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Philosophie und Interdisziplinarität der Toleranz
Get PDFDieses Kapitel befasst sich mit dem philosophischen Teilprojekt ›Reflecting on Tolerance‹. Zunächst wird die interdisziplinäre philosophische Methodologie, die dem Ansatz des Teilprojekts zugrunde liegt, unter Bezugnahme auf Thomas Kuhns Konzepte des Paradigmas und der disziplinären Matrix sowie auf das Konzept der kulturellen Ressourcen der Toleranz beschrieben. Anschließend werden einige erste Überlegungen zum Thema Toleranz in interdisziplinären Kontexten unter Bezugnahme auf andere Teilprojekte der Forschungsgruppe diskutiert. Das Kapitel ebnet den Weg für künftige Forschungen, in denen die möglichen Konvergenzen und Kontraste zwischen dem respektbasierten Toleranzkonzept einerseits und den kulturellen Ressourcen, die historische Akteure in verschiedenen historischen Kontexten zum Tragen bringen, andererseits untersucht werden. Auf diese Weise ist die Hoffnung, unser kollektives Verständnis der Anforderungen des auf Respekt basierenden Toleranzkonzepts zu vertiefen, aber auch seine potenzielle Flexibilität in Bezug auf die Anwendung in verschiedenen historischen und zeitgenössischen Kontexten erkunden zu können.This article discusses the philosophical subproject ›Reflecting on Tolerance‹. First, the interdisciplinary philosophical methodology underlying the subproject‘s approach is described with reference to Thomas Kuhn‘s concepts of paradigm and disciplinary matrix as well as with reference to the concept of cultural resources of tolerance. Then, some preliminary reflections on the topic of tolerance in interdisciplinary contexts are discussed with reference to other subprojects in the research unit. The article paves way for future research in which we explore the possible convergence and contrasts between, on the one hand, the respect-based conception of tolerance and, on the other hand, the cultural resources that historical actors bring to bear in diverse historical contexts. In this manner we hope to deepen our collective understanding of the demands of the respect-based tolerance concept but also explore its potential flexibility as regards the application in diverse historical and contemporary contexts
Der Einfluss von drei unterschiedlichen Applikationsmethoden eines biokeramischen Sealers auf die Qualität von Wurzelkanalfüllungen an 3D gedruckten Zähnen
Get PDFZiel dieser Studie war die Untersuchung des Einflusses von drei unterschiedlichen Applikationsmethoden eines biokeramischen Sealers auf das Auftreten von Hohlräumen in der Wurzelkanalfüllung. Als standardisierte Prüfkörper der Studie dienten dreidimensional gedruckte Zahnwurzeln. Hierfür wurden zuvor Echtzahnwurzeln maschinell bis zu den ISO-Größen 035 und 045 aufbereitet und eingescannt. Insgesamt wurden 108 Prüfkörper eingesetzt. Die untersuchten Applikationstechniken waren eine schallaktivierbare Polyamidspitze, eine Applikationsspritze und eine rotierende Lentulo-Spirale. Nach der Applikation des biokeramischen Sealers mit der entsprechenden Methode wurden die Wurzelkanäle im Sinne der Einstiftfülltechnik obturiert. Schließlich wurden die Prüfkörpe mittels Mikro-CT eingescannt und digital ausgewertet. Als statistische Tests dienten eine einfaktorielle Varianzanalyse (ANOVA) sowie ein multipler Vergleichstest (Tukey-post-hoc Test). Sowohl die schallaktivierbare Spitze als auch die Spritze und die Lentulo-Spirale eigneten sich für die Applikation des Sealers in den Wurzelkanal. Zwischen den drei Methoden fanden sich keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede. Darüber hinaus hatte die Wahl der Frontzahn-, der Prämolaren- und der palatinalen Molarenwurzel keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Auftreten von Hohlräumen in den Wurzelkanalfüllungen. Die standardisierten, dreidimensional gedruckten Prüfkörper ermöglichten eine ideale Vergleichbarkeit der Methoden. Allerdings sollten die Ergebnisse dieser Studie aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Materialeigenschaften des Kunstharzes im Vergleich zum Kanalwanddentin von Echtzähnen klinisch bestätigt werden
Der Effekt von oxidiertem Low Density Lipoprotein im Vergleich zu Zytokin-induzierter Inflammation auf die Differenzierungseigenschaften von humanen gingivalen mesenchymalen Stammzellen
Get PDFOxidiertes Low-Density-Lipoprotein (oxLDL) spielt eine wichtige Rolle im Verlauf metabolischer Entzündungskrankheiten. OxLDL lässt sich unter anderem im Speichel nachweisen, was auf einen möglichen Zusammenhang zwischen oxLDL-induzierten Entzündungen und einer Parodontitis hindeutet. In der aktuellen Untersuchung wurden erstmals die direkten Auswirkungen von oxLDL und einem Zytokin-Gemisch aus IL-1ß/TNF-ɑ/INF-γ auf die Eigenschaften von gingivalen mesenchymalen Stammzellen (G-MSCs) verglichen. Menschliche G-MSCs wurden über 7 Tage in drei Gruppen stimuliert: Kontrollgruppe, Zytokin-Gruppe oder oxLDL-Gruppe. Die Stammzellgenexpression (NANOG/SOX2/OCT4A), Zellproliferation, Koloniebildung und ein multilineares Potenzial wurden untersucht. G-MSCs wiesen als Ergebnis alle Merkmale mesenchymaler Stammzellen auf. Nach einer anfänglichen Verstärkung der Zellproliferation durch Entzündungsreize bis zu 5 Tagen waren die Zellzahlen im Verlauf über 14 Tage in der Kontrollgruppe am höchsten, gefolgt von der Zytokin-Gruppe und signifikant niedriger in der oxLDL-Gruppe. Die osteogene Differenzierung war in der Zytokin-Gruppe signifikant niedriger im Vergleich zu oxLDL, während bei der chondrogenen und adipogenen Differenzierung diskrete Unterschiede festzustellen waren. Innerhalb der Grenzen der aktuellen Untersuchung scheinen G-MSCs im Gegensatz zu zytokinvermittelten Entzündungen anders auf oxLDL-vermittelte metabolische Entzündungen zu reagieren, mit geringeren negativen Auswirkungen auf ihre Differenzierungsmerkmale und einer jedoch signifikant reduzierten Zellproliferation
Tracing the Neovolcanic zone along the sediment-covered regions of the Red Sea Rift
Get PDFThe Red Sea Rift is an ultra-slow spreading rift filled with Miocene salt and younger sediments. While volcanic features can be observed in exposed areas in the southern Red Sea Rift, evidence of volcanism in the sediment-blanketed regions in the central and northern Red Sea Rift has been lacking, leaving open whether the mid-ocean rift axis continues beneath them. Here, we present new multichannel seismic and high-resolution bathymetric data of these blanketed regions. Our data reveals multiple instances where oceanic crust can be traced beneath the evaporite cover, forming volcanic edifices protruding through the sediment cover. We identify abundant circular depressions in the sediment cover as volcanic craters, which formed by deep-sea explosive volcanism or caldera collapses. The common occurrence of volcanic features in the sediment-covered regions supports the continuous formation of oceanic crust along large parts of the Red Sea Rift
AI and Neurology
Get PDFBackground Artificial Intelligence is influencing medicine on all levels. Neurology, one of the most complex and progressive medical disciplines, is no exception. No longer limited to neuroimaging, where data-driven approaches were initiated, machine and deep learning methodologies are taking neurologic diagnostics, prognostication, predictions, decision making and even therapy to very promising potentials. Main body In this review, the basic principles of different types of Artificial Intelligence and the options to apply them to neurology are summarized. Examples of noteworthy studies on such applications are presented from the fields of acute and intensive care neurology, stroke, epilepsy, and movement disorders. Finally, these potentials are matched with risks and challenges jeopardizing ethics, safety and equality, that need to be heeded by neurologists welcoming Artificial Intelligence to their field of expertise. Conclusion Artificial intelligence is and will be changing neurology. Studies need to be taken to the prospective level and algorithms undergo federated learning to reach generalizability. Neurologists need to master not only the benefits but also the risks in safety, ethics and equity of such data-driven form of medicine
Sustainability Nexus AID: soil health
Get PDFThe Sustainability Nexus Analytics, Informatics, and Data (AID) Programme of the United Nations University (UNU), aims to provide information, data, computational, and analytical tools to support the sustainable management and long-term security of natural resources using a nexus approach. This paper introduces the Soil Health Module of the Sustainability Nexus AID Programme. Healthy soil is crucial for life on Earth, and it is essential for ecosystem services and functioning, access to clean water, socioeconomic structure, biodiversity, and food security for the growing population of the world. Healthy soils contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change and reduce the consequences of extreme events such as flooding and drought. Healthy soils influence the hydrologic cycle by regulating transpiration, water infiltration, and soil water evaporation affecting land–atmosphere interactions. The Soil Health Module of the UNU Sustainability Nexus AID Programme aims to evolve into the ultimate focal point, supporting a diverse array of stakeholders with state-of-the-art data and tools that are essential for soil health monitoring and projection. This paper discusses the importance of adopting a nexus approach for ensuring soil health, explores the AID tools currently at our disposal for quantifying and predicting soil health, and concludes with recommendations for future effort and direction within the Sustainability Nexus AID Programme concerning soil health
Deletion of epithelial HKDC1 decelerates cellular proliferation and impairs mitochondrial function of tumorous epithelial cells thereby protecting from intestinal carcinogenesis
No full textA metabolic switch favoring glycolysis over aerobic oxidative phosphorylation, termed the “Warburg effect”, is a hallmark of cancer cells. Hexokinase (HK) catalyzes the first and irreversible step of glycolysis, thereby limiting overall glycolytic activity. Mammals encode five HK family members: HK1-4 and HKDC1 (HK domain containing1). HKDC1 has an exceptionally low glucose affinity and, therefore, low hexokinase activity under physiological conditions, raising questions about its function. A recent study indicated that HKDC1 functions as a glucose sensor within the tumor microenvironment, and its dysregulated expression has been associated with chronic inflammation and various cancers. Notably, HKDC1 promotes tumor immune evasion during immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma patients, and blocking HKDC1 prevents disease progression in hepatic car- cinoma, T cell lymphoma, and lung adenocarcinoma
The Interaction Between the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and Its Coexisting Fungal Microbiome Member Barnettozyma californica
Get PDFThe nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is known to feed on and interact with bacteria in its environment and has become a model organism for microbiome studies. However, whether and how C. elegans interacts with co-occurring fungi remains largely unknown, despite the presence of many fungal species in its natural habitat. Here, we isolate the yeast Barnettozyma californica from a mesocosm experiment with C. elegans and characterise its genome and interaction with the nematode. We find that, like bacterial microbiota, B. californica can colonise the intestine of C. elegans and can serve as a sole, albeit poor, food source for adult nematodes. Yet, when present together with Escherichia coli OP50, the fungus can lead to higher population growth and altered foraging behaviour, suggesting a context-dependent benefit. This effect varied between different natural C. elegans strains, suggesting a genomic basis for the nematode's interaction with B. californica. On the fungal side, we could not identify any obvious candidate genes for its interaction with C. elegans and/or E. coli OP50, despite obtaining a fully assembled and annotated genome of the isolated B. californica strain. Overall, our results provide an intriguing example of the complexity and multi-level relationship between naturally interacting fungi, bacteria and animals
Freshwater Input Influence on Sea Surface Temperature Mean State and Variability in the Southeastern Tropical Atlantic
Get PDFThe Southeastern Tropical Atlantic (SETA) is an eastern boundary upwelling region and one of the most productive marine ecosystems in the world. SST interannual variability within the SETA is dominated by Benguela Niños (Ninãs), which are extreme warm (cold) events that have severe consequences for local communities impacting rainfall, flooding, and fisheries. This thesis highlights the role of the previously overlooked mechanism of freshwater input, mainly from the Congo River, for both the SST mean-state and interannual variability in the SETA. To achieve this, a diverse array of datasets is utilized, including satellite measurements, ship-based in-situ observations, reanalysis products, and model simulation outputs. The presence of low salinity waters from the Congo discharge increases the mean state SST in the SETA coastal fringe by up to 0.9ºC from south of the Congo River mouth to 17ºS. North of the River mouth up to about 4ºS, this input significantly reduces the mean state SST by more than 1ºC. This impact is linked to a halosteric effect, which modifies the sea surface height gradient and alters geostrophic currents. In addition, anomalous freshwater input can boost Benguela Niño/Niña events by altering the water column’s stratification and consequently changing the turbulent heat loss magnitude. Anomalously high (low) salinity waters within the SETA are linked to the occurrence of positive (negative) Indian Ocean Dipole events via precipitation over the Congo basin and enhanced (reduced) river discharge, acting to amplify warm (cold) extreme events. Low salinity waters during the warm 1995 Benguela Niño generated nearly 3 times less turbulent fluxes when compared to the cold, high-salinity, 1997 Benguela Niña event. This thesis draws attention to the impacts of the up-until-now unnoticed mechanism of freshwater input on SSTs and coastal ocean surface dynamics in the SETA
Future Scenarios of Global Fisheries and Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Under Socio‐Economic and Climate Pathways
Get PDFAchieving global climate goals while ensuring food security in a changing climate presents significant challenges, particularly when relying solely on land-based solutions. Covering over 70% of the Earth's surface, the ocean remains an underutilized resource for climate mitigation. Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is one such strategy, designed to strengthen the ocean's natural carbon sink, reduce atmospheric CO2, and mitigate ocean acidification. However, its implications for fisheries, critical for food security and livelihoods, remain uncertain. This study examines the interplay between global fisheries, OAE, and different future socioeconomic and climatic conditions, using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathways framework. We explore how global fisheries and OAE could evolve under three combined scenarios: SSP1-2.6 (sustainability-focused), SSP3-7.0 (regional rivalry), and SSP5-8.5 (high fossil fuel dependency). By integrating ecological, economic, societal, and technological perspectives, we develop scenario narratives and quantify key bio-economic parameters, including technological progress, fishing costs, fisheries management, marine aquaculture, and ecosystem carrying capacity. High-emission (SSP5-8.5) and fragmented development (SSP3-7.0) scenarios present significant barriers to the coexistence of OAE and fisheries, whereas sustainability-focused pathways (SSP1-2.6) offer the most favorable conditions for their alignment. Successfully integrating OAE with fisheries management will likely depend on technological advancements, international cooperation, and socio-economic developments. These scenarios are aligned with those used in model-based scenario studies conducted under the frameworks of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), providing a shared foundation for future work