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Universalitätsanspruch respektbasierter Toleranz: Überlegungen zu den Toleranzansätzen von Rainer Forst und Bernd Simon
Get PDFDer vorliegende Text untersucht die Berechtigung der von den respektbasierten Toleranzansätzen Rainer Forsts und Bernd Simons erhobenen Ansprüche auf universelle Gültigkeit und Anwendbarkeit. Dabei wird herausgestellt, dass diese in ihrer Art grundlegend verschieden sind: Während Forst, indem er die Verpflichtung zur reziproken und allgemeinen Rechtfertigung zu einem kategorischen Imperativ erklärt, einen klassischen moralischen Universalitätsanspruch in Kantischer Tradition stellt, beruht Simons Postulat, das ›Ablehnung-Respekt-Modell‹ sei unabhängig von weltanschaulichen oder kulturellen Kontexten anwendbar und gültig, auf der empirisch fundierten Überzeugung, die Selbstkategorisierungsprozesse, die der Entstehung von Toleranz zugrunde liegen, liefen bei allen Menschen ähnlich ab. Forsts moralischer Universalitätsanspruch scheitert an der mangelnden Begründbarkeit des Rechts auf Rechtfertigung, das das Fundamentum inconcussum seiner konstruktivistischen Moralphilosophie bildet. Inwiefern Simons anders gelagerte Art des ›Universalitätsanspruchs‹ tragfähig ist, hängt von der Art und Weise ab, wie der für seinen Ansatz zentrale Respektbegriff interpretiert wird.The present text examines the legitimacy of the claims to universal validity and applicability put forward by the respect-based approaches to tolerance developed by Rainer Forst and Bernd Simon. It highlights that these claims differ fundamentally in nature: While Forst, by declaring the obligation to reciprocal and general justification a categorical imperative, articulates a classical moral claim to universality in the Kantian tradition, Simon’s postulate – that the ›disapproval-respect model‹ is valid and applicable independently of ideological or cultural contexts – is based on the empirically grounded conviction that the self-categorization processes underlying the emergence of tolerance function similarly across all human beings. Forst’s moral claim to universality fails due to the lack of a justifiable foundation for the right to justification, which forms the fundamentum inconcussum of his constructivist moral philosophy. Whether Simon’s differently grounded form of ›universal claim‹ is viable depends on how the central concept of respect within his approach is interpreted
The Direct Pd-Catalyzed C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids
Get PDFThe functionalization of C(sp³)–H bonds has become a key strategy in modern organic synthesis, enabling the efficient construction of complex molecules from simple precursors. In this thesis, I introduced the fundamental principles of C(sp³)–H activation, summarizing prior advancements, limitations, and ongoing efforts in the field. Chapter 2 explores β-C(sp³)–H amination of free carboxylic acids. Despite extensive optimization, the desired β-amino acid products were not obtained, but the findings provide insights for future research. Chapter 3 presents a palladium-catalyzed β-C(sp³)–H hydroxylation, enabled by pyridone-based ligands. This method shows broad functional group tolerance and works well with α-non-quaternary carboxylic acids. Chapter 4 describes γ-C(sp³)–H lactonization using sodium percarbonate and a β-alanine-derived ligand. This one-step reaction efficiently converts various carboxylic acids, including β-non-quaternary substrates, into γ-lactones, offering a valuable tool for synthesis
Experimental investigations on the adhesion of thin films applied using the atmospheric pressure plasma spray method
No full textPlasmagestützte Verfahren sind essenziell für die Oberflächen- und Dünnschichttechnologie. Diese Arbeit untersucht experimentell die Adhäsion dünner Metall- und Oxidschichten (Aluminiumoxid, Kupfer, Nickelchrom), die per thermischem Atmosphärendruck-Plasmaspritzen auf Stahlsubstrate aufgebracht wurden. Ziel war es, die Adhäsion dieser Schichten gezielt zu beeinflussen. Dabei wurden praxisnahe Materialien und industrielle Prozessparameter gewählt. Im Fokus standen systematische Untersuchungen zur Schichthaftung in Abhängigkeit von der Oberflächenrauheit. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass durch Druckluftstrahlen mit Korund sowie plasmaelektrolytisches Polieren die Rauheit der Substratoberfläche definiert eingestellt werden kann (Ra = 3,2 µm bis 0,02 µm). Dies ist entscheidend für reproduzierbare Ergebnisse. Zudem wurde die bestehende Exponentialgleichung zur Beschreibung der Rauheitsentwicklung über die Polierzeit erweitert, um experimentelle Verläufe realistischer abzubilden. Zur weiteren Analyse der Haftmechanismen wurden Versuche mit anderen Substraten (z. B. Aluminium, Glas) durchgeführt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl die gezielte Strukturierung der Substratoberfläche als auch deren thermisches Verhalten und definierte Rauheit die Schichthaftung beeinflussen. Ein praktischer Aspekt der Forschung liegt in der Entwicklung antiadhäsiver Eigenschaften für Maskierungsrahmen im Plasmaspritzverfahren. Die optimierte Oberflächenstruktur führt hier zu verbessertem Delaminationsverhalten der Schichten. Insgesamt bieten die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit wertvolle Ansätze zur Optimierung von Spritzprozessen und zur Erhöhung der Standzeit von Maskierungsrahmen
Ultra‐processed food consumption and overweight in children, adolescents and young adults: Long‐term data from the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS)
Get PDFObjective The aim was to assess ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption, its impact on overweight and its association with weight trends from childhood and adolescence to young adulthood. Methods Long-term UPF consumption (13.3 years) by NOVA was analysed (children/adolescents and adults, n = 182) in the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS, n = 10 750). Results In children/adolescents (13.1 ± 1.9 years), a UPF-based dietary pattern showed an inverse association with BMI-SDS and fat mass index (males: r = -0.301, p = 0.01; r = -0.376, p = 0.001; females: r = -0.315, p < 0.001; r = -0.282, p = 0.003). Longitudinal analysis indicated that UPF consumption in childhood and adolescence was correlated with UPF consumption in adulthood among females (r = 0.272; p = 0.004) but not among males. In young adults (26.7 ± 2.2 years), UPF consumption accounted for nearly 50% of daily energy intake and was higher with overweight compared to normal weight and in incident overweight compared to persistent normal weight (both p < 0.05). High UPF consumption was associated with markers of poor diet quality (lower intake of fibre, higher intake of salt and energy-dense food, all p < 0.05). Conclusions High UPF consumption in young adults was associated with both prevalence and incidence of overweight from childhood and adolescence to adulthood
Geological Text to Knowledge (GEOTEK): Extracting Heterogeneous Information from Marine Geology Publications
Get PDFThis thesis presents an innovative approach to automate the information extraction from research publications within the field of Marine Geology. Specifically, the newly developed method targets at extracting core measurements i.e. Mass Accumulation Rate (MAR) and Sedimentation Rate (SR), which are largely reported in relevant publications alongside spatial and contextual information presented in text and tables. This research addresses the challenges faced by existing extraction approaches focusing scientific publications. Generally, marine geologists rely on manual procedures to extract relevant information and context from scientific publications. However, with the increasing volume of scientific publications, such manual procedures have become tedious and challenging. The widespread use of PDF format for representing scientific publications further instigated information extraction and modelling challenges encompassing diverse data representations and modularity as PDF primarily supports reading rather than automatic information extraction. This study proposes an Information Extraction framework that focuses major data elements of Marine Geology publications. As a building block, it develops a comprehensive Data Acquisition Framework (DAF) capable of efficiently extracting all the data components from scientific publications including metadata, text, tables and figures. Besides, potential applicability across diverse scientific domains. Several information extraction approaches were tailored that extract Oceanographic Named Entities and relevant scientific measurements by targeting plain-text and tables from Marine Geology publications. Furthermore, the parsed information is systematically assembled by Heterogeneous Information Linking (HIL). The compiled information is populated into an interactive map and a novel Marine Geology Document Network, which could enable future knowledge discovery and serve as a gateway to potential applications
Ocean-bottom seismometers reveal surge dynamics in Earth's longest-runout sediment flows
Get PDFTurbidity currents carve Earth's deepest canyons, form Earth's largest sediment deposits, and break seabed telecommunications cables. Directly measuring turbidity currents is notoriously challenging due to their destructive impact on instruments within their path. This is especially the case for canyon-flushing flows that can travel >1000 km at >5 m/s, whose dynamics are poorly understood. We deployed ocean-bottom seismometers safely outside turbidity currents, and used emitted seismic signals to remotely monitor canyon-flushing events. By analyzing seismic power variations with distance and signal polarization, we distinguish signals generated by turbulence and sediment transport and document the evolving internal speed and structure of flows. Flow-fronts have dense near-bed layers comprising multiple surges with 5-to-30-minute durations, continuing for many hours. Fastest surges occur 30-60 minutes behind the flow-front, providing momentum that sustains flow-fronts for >1000 km. Our results highlight surging within dense near-bed layers as a key driver of turbidity currents' long-distance runout
On the Time Consistent Solution to Optimal Stopping Problems with Expectation Constraint
Get PDFWe study the (weak) equilibrium problem arising from the problem of optimally stopping a one-dimensional diffusion subject to an expectation constraint on the time until stopping. The weak equilibrium problem is realized with a set of randomized but purely state dependent stopping times as admissible strategies. We derive a verification theorem and necessary conditions for equilibria, which together basically characterize all equilibria. Furthermore, additional structural properties of equilibria are obtained to feed a possible guess-and-verify approach, which is then illustrated by an example
Cardiac CT in Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke for the Evaluation of Non-Thrombotic and Non-Atrial-Fibrillation-Related Embolic Causes
Get PDFBackground: The purpose of this study is the evaluation of imaging findings of acute-phase cardiac CT (cCT) in stroke patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) to identify potential cardioembolic sources (CES) in patients without intracardiac thrombi and atrial fibrillation (AF). Material and Methods: This retrospective study included 315 patients with LVO who underwent cCT imaging in the acute stroke setting. The images were analysed for 15 imaging findings following the established minor and major cardioembolic risk factors. The final stroke aetiology was determined using the TOAST classification through interdisciplinary consensus following a thorough clinical evaluation. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify imaging findings associated with CES. Results: A cardioembolic aetiology was identified on cardiac CT in 211 cases (70%). After adjustment for AF and intracardiac thrombi, the multivariate regression analysis revealed significant associations with left ventricular dilation (adjusted odds-ratio (AOR) 32.4; 95% CI 3.0-349; p = 0.004), visible interatrial right-to-left shunt (AOR 30.8; 95% CI 2.7-341.3; p = 0.006), valve implants (AOR 24.5; 95% CI 2.2-270.9; p = 0.009), aortic arch atheroma grade > II (AOR 6.9; 95% CI 1.5-32.8; p = 0.015) and post-ischaemic myocardial scars (AOR 6.3, 95% CI 1.2-34.1; p = 0.032) as independent risk factors for a cardioembolic aetiology. The combined model achieved an area under the ROC curve of 0.83. Conclusions: In patients with LVO without AF and intracardiac thrombi as a cause, the presence of left ventricular dilatation, interatrial right-to-left shunts, valve implants, post-ischaemic myocardial scarring and advanced aortic arch atheroma (grade > 2) [...
Influence of a Very High-Molecular Weight Fucoidan from Laminaria hyperborea on Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Relevant Pathomechanisms in Ocular Cell Models
Get PDFFucoidans from Laminaria hyperborea (LH) can be antioxidative, antiangiogenic, and anti-inflammatory. In this study, a very high-molecular weight (3700 kDa) fucoidan from LH, FucBB04, was tested regarding its bioactivity in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) models in vitro. Primary retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from pig eyes, human uveal melanoma cell line OMM-1, and RPE cell line ARPE-19 were used. Substituents of the extract were determined with chemical analysis. Cell viability was tested with tetrazolium assay (MTT), oxidative stress was induced by H2O2 or erastin, respectively. Secreted vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) was assessed with ELISA. Retinal pigment epithelium 65 kDa protein (RPE65) and protectin (CD59) protein expression were tested in Western blot. Cell barrier was assessed by measuring trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), phagocytic ability by a fluorescence assay. Gene expression and secretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) were tested in real-time PCR and ELISA. FucBB04 displayed no oxidative stress protective effects. Its effect on VEGF was inconsistent, with VEGF secretion reduced in primary RPE, but not in ARPE-19. On the other hand, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (PIC)-induced IL-6 or IL-8 secretion was reduced by FucBB04, while complement inhibiting protein CD59 was not affected. In addition, FucBB04 did not influence the gene expression of IL-6 or IL-8. Visual cycle protein RPE65 expression, phagocytic ability, and barrier function were reduced by FucBB04. Very high-molecular weight fucoidan from LH shows bioactivities against AMD-related pathological pathways, but adverse effects on RPE function may limit its suitability as a therapeutic compound. Smaller high-molecular weight fucoidans are recommended for further research
Adaptive Algorithm for Fast 3D Characterization of Magnetic Sensors
Get PDFMagnetic sensors are highly relevant in clinical and industrial applications such as localization tasks and geological investigations. The spatial behavior of these sensors is of great interest for accurate forward modeling and the consequential possibilities for sophisticated applications, e.g., solutions to inverse problems. In this contribution, we present a novel characterization approach using adaptive system identification approaches. We utilize a gradient-based algorithm for estimating impulse and corresponding frequency responses for a directivity analysis in 1D, 2D, and 3D. For this, we built a triaxial Helmholtz coil setup to generate a 3D directive field. This is controlled by an algorithm that exploits similarities in sensor behavior with respect to small differences in excitation field angles. We found advantages for a controlled adaptation, with faster convergence and a smaller system distance between estimations and measurements with a proposed control based on the contraction-expansion approach (CEA). With runtimes averaging less than 1.5 s per direction for full impulse response estimation, this proof of concept shows the potential of the proposed algorithm for enabling a feasible frequency and directivity characterization method