Kochi University Repository

Doyle, Howard

ドイル, ハワード

「ＥＬＦ」とは何？　リングァ　フランカ英語について

道法, 浩孝

橋本, 広之

Hirotaka, DOHO

Hiroyuki, Hashimoto

Introduction of a Chaos Simulation to the Science and Technology Education

小松, 輝子

村上, 歩

濵田, 佳代子

石上, 悦子

池内, 和代

尾原, 喜美子

53. 青年期にある未婚・未産女性の骨盤形態とライフスタイルとの関連－骨盤外計測を用いて－ 
 
小松輝子、村上歩、濵田佳代子、石上悦子、池内和代、尾原喜美子 
高知大学教育研究部医療学系看護学部門 
 
１．研究の背景と目的 
 近年の日本人女性は、痩身志向や睡眠不足などライフスタイルの変化により低身長傾向にある
と言われている。2010年の文部科学省「体力・運動能力調査」では、痩身傾向児出現のピークが
思春期早期の 12歳から進んでいることが明らかになった。思春期は女性の骨盤を形成する重要な
時期である。このようなライフスタイルの変化は妊娠・出産を控えた青年期女性の骨盤形態や骨
盤の歪みに影響を及ぼす可能性があると考えた。そこで、青年期にある未婚・未産女性を対象に
身体侵襲の少ない骨盤外計測を用い、骨盤形態と骨盤の歪みに影響するライフスタイルとの関連
について明らかにすることを目的に本研究を行った。今回は姿勢との関連について報告する。 
２．方法 
Ｋ大学及び大学院の 18歳～29歳までの未婚・未産女性の内、研究への同意が得られた者 91名
を対象に、無記名自記式質問紙法および身体計測（身長、体重、BMI、骨盤径線、肩の高さ、足
関節の外旋）を行った。分析方法は、統計ソフト（IBM Spss Statistics 21）を用い単純集計および
記述統計後、Pearsonの相関係数、t検定、カイ２乗検定、Fisherの直接確率法を行った。有意水
準は 5%未満とした。倫理的配慮として、対象者に研究の趣旨、配慮（参加・途中辞退の自由、匿
名性の厳守、研究に限定したデーターの使用）、結果公表の可能性について書面と口頭で説明し、
同意を得て実施した。 
３．結果 
 対象者の年齢は、21.2±2.25歳。身長は 157.7±5.52㎝。BMIは 20.9±2.23。骨盤経線の平均値は、
全て正常値を上回り、特に、大転子間径 30.2±1.37㎝と外結合線 20.3±1.13㎝の延長が著明であっ
た。骨盤経線と姿勢との関連では、足を組まない姿勢(P<0.01)や片方に重心を置く姿勢(P<0.05)で、
骨盤経線平均値に有意差が見られた。骨盤の歪みに関しては、外斜径（9.9％）・側結合線（6.6％）
に左右差が、9.9％に扁平骨盤が見られたが姿勢との関連は無かった。また、91人中 5人（5.5％）
に棘間径・稜間径共に 2㎝以上狭い幅狭傾向の腸骨が見られた。 
４．まとめ 
思春期女性の骨盤は、身長の低下傾向による縮小は見られず、むしろ拡大傾向にあった。特に、
骨盤入口前後径と骨盤濶部横径の拡大が確認された。足を組まない姿勢や片方に重心を置く姿勢
は、骨盤入口前後径の拡大に関連があった。また、骨盤の歪みは、約 10％の人に見られたが姿勢
との関連は無かった。 
 


青年期にある未婚・未産女性の骨盤形態とライフスタイルとの関連－骨盤外計測を用いて－

Felix, Bast

103
Kuroshio Science 7-1, 103-106, 2013
Sequence-based Phylogeography of Seaweeds: How Current 
Distribution is Shaped by Accumulation of Past?
Felix Bast*
DST-INSPIRE Assistant Professor (Regular), Center for Biosciences, 
Central University of Punjab, City Campus, Mansa Road, Bathinda, Punjab, 151 001, India.
Abstract
State-of-the-art techniques of phylogeography are now routinely used to assess changes at DNA level 
accumulated over time, and thereby to study forces that might have influenced distribution patterns 
of organisms. Presented in this mini-review is the works on phylogeography of edible green seaweed 
Monostroma in Japan and how the current distribution pattern of this algae might have been influ-
enced with the history of medieval Japan. Also presented herein is the striking revelations in ancient 
Japanese waka – a form of short poetry – that documents historical distribution patterns of this algae, 
and how these are congruent with findings in phylogeography reconstruction. 
Key words: Kuroshio Current; hitoegusa; Monostroma kuroshiensis; phylogeography; waka; haiku; 
India
*Corresponding author: e-mail felix.bast@cup.ac.in
Introduction
One of my favorite saying is “Sometimes Taking 
Time is a Shortcut” by Haruki Murakami in his recent 
work “What I talk about when I talk about running”. It 
took almost 8 years since I got my master’s degree in 
2002 for completing my Ph.D. in 2010. However, as I 
now contemplate, it was a Ph.D. well worth pursuing for, 
and in a topic I passionately wanted to work in. 
I  h a d  b e e n  t o  J a p a n  a s  J a p a n e s e  G o v t . 
Monbukagakusho Scholar in 2005, nominated by 
Ministry of Human Resources and Development, Govt. 
of India and registered for Ph.D. at the graduate school 
of Kuroshio Sciences, Kochi University. As part of the 
compulsory coursework, I remember having a week-
long seminar series on Kuroshio Sciences at Kochi 
University Agricultural Sciences campus where I came 
to know how vast the field of Kuroshio Science really is; 
encompassing knowledge disciplines including human 
biology, economics, history, oceanography and marine 
biology; spanning across the entire university system. 
I was altogether fascinated with this interdisciplinary 
nature of my graduate school; unification of knowledge 
from all spheres. This experience would soon set as an 
inspiration for my later works on linguistic phylogeny-
application of computational phylogenetics in inferring 
evolutionary heritage of languages, which indeed is a 
marriage between computational biology and linguistics. 
Before then I was having an impression that the sole 
purpose of this graduate school is to study Kuroshio 
Current – the warm water Western Pacific oceanic cur-
rent – which comes under the scope of oceanography. 
In a way, the purpose and the current direction of this 
graduate school emphasizes how intricately forces of 
nature like Kuroshio Current influences humanity as 
a whole. During the course of my Ph.D. programme I 
got opportunities to visit some of the renowned insti-
tutions of higher education and research in Marine 
Biology, including Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford 
University, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute 
in California, Friday Harbor Laboratory of University of 
Washington and Natural History Museum in London. I 
must affirm that the facilities and the kind of professional 
atmosphere that I experienced at Kuroshio Sciences 
Graduate School was indeed world-class, and no doubt 
the best research laboratory I had ever been to. 
Phylogeography of Monostroma in Japan
No civilizations like that of Japan exist anywhere in 
which seaweeds are so much integrated into gastronomy, 
culture and literature. Needless to say Japan is the epi-
center for phycological research, with most of the well-
known phycologists in the world hailing from Japan. I 
104
Sequence-based Phylogeography of Seaweeds: How Current Distribution is Shaped by Accumulation of Past?
started my works on various aspects of Monostroma latis-
simum (green seaweed referred as hitoegusa in Japanese) 
distributed in Tosa Bay, Kochi Prefecture.  This edible 
seaweed ranks second, next to “nori” (Porphyra), in 
terms of net commercial cultivation and market value 
in the world, however, remain absolutely obscured in 
scientific literature. My pioneer studies on life histories, 
seasonality (Bast et al. 2009c), ecophysiology, sex ratios 
(Bast et al. 2009a), ontogeny (Bast et al. 2009a; Bast 
and Okuda 2010) and DNA barcoding lead to a general 
hypothesis on how marine green algae respond to a 
changing saline environment. I serendipitously discov-
ered a green alga near Inoshiri marina at Uranouchi Inlet, 
Tosa Bay which is the only asexually reproducing mono-
stromatic algae reported in the world till date (Bast et 
al. 2009b). This alga, to my surprise, belong to the same 
species of sexually reproducing Monostroma, as evi-
denced by DNA barcoding at ITS (Internal Transcribed 
Spacer) and rbcL (RUBISCO Large subunit) genomic 
loci. This discovery had a profound impact on under-
standing life history evolution in eukaryotes, as this is the 
first report of any eukaryotes having sexual and asexual 
life histories with no substitutions in highly variable ITS 
sequences. In other words, this study reported “existence 
of two different lifecycles in the algae belong to the same 
species” (as an analogy to the famous Darwin’s simi-
larly entitled work on flowering plants (Darwin 1877)). 
My later investigations sought to understand factors 
responsible for phylogeographical patterns and revealed 
an emerging sympatric speciation in the Japanese algal 
isolates (Bast 2010). Phylogeographical studies under 
robust statistical framework of Bayesian Inference lead 
to a conclusion that Hitoegusa originated in Ise Bay, Mie 
prefecture and spread elsewhere in Japan, as evidenced 
by greater genetic heterogeneity of the isolates collected 
from this area (Bast 2010). This finding could also be 
related to the history of Japan with areas covering Ise 
Bay having played a major role in the cultural upheaval 
of Japanese Empire, with largest port in Japan, Nagoya 
and holiest imperial Shinto shrine in the world, Ise Grand 
Shrine, situated on the banks of this bay.
The topic on the phylogeography of M. latis-
simum indeed helped to satiate my inner desire to travel 
throughout Japan; I had travelled almost every prefec-
tures right from Hokkaido in North-East to Kagoshima 
in South-West in futsu densha (=ordinary trains; being 
a railway enthusiast, I absolutely loved them). No one 
other than passionate ferroequinophiles in Japan might 
had really been to a little-known train station, Maibara 
– set aside as a brief stopover in Bullet Trains – where I 
spent eight long nights on various occasions for transfer 
between JR (Japan Railway)-Central and JR-West in 
Tōkaidō Main Line! Sampling expeditions using JR’s 
Seishun Jyuhachi Kippu (Youth-18-Ticket) gifted me 
fond memories of places and people that I came across, 
that would etch in my mind rest of my life. This included 
overnight stay at Arao bus stop (Kumamoto Prefecture), 
amid chilling December Kyushu, but with distant beating 
of the surf-a lullaby to be soon interrupted by cops who 
wanted to see my “Alien” card! (In Japan, foreigners 
are termed “Aliens” with the official “Alien registra-
tion cards” issued by the government to all of its foreign 
nationals). I also remember near-death experience while 
on search of seaweed, when I realized I’m going deeper 
into the mud at Kiire Cho river mouth, Kagoshima 
Prefecture, and efforts to retract from this “hell”-which 
is reminiscent of Jigoku Meguri that I have taken at 
Beppu-is in fact taking me more and more deeper to the 
other world! When a couple of old fishermen came to 
rescue my ill-fate with sticks and ropes, I felt I am born 
once again.
During my days in Japan I had been an avid Haiku 
lover (one of my creation appeared in Mainichi Shinbun 
(Bast 2009)), probably only form of poetry that enthralls 
me even today. Needless to say that my choice of phylo-
geography sampling sites was also influenced by Haiku. 
For example, I came across Suma, Kobe Prefecture first 
time from Genji Monogatari:
“The world of fisher folk:
Might I hear it from afar?
On the beach at Suma,
Seaweed-salt droplets fell,
For who, if not you... “
Monostroma latissimum, which I collected from 
Suma when I went to this place, neither did not grow 
in the culture attempt nor gave any PCR-amplifiable 
genomic DNA, unfortunately indeed. On the other hand, 
I first came across Ise from Gosenshu Waka:
In the sea at Ise
A frolicking fisherman is what
I would become, for then
I’d plunge between the waves
To harvest (hitoegusa) algae-and a glimpse of you. 
- Ariwara no Narihira (825-880)
And soon DNA sequence of the isolates that I col-
lected from Ise Bay (Toba and Matsusaka) would reveal 
how this holy place had been the center of Hitoegusa 
cultivation in the days of yore and how it got introduced 
elsewhere in Japan! A number of references on the 
“Jeweled Seaweed” (Tamamo, 玉藻 can be seen in medi-
eval haiku texts which most probably refers M. latis-
105
Felix Bast
simum, because of the distinct iridescent green sheen of 
this seaweed resembling  emerald (Ryoku gyoku, 緑玉) 
upon drying. This epithet have also influenced me to title 
my first book that I published in 2011 as “Monostroma: 
The Jeweled Seaweed for Future” that deal with its cul-
tivation methods, ecophysiology and phylogeography 
(Bast 2011). A critical analysis of medieval Waka with 
respect to  importance of seaweeds in Japanese literature, 
culture and even romance has recently been accepted for 
publication (Bast 2013b).
 Renaming the alga as a homage to Kuroshio 
Science
A quick glance at Fig. 1 will reveal an interesting 
trend in the locations of sampling collections that I have 
included in phylogeographic assessment of Monostroma 
latissimum; that all these sites are located on Kuroshio 
coast. Reason is clear; this alga have never been docu-
mented either in Oyashio or in Tsushima current regions 
and therefore distribution of which is presumed to have 
something to do with warm-water Kuroshio Current. 
However, my phylogeographic studies could not relate 
routes of dispersal of this alga with the direction of 
Kuroshio Current and therefore it is highly likely that 
this edible species got deliberately introduced elsewhere 
from Ise Bay for the cultivation purposes. Careful review 
of taxonomy of this species by following step-by-step 
revisions – mostly in either Swedish or French – lead to 
a conclusion that Monostroma latissimum is an illegiti-
mate taxonomic synonym of Monostroma nitidum (as per 
Bliding’s synonymy in place (Bliding 1963)). Japanese 
alga commonly referred to as hitoegusa is indeed a new 
species, which is different from Monostroma nitidum 
Wittrock (Swedish species) in a number of ways, 
including culture characteristics (thallus ontological 
patterns) and multi-local molecular assessment (DNA 
sequence homology at ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 and rbcL loci). 
Having convinced that this species is new and yet to 
be named, I was absolutely excited to search for a new 
name for it, like a father looking for a name for his new-
born child! I then befittingly realized that the credit for 
discovering this species-albeit wrongly as M. latissimum- 
should be given to Yendo who in 1917 working at Mie 
Prefectural Marine Laboratory described this species for 
first time from Ise Bay, Japan (Yendo 1917). Given its 
unique biogeographic distribution pattern that is con-
fined only to Kuroshio Coast, I renamed this species as 
Monostroma kuroshiensis (Yendo) Bast et al. Sp. Nov., 
as a homage to Kuroshio Sciences, and involuntarily as a 
tribute to my own and very special eponymous graduate 
school!
Concluding Remarks
I am now mid-way through Murakami’s IQ84, lost 
in the dream-like historical fiction (or history and fic-
tion?), and wondering what would happen to Aomame 
and Tengo! Influence of my life and time in Japan had 
been enormous for my later years. I would soon marry 
my dream (means “Swapna” in Malayalam!) Railway-
Environmental Engineer, name my daughter as Haritha 
(or Midori, Green!) as a tribute to nature in general (Bast 
2013a) and green seaweeds in particular. My research 
is now targeted to systematically catalogue seaweed 
diversity and phylogeography in India, with multi-
faceted approach that I learned as a student for first time 
in Kuroshio Sciences Graduate School, encompassing 
culture studies, ultrastructural microscopy, morphometry 
and DNA barcoding. India is a big nation- seventh largest 
in the world. I remember most of my Japanese friends 
being skeptic about my claim that whole of the Western 
Europe will go inside India area-wise! Unfortunately 
seaweeds in India remains one of the poorly documented 
plant groups and enormous potential exists in cata-
loguing its cryptic biodiversity. Some of the algae that I 
have collected – barcoding and phylogenetics of which is 
Fig. 1. Map indicating sampling locations of isolates included 
in my Ph.D. study and major oceanic currents in the region. 
Teg=Teguma, Ush=Ushinohama, Sak=Sakurajima, Tob=Toba 
and Mat=Matsusaka. Directions of the currents as per 
JAMSTEC (2009). Note that Monostroma kuroshiensis is dis-
tributed only along Kuroshio Current coast.
106
Sequence-based Phylogeography of Seaweeds: How Current Distribution is Shaped by Accumulation of Past?
presently progressing – are presented in Fig. 2. 
I am looking at forces of nature that might have 
shaped the current distribution patterns of these aquatic 
plants, by quantifying and analyzing molecular changes 
accumulated over time.  As Murakami said it right:
“What we call the present is given shape by an 
accumulation of the past.” 
— Haruki Murakami, 1Q84
References
Bast F (2009) Haiku. Mainichi Shinbun, July 20, 2009.
Bast F (2010) Comparative Ecophysiology and 
Phylogeography of Monostroma in Southern 
Japan. Kochi University, Japan.
Bast F (2011) Monostroma: the Jeweled Seaweed for 
Future. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing 
GmbH & Co. KG, 66121, Saarbrücken, Germany
Bast F (2013a) Environmentalism in Classical and 
Modern Japan: A critical evaluation (2013a) 
LabArchives .  ht tp : / /dx .doi .org /10.6070/
H43B5X37. 
Bast F (2013b) Seaweeds in Japanese Culture: An anal-
ysis of medieval Waka poetry. The Phycologist 
85 (accepted).
Bast F, Hiraoka M and Okuda K (2009a) Spatiotemporal 
sex ratios of a dioecious marine green alga 
M o n o s t r o m a  l a t i s s i m u m  ( K ü t z . )  W i t t r . 
International Journal on Algae 11: 141-150.
Bast F and Okuda K (2010) Gametangial Ontogeny in 
Intertidal Green Alga: Monostroma latissimum 
(Kützing) Wittrock. International Journal of Plant 
Reproductive Biology 2: 11-15.
Bast F, Shimada S, Hiraoka M and Okuda K (2009b) 
Asexual life history by biflagellate zoids in 
Monostroma latissimum (Ulotrichales). Aquatic 
Botany 91: 213-218.
Bast F, Shimada S, Hiraoka M and Okuda K (2009c) 
Seasonality and thallus ontogeny of edible sea-
weed Monostroma latissimum (Kützing) Wittrock 
(Chlorophyta, Monostromataceae) from Tosa 
Bay, Kochi, Japan. Hydrobiologia 630: 161-167.
Bliding CV (1963) A critical survey of European taxa in 
Ulvales. Lund Botanical Society, Lund, Sweden.
Darwin C (1877) The different forms of flowers on plants 
of the same species. John Murray, London.
Yendo K (1917) Notes on algae new to Japan: VII. 
Botanical Magazine 31: 183-188.
Fig.2. Seaweed diversity in India. Collected, identified and photographed by Felix Bast © 2013.


Sequence-based Phylogeography of Seaweeds: How Current Distribution is Shaped by Accumulation of Past?

津野, 倫明

巨済島海戦に関する一注進状

宗, 洋

『コクリコ坂から』におけるカルチェラタンについて ― ジブリ映画の歴史から眺めて―

赤間, 聡

行政の判断過程における過誤欠落に関する一考察―ヴィール判決以降，第一，第三ミュルハイム・
ケルリッヒ判決及びもんじゅ判決を題材に―

山中, 文

岡谷, 英明

大石, 美和

YAMANAKA, Aya

OKATANI, Hideaki

OISHI, Miwa

Integrating Sound, Diet, and Environment to Design of a Cross curricular Program (Part1):
Development and Implementation of Sound-based Classroom

HIDEAKI, Okatani

Integrating Sound, Diet, and Environment to Design of a Cross-curricular Program (Part3):
Development and Implementation of Environmental Education Classroom

岩崎, 保道

Yasumichi, Iwasaki

地方都市におけるマンガを活用した文化政策　-高知県と鳥取県の取り組みを中心にして-

Kōchi University

Not a member yet

「ＥＬＦ」とは何？　リングァ　フランカ英語について

Introduction of a Chaos Simulation to the Science and Technology Education

青年期にある未婚・未産女性の骨盤形態とライフスタイルとの関連－骨盤外計測を用いて－

Sequence-based Phylogeography of Seaweeds: How Current Distribution is Shaped by Accumulation of Past?

巨済島海戦に関する一注進状

『コクリコ坂から』におけるカルチェラタンについて ― ジブリ映画の歴史から眺めて―

行政の判断過程における過誤欠落に関する一考察―ヴィール判決以降，第一，第三ミュルハイム・ケルリッヒ判決及びもんじゅ判決を題材に―

Integrating Sound, Diet, and Environment to Design of a Cross curricular Program (Part1): Development and Implementation of Sound-based Classroom

Integrating Sound, Diet, and Environment to Design of a Cross-curricular Program (Part3): Development and Implementation of Environmental Education Classroom

地方都市におけるマンガを活用した文化政策　-高知県と鳥取県の取り組みを中心にして-

2,929

6,005