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Language policy in the Sudan: From independence to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)
No full textLanguage policy in the SudanLanguage policy in the Suda
موقف الخلافه السكتيه من الاستعمار البريطانى النصرانى
No full textموقف الخلافه السكتيه من الاستعمار البريطانى النصران
Pest Management for the Control of Two Major Diseases of Tomato in Sudan
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the University of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at Ahmed Hashim AhmedTomato leaf curl and alternaria leaf blight are the most serious diseases of
the tomato crop in Sudan. The present study was conducted in the winter
season of 2010/2011 to evaluate the effect of covering the tomato
seedling with mosquito nets in the nursery and frequently spraying them
with confidor insecticide. After six weeks, the seedlings were transplanted
into three farmers fields in three locations north of Khartoum; namely,
Saggai, Karary and Shambat, to serve as demonstration plots for the
tomato growers. The results revealed significant decrease in the leaf curl
disease incidence by 47.3%, 30.7% and 29.3% at Saggai, Karary and
Shambat locations, respectively. The results of field spraying with Amstar
Top fungicide in the farmers fields decreased the incidence of earl blight
by 10.3%, 15.0%, 13.8% at Karary, Saggai and Shambat, respectively.
The combined effects of covering the tomato seedlings in the nursery and
fungicide spraying in the field resulted in significant increase in tomato
yield at Karary and Saggai by 25.5% and 39.2%, respectively, but the
increase in yield at Shambat was not significant due to the abnormal
inoculums pressure on the plot. The farmers at Karary and Saggai had
already adopted the present disease control techniques
Testing of a Detection Protocol for Genetically Modified Food Probably Found in Sudanese Markets
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the University of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at Mustafa A. Afandi and Elgasim Ali ElgasimIn recent years, genetically modified foods (GMFs) found their way to the
international food markets, particularly those of under-developed
countries. The safety of the GMF is a controversial issue, even in the
scientific community, and great concern was raised by consumers and
legislators. The consumers had the right to know whether their food or
some of it is genetically modified. The aim of this study was to develop
and test a protocol to detect GMFs in the Sudanese food markets. The
study targeted soybean (seeds and isolated proteins) and cotton seeds as
both could be used directly or indirectly in human foods. The collected
samples were examined for the presence of 35s promoter and NOS
terminator using a DNA/based - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and
real time PCR. DNA was extracted from the samples and its purity and
concentration were determined. Mineral content was determined with
inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the
fatty acid profile with GC. In addition, the peroxide value (PV) and
proximate composition of the samples were also determined. The results
showed that the DNA of all samples under investigation had
concentrations in the range of 500 -1500 ng/ul and a purity of 66%-89%.
Real time PCR showed that cotton seed cake samples were + ve for
TNOS and 35s primers, while isolated soy protein sample was + ve only
for 35s primer and -ve for TNOS. Soybean seeds and isolated soybean
protein were all -ve for both primers and as such not genetically modified.
The chemical and biochemical analysis of GMFs and non GMFs showed
some differences that cannot be attributed to the genetic modification
alone at this juncture. It is concluded that the protocol used is an effective
one, and the real time PCR is a sensitive technique for the detection of
genetically modified foods, yet further studies by accredited laboratories
are strongly recommended
Isolation and Characterization of Three Casein Fractions from Camel Milk (Sudan)
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] study was designed to isolate and characterize camel casein fractions
using biochemical methods. Whole camel casein was precipitated by
acidification (pH 4.3) and fractionated by ion exchange chromatography.
Peaks corresponding to αs1-casein, β-casein and κ-casein revealed
molecular mass of 36.325, 31.732 and 25.044 kDa, respectively, after
SDS-PAGE. The three casein fractions were loaded on the same
isoelectric focusing (IEF) gel beside whole camel milk to identify bands
corresponding to each fraction. The αs1-casein was focused on the most
acidic side of the gel followed by β-casein on the middle of the gel, while
κ-casein was the less acidic fraction. It could be concluded that IEF
technique could be effectively used for biochemical characterization of
camel casein on protein level
Suitability of Wheat Cultivars Grown in Three Locations in Sudan for Bread Making
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the University of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at Noha Edris Abdelkareem and Abdelmoneim I. MustafaThe objectives of this work were to study the quality characteristics of
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown at three locations and to
evaluate their performance in bread making. Proximate analysis,
hectoliter weight, thousand kernels weight, gluten quantity and quality,
falling number and sedimentation values were determined for 20 wheat
cultivars grown in three locations in Sudan (Medani, Hudeiba and
Dongola) compared with Canadian wheat flour. The best six cultivars
were selected and subjected to more detailed study. The results showed
significant (P≤0.01) differences in the quality tests among locations and
genotypes. The results showed that cultivar KAU2* CHEN/BCN.CMB
had the highest protein content when grown at Hudeiba (14.06%) and
Dongola (13.87%). This high protein content was accompanied by high
gluten (44.06% and 38.38%, respectively). Cultivar RGO/SERI/ TRAP//
Bow grown in Hudeiba had the highest wet gluten (45%) and water
absorption. Generally, increase in hectoliter weight was accompanied by
increase in protein content. The highest dough development time was
recorded for cultivar PYT # 23 (DW R39 × CONDOR “S”) 14P×T grown
in Dongola. The same cultivar when grown in Medani had the highest
dough resistance to extension. In Sudanese wheat flour, location has great
effect on the molecular weight of the protein. The highest molecular
weight was recorded for cultivar PYT #23 (DWR39 × CONDOR “S”)
14 P×T grown in Dongola, while the lowest value was recorded for
cultivar CONDOR “S”/ 14PYT// DWR39 grown in Medani. Cultivar
TEVEE “S”/ SHUHA “S” and PYT# H23 (DWR39×CONDOR “S”)
14P×T grown in Medani and cultivar IHSGE#20 grown in Dongola could
be classified as good cultivars for bread making as they have high
molecular weight and loaf bread specific volume. Cultivars RGO/ SERI/
TRAP// Bow and CONDOR “S”/ 14PYT// DWR39 grown in Medani are
preferred for cakes, cookies, crackers and flat bread for their weak dough.
The highest binding ability of starch to SSL and EMG was shown by
cultivars RGO/ SERI/ TRAP// Bow and TEVEE “S”/ SHUHA “S” at all
locations which indicates that starch binding ability to surfactants is
controlled mostly by genetic factors rather than location. α- amylase
activity was low for all wheat grown at different locations in Sudan due to
low humidity at maturity and harvest time
Assessment of Essential Competencies for Agricultural Extension Workers in Khartoum State
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the University of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at Elwasila Mukhtar Mohamed and Essam Eldin Yagoub DawalbaitThis study aimed mainly (i) to investigate the professional competencies
needed by the agricultural extension workers in Khartoum State and the
factors affecting them and (ii) to reach some recommendations that can
help in improving competencies of the agricultural extension workers.
The study was mainly based on primary data collected from the 43
extension workers in Khartoum State. The data were collected by means
of a questionnaire and personal interviews. Simple statistics were used to
describe the different variables of the study. Chi-square test was also
applied to identify relationships between some selected variables of the
study. The results revealed that most of the extension workers were in
need of training in most of the studied competencies. The findings also
showed that among the variables, that significantly contributed to the
level of extension workers’ performance, were extension workers' current
tasks, their educational level and period and type of training. Based on
these findings, it is recommended that (i) in designing extension plans, it
is necessary to include diversified training in terms of methods and
contents and (ii) due consideration should be given to training needs
assessmen
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Sheep from White Nile State, Sudan
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the University of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] study was carried out during November 1997 to October 1998 to
determine the species and prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths from
White Nile State, which is a major sheep production area in the Sudan.
These sheep were slaughtered at Omdurman Central Abattoir and were
designated for export. A total of 507 faecal samples and 30
gastrointestinal tracts were collected at random and processed, using
microscopic coprological examination, faecal culture and postmortem
examination. Mixed helminth infections were found common in 93.3% of
gastrointestinal tracts examined. Nematode infections were the
commonest, reaching 90.0% of the examined animals. Trichostrongylus
colubriformis was the predominant nematode species with an infection
rate of 86.7% followed by Haemonchus contortus with a prevalence of
76.6%. Other identified nematode species were Cooperia pectinata,
Oesophagostomum columbianum, Strongyloide spapillosus, Trichuris
globulosa and Skrjabinema ovis with frequencies of 50%, 36.7%, 66.7%,
26.7% and 6.7%, respectively. Cestodes were recovered in 80% of the
gastrointestinal tracts. The identified species were Stilesia globipunctata,
Avitellina centripunctata, Moniezia expansa and Moniezia benedeni The
most prevalent cestode was S. globipunctata followed by A.
centripunctata with frequencies of 66.7% and 60.0%, respectively. The
study indicated that nematodes may be involved in causing significant
losses in sheep production in the Sudan. The results revealed involvement
of some potentially pathogenic forms such as T. colubriformis and H.
contortus. In this study, four helminth species are reported for the first
time in the White Nile State. These are Trichuris globulosa, Skrjabinema
ovis, Stilesia globipunctata and Avitellina centripunctat