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Toxicological Evaluation of the Ethanolic Extract of Aristolochia bracteata in Rabbits
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] herb Aristolochia bracteata is known in Sudan as Um Galagel and is
extensively used in traditional medicine as anti-malarial, antipyretic and
in treatment of snake bites. The plant is known to contain several
chemical components such as aristolochic acid and aristolochine. This
study was conducted to assess the toxicological effect of ethanolic extract
of the vegetative parts of Aristolochia bracteata in New Zealand albino
rabbits. A concentration of 20% ethanolic extract was tested in three
groups of New Zealand rabbits, four animals in each. Groups 2, 3 and 4
were, respectively, orally dosed with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bwt, daily
for 28 days, while group 1 was left as untreated control. Blood samples
were collected every week for haematological and serological
examination and necropsy samples for histopatology. The extract showed
100% mortality after 7 days at all dose levels with a significant increase in
the activities of the enzymes AST and ALT and in the concentration of
creatinine, urea and uric acid and in MCHC. The histopathological
examination revealed necrosis, congestion, haemorrhage and
inflammatory cells infiltration in the liver, kidney, spleen, heart and
intestine. The liver, also, showed fatty degeneration of the hepatocytes.
The study concluded that this plant is contra-indicated in systemic
treatment rather than topical application unless the safety margin between
the curative dose and the minimum toxic dose is adjusted. Although many
plants are used for traditional treatment and some of them respond in
treatment of several complaints; however, many plants are used without
solid scientific basis. They may have side effects or toxic properties that
need investigation and evaluation
Socio-economic Impact of Transboundry Animal Diseases and Role of Global Health Standards in Mitigating their Adverse Effects
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the university of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other Ahmed Mustafa HassanTransboundry animal diseases (TADs) are those diseases of significant and essential impact on the economy, trade and/ or food scarcity of a
group of countries. They can easily spread to other countries and reach
epidemic proportions; and where control/management including exclusion
requires cooperation between several countries. TADs have direct effect
on socio-economic status and trade among countries. The occurrence of
TADs in a country or region depends on many factors, e.g. climate,
geographical location, isolation, pattern of livestock keeping, method of
production and existence of disease control measures. The OIE develops
and publishes two types of international health standards for animals and
animal products – trade and biological standards. The OIE process for
developing and updating standards is flexible and rapid, compared to the
procedures of some other international organizations. Importantly, it
provides a basis for continuous improvement to standards as new
scientific information comes to light. The health measures described in
Volume 2 of the Terrestrial Code and in sections 8 to 11 of the Aquatic
Code are designed to prevent the disease in question of being introduced
into an importing country, by taking into account the nature of the
commodity and the animal health status of the exporting country. In the
current trend of globalization, animal health measures have increasing
importance to facilitate safe international trade of animals and animal
products while avoiding unnecessary impediments to trade. In light of
this, the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary
Measures (SPS Agreement) encourages the members of the World Trade
Organization (WTO) to base their sanitary measures on international
standards, guidelines and recommendations, set by organizations known
as the ‘three sisters; namely, OIE, WHO and FAO which develop
international standards, recommendations and guidelines for animal and
plant health and human health (food safety). Outsourcing is one situation
in which developing countries that are able to adopt standards, processes,
and language of developed countries can benefit from the liberalization of
the movement of goods and services, by undertaking some or all
components of production or service provision for clients/consumers in
the developed country, some economic benefits may occur to the
developing country where the ‘outsourced’ service is provided
New Developments in the Diagnosis of Some Viral Diseases of Camels
No full textThis paper had been presented for promotion at the University of Khartoum. To get the full text please contact the other at [email protected] and emerging diseases are major constraint for camel health
and production in Africa and Asia. The accurate diagnosis of these
diseases is central in their effective control. Traditionally, histopathology,
virus isolation in cell culture or embryonated eggs, immunodiffusion and
immunofluorescent tests and electron microscopy have been used for
diagnosis of camel viral diseases, but recently molecular techniques are
increasingly replacing them. The aim of the present study was to review
the main current and new molecular diagnostic techniques for diagnosis
of some camel viral diseases; namely, camelpox, camel contagious
ecthyma, camel papillomatosis and morbillivirus infection. The
experience of the Virology Laboratory at the Department of
Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum
during 2003-2010 on diagnostic application of gel-based polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) and partial gene sequencing, including
postgraduates research work on these important camel diseases are
summarized and discussed. The performed PCR assays enabled rapid and
early laboratory confirmation and molecular differentiation among the
causative viruses as well as genotyping camel papilloma virus for the first
time. The contribution of these achievements to the development of the
animal production sector in the Sudan is highlighted
مصادر اللحوم غير التقليدية
No full textقال الله تعالي (وإن تعدوا نعمة الله لاتحصوها ان الانسان لظلوم كفار )سورة إبراهيم الأية 34 . هذه الكائنات الحية البعض يقول أن تناولها كغذاء ضربا من ضروب الجنون وذلك لأن بعضها غير مألوف أو لأنها ثقافة غذائية غريبة ويري البعض أنها لذيذة وذات طراوه وطعم مميز إضافة الي أنها سريعة الهضم وقد تكون بالكاد خالية من الدهون والعناصر الغذائية المهددة لحياة البشر . أغلبها خالي من الكولسترول ومرتفع في نسب المكونات الأخرى لذلك فهي مفيدة للجسم . تعتبر مصدر للدخل الإقتصادي للبلاد
تربية و رعاية الحمام في ولاية الخرطوم
No full textتربية و رعاية الحمام في ولاية الخرطومالحمام من الطيور سهلة التربية وتستخدم للعديد من الاغراض مثل إنتاج اللحوم ، الزينة والسماد.
يتم تربية الحمام في ولاية الخرطوم بطريقة تقليدية.
أغلب أنواع الحمام المرباة هي البلدي.
اكثر انواع الحبوب المستخدمة في التغذية هي الذره (الفتريته).
نجد ان النظام التقليدي يصحبه العديد من المشاكل المتمثله في الافات والمشاكل الصحية والتي غالباَ ماتعالج بالمضادات الحيوية والقرض.
الحمام من الطيور سهلة التربية وتستخدم للعديد من الاغراض مثل إنتاج اللحوم ، الزينة والسماد.
يتم تربية الحمام في ولاية الخرطوم بطريقة تقليدية.
أغلب أنواع الحمام المرباة هي البلدي.
اكثر انواع الحبوب المستخدمة في التغذية هي الذره (الفتريته).
نجد ان النظام التقليدي يصحبه العديد من المشاكل المتمثله في الافات والمشاكل الصحية والتي غالباَ ماتعالج بالمضادات الحيوية والقرض
دراسة تيارات الهواء في منطقة الوسائد في حظيرة دواجن ذات تبريد نفقي بالضغط السالب
No full textدراسة تيارات الهواء في منطقة الوسائد في حظيرة دواجن
ذات تبريد نفقي بالضغط السال
Vulnerability Assessment Mechanism for the Network of University of Khartoum
No full textThe objective of the project Designing complete mechanism for the vulnerability assessment and selecting the suitable tools ,Acquiring and installing the selected tools , Applying the vulnerability assessment mechanism for the faculty of engineering LAN and the Global IP range of the University of Khartoum network , Submission of detailed technical report of the results of the assessment to the University of Khartoum Network AdministrationThe security of networks has always been a major concern for network administrators. Since the network might have many vulnerabilities due to misconfigurations of servers, outdated services, default configurations or poor programed web applications. Vulnerability assessment is an important aspect of network security and it is a systematic and methodical evaluation of the exposure of assets to attackers, forces of nature, or any other entity that is potentially harmful. Many tools and applications have been invented to scan and protect against those network bugs and vulnerabilities. By selecting certain tools with a certain methodology this project aims to assess the network of University of Khartoum against vulnerabilities and threats and provide solutions for issues found. After performing the assessment successfully for the specified IP address ranges, some vulnerabilities were found. Those vulnerabilities were documented and reported along with solutions to eliminate them. In addition, a number of needed actions to enhance the security of the U of K network is recommended too. Some limitations were met such as the long scan period and the inability to resume the scan if it stops moreover the assessment reports were obtained manually, so some future work is suggested to solve those limitations
Study Of The Next Generation Networks (NGN) Using Simulation Modeling
No full textThe main objective of this project is to demonstrate the robust features of providing voice services over NGN architecture. Another objective is to highlight the impact of the convergence between circuit-switched networks and IP networks by means of modeling the gateway adaptation layer. In order to approach these desired objectives, java based software packages were used to build and interconnect the software application components used for simulation purposes. Session Initiation Protocol (ٍSIP) which is the selected option for signaling between the application elements, was also implemented using the same technique. After the signaling process has ended, the process of voice transmission begins which depends on several protocols such as the Real Time Protocol (RTP) and the Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP).NGN is an integrated and open network. It integrates all the existing network environment, ambient access devices and terminal products. NGN, which is based on Softswitch technology, is a service driven network. By separating service from call control, and call control from bearer, it can realize a relatively independent service system and thus enables service independent from the network. Such open service architecture can satisfy the user's demands for services, strength the comprehensive competition ability of the network and realize the sustainable development. Also, NGN solves the separation among the networks. Voice, data and multimedia service can be broadcasted via the backbone network with an IP as its core component, which also solves the bandwidth problem limiting the development of traditional networks.. The main objective of this project is to demonstrate the robust features of providing voice services over NGN architecture. Another objective is to highlight the impact of the convergence between circuit-switched networks and IP networks by means of modeling the gateway adaptation layer. In order to approach these desired objectives, java based software packages were used to build and interconnect the software application components used for simulation purposes. Session Initiation Protocol (ٍSIP) which is the selected option for signaling between the application elements, was also implemented using the same technique. After the signaling process has ended, the process of voice transmission begins which depends on several protocols such as the Real Time Protocol (RTP) and the Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP). The above mentioned interconnection guarantees higher users' density, proper interfacing to other networks, accepted voice quality and higher QoS (Quality of Service). Also, the cost was reduced for the voice communication by providing a reliable communication service using the NGN. This communication service enables voice communications between PC to PC, PC to Phone, and Phone to Phone while keeping the cost at minimum by using Personal Computers equipped with modem and sound card. The concluded results from the simple simulation of SIP VoIP application is that working on platforms that support NGN protocol functionalities would definitely serve both service provider and customer side's benefit