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The Industrial and Nutritional Utilization of Baobab pulp (Adansonia digitata L.)
No full text2003The main purpose of this study is to determine the nutritive and industrial value of baobab fruit pulp mechanically extracted using a especial machine for this purpose made in Sudan. First, the chemical analysis for these samples were carried out to determine the nutritive value of the extracted pulp through the presence of the important nutrients and their amounts. The results of the study showed that the amounts of Vitamin C found were more than that in other foods as it was 355.7 mg/100g compared with 80 mg/100g in Orange juice (Egan, et al., 1981). Also the important minerals were found in reasonable amounts for example Calcium 0.39%, Potassium 0.82%, Sodium 0.0032%, and Magnesium 0.19%. The important nutrient, Carbohydrate, found in a high percentage amount to 78.42%. It is known that Carbohydrate are the first source of energy for humans. As (Mohamed and Khattab, 1997) mentioned, the Carbohydrates represents 90% of energy source in under developed countries. The other nutrients are found in following percentages: protein 3.4%, fat 4.1%, ash 5.6%. To determine the industrial value of Tabaldi fruits; the study has confirmed the possibility of the production of a natural drink out of Tabaldi only sugar should be added to the natural extract. This local drink can compete with imported drinks. The panel test confirmed the good quality and the palatability of this drink. The study suggested the production of a concentrate out of natural Tabaldi juice, this will be the base for the beverage industry .To produce a concentrated "Tabaldi juice", water was evaporated using thermal energy. It was observed that as the thermal process proceeds, the negative effect of the juice quality became more evident. The study considered the amount of ascorbic acid in the concentrated juice during heating as an evidence for quality degradation with the increase of heating time. The amount of ascorbic acid increased at the beginning of concentration from 271 mg/100g when juice concentration was 8% (Brix) to 561.05 ml/100g when the juice concentrate was 15% (Brix), then the amount of ascorbic acid decreased to 476.77 ml/100g when juice concentration was 17% (Brix) as a result of prolonged heating and the reduction of water. One of the most important findings of this study is the possibility of the production of natural jam only from Tabaldi fruit pulp, sugar and pectin without the addition of any other ingredients like colour and flavour or organic acids. The sensory evaluation and chemical analysis of jam proved the good quality of this product, which can be regarded as a good addition to the types of jams already known in the Sudan. The pH value is one of the important factors which can influence jam making. The natural value of pH in the concentrate was 3.15, that is why the addition of organic acid to lower the pH was not needed. The results of the statistical analysis of the pH values of different concentrated juices showed no significant difference between value measured at different concentrations. The value of reduced and of invert sugars were within the permitted range. According to this study, the desired concentration of 68% (Brix) can be achieved in two ways: firstly by increasing the amount of added pectin from 10 g/1000 ml Tabaldi juice to 12 g/1000 ml Tabaldi juice. Secondly by increasing the Tabaldi concentration from 11% (Brix) to 14 (Brix) without changing the amount of pectin. According to the present study Tabaldi jam can also be processed without the addition of pectin depending on the amount of pectin found naturally in the pulp of Tabaldi fruit which is about 56%. Nevertheless, this type of jam is of inferior quality but it can be mad jells where in the rural areas, where the industrial pectin not always availableUOF
The Impact of Malaria on Crop Production in El-Zeidab Agricultural Scheme.
No full text2003This study was conducted in Zeidab Agricultural Scheme (ZAS) in River Nile State 260 km North of Khartoum. The overall objective of this study is to investigate the impact of malaria on the productivity of the main crops in the scheme (wheat and dura) and consequently effects on the farmers' income. To achieve such purpose a linear production function that relates amount of yield to the factors of production and descriptive statistics as analytical tools were applied to primary data, which were collected through field survey from ZAS in season (2001-2002) using a simple random sample of a hundred farmers as a sample size. The statistical analysis of the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers revealed that, farmers are a homogenous group with respect to the level of education, the majority of them are within the productive age group. The study showed that malaria disease is highly common between farmers, reached a ratio of 70%, which was due to the suitable habitat to this kind of disease-carrier. However, the suitable environment was caused by the disorder and carelessness in maintaining infrastructure of the scheme like canals and irrigation regulators, blockages of irrigation canals with mud and weeds. Health services were inadequate in the scheme area compared to the disease incidents. However, the optimum number of working hours has a positive effect on productivity of the crops grown in the scheme. Some crops are more demanding in labour at different growth-stages. That means any disorder in the health condition of the farmers may negatively affect the productivity of the crop. The lost hours are due to malaria infection. There were (665) lost working hours in wheat farms, while in dura were (444) hours. All the lost working hours were related to the total working hours needed by the crops on the rotation. The lost working hours before medical diagnoses and treatment were more than those after treatment and the rest hours due to sickness, has a large negative effect on the productivity. The results of the regression analysis of wheat showed that the dura production, year income, the number of lost working hours and shortage of labour all have significant effect on wheat productivity. Moreover, the same result showed that the infection time had a negative effect on productivity of wheat but it was non significant at any level. Although the dura regression showed that the relief cost, lag wheat production, work hours and activities inside canals have significant effect on dura productivity at 99%, 95%, 90% and 90% respectively. Finally, the study recommended that ZAS authorities and farmers have to save annually a certain fund for maintaining and rehabilitating canals, canal clearance and other measures related to the irrigation system. To reduce the extent of water borne disease pests. Moreover, suitable sort of crops which do not require irrigation all over the year around have to be selected in the rotation. Eventually special preventive care and measures have to be taken for disease control, health extension and improvement and better development to the health servicesUOF
Contemporary Management of Oral Cancer & Research Perspectives
No full textSquamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is the sixth most common cancer
worldwide. The main risk factors for cancers of the oral cavity, larynx, oropharynx, and
hypopharynx are alcohol and tobacco use. In addition, the human papillomavirus is an
established cause of oropharyngeal cancer. An experienced multidisciplinary team is
necessary for adequate management and optimal outcome. Although single modality
therapy is the preferred approach to treatment, locally advanced disease generally
requires various combinations of surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy.
This presentation will provide a holistic overview of oral cancer management from
presentation to surgery/non-surgical treatments, including some research perspectives
and current technological advances assisting management of this disease
Aspects of Stem cells and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in the diagnosis and biological behavior of selected tumors in Sudan
No full textAs pathologists we use immunohistochemistry to identify certain markers that help us to
decide if the tissue is normal, hyperplastic or neoplastic. If neoplastic is it benign or
malignant? If malignant what is the degree of differentiation and whether it is likely to
metastasize or not?
In this presentation I discuss the importance of molecular biology for the pathologist
engaged in rendering histopathology services and performing research. In particular, the
presentation addresses cancer and its differential diagnosis using modern
immunohistochemical technology. I looked for some gene products that help in
confirming a cancer, its type, degree of differentiation and whether it is expressing genes
that are associated with a metastasizing potential. The other important area to be
discussed is the phenomenon of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in which the
tumor has both epithelial as well as mesenchymal tissue even in the H&E stained routine
sections. The reverse of this is Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition (MET). This will also
be bewildering to the practicing pathologist and he needs to use immunohistochemical
markers for certain genes in order to make the proper diagnosis. The gene products I
looked for are CD44, OCT4, P63 and Cadherins. As examples we tested esophageal
squamous cell carcinomas with different degrees of differentiation and a rare carcinoma
variant known as basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. We showed for the first time that
the squamous and basaloid components are of different histogenesis. Details will be
given in the presentation
Epithelial mesenchymal transition and mesenchymal epithelial transition and their
significance in the biology of tumours will be presented. We used EMA, Cytokeratin 20,
Vimentin, S-100 protein, CD 44, E-Cadherin to study the tumours
A Comparative Study Of Some Reproductive And Productive Traits In Cows Of Tow Selected Dairy Farms In Khartoum State
No full textIn this study an assessment of some reproductive and productive traits in
cows of two selected dairy farms in Khartoum state, (Kafuri dairy farm and
the Judiciary dairy farm),was carried out.
The study targeted screening of data in 100 records for both farms(50
from each farm) for the years 2003and 2004.The total milk yield was
assessed for 2004 and 2005, in the cross-bred herd in three parities (2nd -3rd
and4th ).The data was subjected to statistical analysis by SPSS program.
The reproductive and productive traits investigated included :
Age at first calving, calving interval ,lactation length ,dry period ,total
milk yield and persistency index.
The result indicated that Age at first calving in kafuri farm was
41.44±0.6 months which was significantly (P>0.5)higher than that in the
judiciary farm (39.02±0.96 ) months.
The calving interval in the two farms was 382.48±10.69 and
382.34±27.95 days in kafuri and the judiciary farm respectively. The
lactation length in kafuri farm was (294.19±10.10 days) compared to that
in judiciary farm (264.09±7.92 days). The dry period in kafuri was also
longer than that in judiciary farm the respective values were 80.48±6.76
and 73.64±2.6 days.
The studied traits differed in the two years of study (2003and 2004).The
calving interval in kafuri farm in 2003was 425.09±20.96 days compared to
361.59±11.95 days in the judiciary farm. The lactation length in kafuri
farm also maintained a longer duration than that in judiciary farm. The two
lactation lengths were 324.3±17.44 and 248.91±13.49days respectively.
The dry period values were 74.67±10.42and 81.83±8.34 In the year 2004 the calving interval in kafuri farm was 367.73±16.20
days compared to 352.7±19.21days in the judiciary farm. Lactation length
in the two farms were 293.48±13.69and 285.07±10.76 days respectively.
The dry period in the two farms were 85.68±15.48and 82.95±10.56 days
respectively.
The result also revealed different total lactation yield in both farms in
both years (2004 and 2005). The highest lactation yield was recorded in
judiciary farm in 2004 (3816.48kg) and the lowest was witnessed in kafuri
farm in year 2004(2123.89kg).
The pooled data for both farms indicated that age at first calving for the
different parities was 37.4±1.7, 40±1.3 and 36.6±2.2 months for 2nd,3rd and
4th parity respectively.
The longest calving interval was evident in the fourth parity
(435±32days) while the shortest was recorded in the third parity
(355±19days). Lactation length also differed with parities with values of
265±24 ,247±17 and 250±32 days for 2nd,3rd and 4th parity respectively.
Dry period secured values of 67±18 ,89±13 and 62±23days for the studied
parities respectively.
Year parity interaction was also investigated and indicated sig (P>0.5)
effect on age at first calving and dry period traits. Calving interval and
lactation length were significantly higher in 2003in both parities (2nd and
4th)than those in 2004.The dry period was sig (P>0.5) shorter in 2003 than in
2004.
Persistency Index (P I) in both farms maintained the average value of
about 80%
سلسلة ترجمة معايير الافلام إرشادات مشاريع رقمنة مجموعات الحق العام، في المكتبات ومراكز الأرشيف
No full textSerum Protein Capillary Electrophoretic Patterns in Carrels (Camelia dromedarius): Influence of Age and Sex
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] proteins are known to comprise about 6-7 g!dl (Eckersall, 2008). Functionally, plasma proteins are involved in nutrition, maintenance of osmotic pressure, buffering acid-base balance, transport of smaller ions and molecules, haernostasis and protective effect of the immune proteins (Eckersall, 2008). Many of these plasma protein change markedly in diseases (Abate et crl„ 2000; Rasouli al., 20,05) and with age (Keay and Doxy, 1982; Chaudhary et al., 2003). Capillary electrophoresis of serum proteins (CE) is an established and effective method which has been used as a screening tool for the clinical diagnosis of many diseases in humans (Jellum et' al.. 1991; Giiy-Benile et al., 2003) and animals (Caniacho Est of.. 2005). Normal serum proteins electrophoretic patterns are composed of five fractions, albumin, al-globulin, a2 globulin, et-globulin and y- globulin (Eckersall, 2008). Therefore, the clinical interpretation of CEP is based on the variation in the content of one or more of these five major fractions_ However, species differences between the animals have been observed by Keay and Doxy, (1982). Therefore, the aim of the study was to validate the use of CE in camels and to determine the normal serum protein capillary electrophoretie pattern in relation to the age and sex
Age-dependent response of the acid-base parameters (Henderson-Hasselbalch, Stewart) in healthy calves with experimen-tally induced metabolic acidosis
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum.The intensity of the response to acid-base parameters in relation to the age after a defined acid load was studied in calves. 32 clinically healthy calves (age: 4-104 days) were infused with 5M N1-1,4Clsolution (dose: 1.0 ml/kg) through a permanent intravenous catheter, Before (0 hrs) and after starting the infusion (2, 4. 6, 8 and 24 hrs) venous blood samples were col-lected for the determination of the various acid-base parameters_ The intensity of the response of the acid-base parameters was estimated by using the-area under curve (AUCY procedure. By 2-6hrs after the infusion of the NI-14Clsobirtion, the Henderson-Hasselbalch parameters decreased significantly lip, I, 1.(1-1CO3-1) as did Stewart's variables (i4Strong ion difference-re-5N, !(Acid total= Atc,t or Al). A transient moderate hyperchloraemic acidosis with a slight hypoproteinaernic alkalosis was observed in all calves in association with a respiratory compensation (1PCO)). The younger calves (1"-3' week) showed a similar pattern of response to the same dose per kg6" acid load with significantly greater acid base parameters response (higher AUC values) than the older animals.The calculated pH was determined by using the three Stewart variables PvCO2, serum-[SID3J and serum-fAret). the mean differ-ence was -0.03 to 0.09 compared with the measured pi 1 (7.324.40
The Absorptive Capacity of Sheep Omasum is Modulated by the Diet
No full textThe omasum is an important site of water and electrolyte absorption in the proximal part of
the digestive tract1,2,3,4. Feeding regimes influence mineral and electrolyte transport across the
rumen epithelium. All transport mechanisms of electrolytes - so far studied - are Significantly
higher in epithelia from concentrate fed sheep. Corresponding studies with tissues from the
omasum are not known despite its important absorptive capacity. The aim of the present study
has therefore been to examine the effect of diet on transport of Na", SCFA and of HC03- across
the isolated omasal epithelium of hay-fed and concentrate-fed sheep.
Animals and diet: Sheep with a body weight of30 - 50 kg were fed two different dietary regimens:
(a) hay ad libitum or (b) 800 g concentrate diet in equal portions at 7:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m., plus
hay ad libitum. The animals were fed on these diets at least three weeks before being slaughtered.
Water and lick-stones were available ad libitum. Isolation of epithelia and in vitro incubation.
Na transport: The omasal epithelium of hay-fed animals exhibits an net transport ofNa in mucosalserosal
direction
The Effect Of Sodium Chloride Levels In Drinking Water On Brolier Performance
No full textThe current experiment was conducted to determine the
effect of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) addition at different levels in
drinking water on the performance of broiler chicks. One
hundred and ninety five -one day old unsexed broiler chicks
were used in the experiment. Chicks were divided into four
groups of 45 birds each with 15 birds per replicate.
The birds were fed a commercial diet and were offered
four different experimental NaCl levels in drinking water;
distilled water as a control and water levels of NaCl in drinking
water were Na 0,86 - Cl 0,80 mg/L, Na 1,30 - Cl 0,90 mg/L and
Na 2.80 - Cl 6,35 mg/L .
Feed and water were provided adlibitum. Feed intake and
live body weights were weekly recorded and weight gain and
feed conversion ratio ( FCR ) were calculated. The experiment
was lasted for 6 weeks .
Six birds from each treatment were randomly selected and
weighed for determining carcass dressing percentage.
The results of the present studies indicated that, the
different levels of NaCl in all drinking water had no effect on
feed intake, body weight gain, water consumption or feed
conversion ratio compared to the control also similar findings on
dressing percentage were observedصممت التجربة لمعرفة اثر ملح كلوريد الصوديوم مختلفة التركيز في الماء علي إنتاجية كتاكيت اللحم وقد أجريت التجربة علي مائة وخمسة وتسعين كتكوتا عمر يوم . تمت تغذية الكتاكيت علي علف تجاري وتم تقديم الماء علي أربع مستويات من الماء وهي ماء مستوي كلوريد الصوديوم فيها ( صوديوم 0.86 – كلور 0.80 ملج / لتر ) ، ( صوديوم 1.30 – كلور 0.90ملج / لتر) ، ( صوديوم 2.80 – كلور 6.35 ملج / لتر ) ، وماء مقطر ( التحكم ) . تم توزيع الكتاكيت عشوائيا مع توفير الماء والغذاء . كمية العليقه المستهلكة والكفاءة الغذائية وزيادة وزن الكتكوت جمعت أسبوعيا خلال فترة التجربة وهي 6 أسابيع تم اختيار ستة دجاجات عشوائيا لكل معاملة دجاجتان لكل تكرار وزنت ثم ذبحت وحددت نسبة التصافي للذبيح . أظهرت نتائج التجربة أن تقديم الماء مختلف التركيز من كلوريد الصوديوم ليست لها أي تأثير معنوي علي نسبة العلف المستهلك ، وزن الجسم المكتسب وكفاءة التحويل الغذائي مقارنة بماء التحكم ( الماء المقطر ) . كما لا يوجد فرق معنوي بين جميع المعاملات التجريبية المستخدمة في التجربة علي نسبة تصافي الذبيح