mass% Hと大きく、軽量な水素貯蔵材料として期待されている。一方で、応用上、常温より高い水素吸放出温度が大きな課題であり、Mgを基とした新規化合物や材料の探索が精力的に進められている。本研究では、新規化合物の探索に高圧合成法に注目した。Mgは、原子サイズの圧縮率が比較的大きく、例えばMg − X系においてGPaオーダーの高圧の効果によって構成元素の原子半径比が大きく変化することが期待され、常圧にない化合物が合成される可能性は大きい。本研究では、Mg − X二元系（X = Co, Zn, Y）において高圧合成法により新規化合物を探索し、その結晶構造、熱安定性、水素吸蔵放出特性について調査することを目的とした。Mg − Co系において、圧力5 GPa以上で、常圧下の状態図にはない新規化合物Mg44Co7が合成された。このMg44Co7は約390 °CでMgとMgCoに分解し、一方で、300 − 350 °C、8 MPaの水素雰囲気下ではMgH2、Mg6Co2H11、Mg2CoH5に不均化反応し、4.2 mass% Hの水素吸蔵を示した。Coと同族のMg − Rh系において、Mg44Rh7は常圧下で安定相である。高圧の効果によってMgとCoの原子半径比を変化させ、Mg44Co7が合成されると分かった。Mg − Zn系において、新規化合物は得られなかった。しかしながら、常圧下と比較しMgへのZnの固溶度が、2.4 at%から10 at%と顕著に増加することが確認された。このMg − 10 at%Zn固溶体は、100 °Cで Mg − x at% Zn とMg21Zn25に分解し、一方で、300 °C、5 MPaの水素雰囲気下で水素化反応を伴い(Mg − x at% Zn)H2とMg21Zn25に分解した。この水素化物は純MgH2に比べ低い約390 °Cから水素放出した。Mg − Y系において、2 GPa以上の合成圧力により新規化合物Mg3Yが得られた。このMg3Yは、約315 °CでMg24Y5とMg2Yに分解し、一方で200 °C、8 MPaの水素雰囲気下でMgH2、YH3に不均化分解し、Mg3Yの水素吸蔵量は3.51 mass% Hであった。Yを除くほとんどの希土類元素においてMg3REは常圧下で安定相である。この結晶構造の安定性は、MgとREの原子半径比、並びにREの結晶構造によって整理できるということが分かった。新しい水素貯蔵材料を得る目的で高圧合成法によってMg − X二元系において、新規化合物を探索した結果、Mg − Co系、Mg − Y系において、新規化合物の高圧合成に成功した。またMg − Zn系においては、高圧の効果によってMg相へのZn固溶量を増大させ、水素放出温度が低温化することが分かった。Mg and Mg-based compounds are promising for using as hydrogen storage materials because of their high gravimetric hydrogen capacity and hydrogen storage reversibility. Exploration of novel Mg-based alloys is an approach to overcome the drawbacks of Mg which are sluggish kinetics and high thermal stability. High-pressure synthesis has attracted attention to synthesize novel Mg-based materials due to drastic change in atomic volume of Mg. In this thesis, novel Mg-based binary compounds in Mg – Co, Mg – Zn and Mg – Y systems were explored. The crystal structure, thermal stability and hydrogenation properties of the novel Mg-based compounds were investigated. In the Mg – Co system, a novel compound Mg44Co7 was obtained at pressure above 5 GPa. The Mg44Co7 decomposed into Mg and MgCo phases at approximately 390 °C with an exothermic reaction. The Mg44Co7 disproportionated into MgH2, Mg6Co2H11 and Mg2CoH5 at 300 – 350 °C and 8 MPa of H2. The hydrogen desorption temperature was observed at 337 °C. The hydrogen content of hydrogenated Mg44Co7 was 4.2 mass%. In the Mg – Zn system, a novel Mg – Zn compound was not obtained in this study. However, the solid solubility of Zn in Mg was increased from 2.4 at% Zn (ambient pressure) to 10 at% Zn (6 GPa). The synthesized solid-solution Mg – 10at%Zn decomposed into Mg – x at% Zn and Mg21Zn25 phases at a temperature in the range of 100 – 150 °C under an Ar flow. The Mg – 10 at% Zn disproportionated into (Mg – x at% Zn)H2 and Mg21Zn25 at 300 °C and 5 MPa of H2. The substitution of Zn in MgH2 has a beneficial effect on the decrease in thermal stability of MgH2. In the Mg – Y system, a novel compound Mg3Y was obtained at synthesis pressure above 2 GPa. The Mg3Y decomposed into Mg24Y5 and Mg2Y at approximately 315 °C with an endothermic reaction. The Mg3Y disproportionated into ambient-pressure and high-pressure phases of both MgH2 and YH3 at 200 °C and 8 MPa of H2. The hydrogen desorption temperature was observed at 350 °C. The hydrogen content of hydrogenated Mg3Y was 3.51 mass%. The novel Mg – Co and Mg – Y compounds, and the expansion of solid solubility of Zn in Mg were obtained by the effect of pressure. These newly found compounds have been synthesized due to the effect of pressure on the adjusting atomic radius ratios of Mg and those elements, the electron configurations and electronegativities of the constituent elements.
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Numerals in Paran Seediq and Related Expressions
Get PDF本稿では、現代におけるセデック語パラン方言の数詞とその関連表現について、1920年の調査による先行研究Asai(1953)との比較も交えながら記述する。まず数詞の形式から始まり、類別詞的表現との共起、日数表現、「今日」を中心にした日の表現と数詞、回数表現、分配表現、共同作業の表現、人数表現などを議論する。journal articl
Notes on the Prosody of the Vocative in Icelandic
Get PDFThis paper aims at revealing several prosodic aspects of personal names and kinship terms used in addressing a person. The morphology of Icelandic does not have separate forms for the vocative case, and personal names and kinship terms are prosodically marked by the following means when used to address someone:
i) keep pitch-range (pitch-span) higher.
ii) make the third syllable from the left edge audibly salient by assigning a high-level or falling tone and/or lengthening the vowel; the ultimate syllable will be made prominent instead when personal names and kinship terms are mono- or bisyllabic.
iii) [optional] lengthen the vowel in the ultimate syllable if it is not prosodically marked.
There are still some cases which the present study cannot provide clear explanation for, and the author also points out remaining methodological and theoretical issues to be solved to support and improve the present study.journal articl
Impact-Resistant Behavior of Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Porosity-Free Concrete Beam
Get PDFapplication/pdfPorosity-free concrete (PFC) is a newly developed ultra-high-strength concrete with a compressive strength of 400 MPa. PFC reduces the weight of bridge superstructures, protects against collisions with flying objects, increases seismic-resistant capacity, and improves long-term durability. At present, basic material properties of PFC, such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and tensile toughness have been revealed. However, impact resistance has not been examined. In this study, in order to investigate the impact-resistant behavior of steel-fiber-reinforced PFC, falling-weight impact-loading tests were conducted on a PFC beam, considering the mixing ratio of steel fiber and the height of falling-weight as variables. To investigate the effects of compressive strength on the impact-resistant behavior of the concrete beam, tests using high-strength concrete (HC) with a compressive strength of 100 MPa were also conducted as general high-strength concrete. From this experimental study, the following results were obtained: 1) impact resistance capacity of the PFC beam can be more drastically improved by mixing 2 vol.% of steel fiber compared to the HC beam; 2) bonding resistance between PFC and steel fiber could play an important role in upgrading the impact resistance. PFC mixed with 2 vol.% steel fiber could be used as an effective reinforcement material for impact protection structures.journal articl