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It’s about time: Understanding sustainability through a temporal research lens
No full textAs time is central to human existence, a temporal research lens is needed to understand how
temporal aspects influence the perception and behavior related to psychological phenomena.
This is particularly relevant for topics that are strongly intertwined with time, such as
sustainability. Sustainability is an inherently temporal issue based on an intertemporal conflict
between current and future generations. Hence, for the topic of sustainability, it is important to
understand temporal influences that can be drawn on to promote sustainable development.
Therefore, this dissertation aims to advance a temporal lens in psychological research by
systematically linking this temporal research lens with the topic of sustainability. First, an
overview and a measurement of time-related dimensions are provided. Based on these timerelated
dimensions, a temporal research lens is applied to two sustainability-related outcomes,
sufficiency and participation in sustainable communities. The three appended papers cover
quantitative (cross-sectional correlational surveys) as well as qualitative (narrative interviews)
methodological approaches. Paper 1 conceptualizes a multi-dimensional framework of time in
organizations that defines categories and levels of abstraction, as well as a questionnaire for
these dimensions. Empirical examinations of the framework and respective questionnaire
provide validating support and indications on how these time-related dimensions affect
organizational settings. In a next step, Paper 2 follows a quantitative design looking at specific
time-related dimensions for individual-level outcomes related to sufficiency. Results of the
empirical study offer indications on the role of time wealth and temporal autonomy for
sufficiency and subjective well-being. Paper 3 focuses on a qualitative, life course approach
drawing on abstract time-related dimensions to understand pathways to sustainable
communities as a collective context for sustainability. The results of these narrative interviews
provide insights into key factors behind collective engagement for sustainability from a
temporal perspective. Overall, the appended studies illustrate the importance of applying a
temporal research lens to the topic of sustainability as well as to other psychological
phenomena. The framework and questionnaire of time-related dimensions as well as the
approaches and distinctions for a temporal research lens outlined in this work hold great
potential to advance a temporal research lens in psychology. Furthermore, they offer valuable
insights on how to strengthen sustainability-related outcomes by drawing on temporal aspects
Pacific Geopolitics – New Caledonia and Bougainville
No full textThe paper analyses the actual independence debates in the Pacific. The French territory New Caledonia is planned to be transformed into a state in 2026 while the autonomous region of Bougainville plans declaration of independence from Papua New Guinea on 01 September 2027. There are already several Pacific Island States which are independent states, but associated to another state. These models have a great influence on the current independence debate in both cases. New Caledonia has approximately 268,000 inhabitants; two-fifths are settlers from France, one-fifth are immigrants from Asia and the Pacific and two-fifths are indigenous Kanaks. The resources, the proximity to Australia, the importance for the stability of French Pacific territories and the geopolitical competition between the West and China are reasons for the geopolitical importance of New Caledonia. In 1984, the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS) was founded as a coalition of pro-independence political parties. The Nouméa Accord of 1998 allowed New Caledonia to hold three independence referendums with voting rights restricted to those living in New Caledonia before 1998, known as ‘freezing’ of electoral votes. All three referendums ended with a vote against independence (2018, 2020 and 2021). An attempt by the French government to ‘unfreeze’ the election rolls in 2024 resulted in massive violence on 13 May 2024 and the declaration of state of emergency by France. In response, France tries to establish the State of New Caledonia in the Bougival Agreement which is similar to the Associated State models in the region. The “État de Nouvelle-Calédonie” would still be a part of France, but with dual nationality and shared sovereignty where France would retain authority over defense, justice, security, and currency. However, this requires a change of the French constitution with a three-fifth majority and a local referendum in New Caledonia in early 2026. If the State of New Caledonia could be established, this could cause a domino effect on other French territories like French-Polynesia which already has independence supporters. Bougainville is an autonomous province of Papua New Guinea PNG with aproximately300,000 inhabitants. During the era of colonialism, Bougainville was separated from its neighbors on the Solomon Islands and became part of Papua New Guinea after World War 2. Papua New Guinea was under control of Australia as a United Nations trusteeship until 1975 when it became independent. Bougainville tried to get independence apart from Papua New Guinea. A dispute about the important Panguna copper mine which caused social, political, and environmental issues resulted in the civil war in Bougainville from 1988 to 1997 where troops from Papua New Guinea were fighting against the Bougainville Revolutionary Army BRA. This resulted in 15,000-20,000 deaths. In 2001, the Bougainville Peace Agreement (BPA) was signed. An Autonomous Bougainville Government (ABG) was formally established in 2005. In 2019, 97.7% of Bougainville voted for independence. The roadmap to independence takes longer than expected, but both sides try to solve the problems by dialogue and not by confrontation. Papua New Guinea is of major strategic importance due to its central location in the Indo-Pacific and the security and stability of the country has priority for external actors. Further issues are the economic stability of both Papua New Guinea and Bougainville. If New Caledonia and Bougainville become independent, there are concerns that the independence could start a fragmentation process which could lead to the dissolution of many Pacific Islands States into very small and microstates. But if the independence does not come, the conflicts may return which is a strategic dilemma for all involved parties
Inverse Sensor Modeling for 6D Mobile Robot Localization in Scene Graphs via Hardware-Accelerated Ray Tracing
No full textThis cumulative dissertation presents advancements in inverse sensor modeling through ray tracing-based sensor simulation deployed onboard a robot. We leverage state-of-the-art ray tracing hardware and software, utilizing NVIDIA OptiX and Intel Embree, to simulate lidar and radar measurements within geometric scene graphs (GSG) composed of triangle meshes, wrapped into a library named Rmagine. Rmagine serves as a tool for generating expected measurements, which we integrate into established localization methods. We first formulate pose tracking as an optimization problem, refining the initial pose until the expected and observed measurements align. This results in MICP-L, a low-latency approach for aligning range sensor measurements to GSGs for pose tracking. Building upon this, we extend the methodology to global 6 DoF localization by incorporating the similarity between expected and actual measurements into the sensor update of Monte Carlo localization (MCL). This enables robust global localization in both truncated signed distance fields (TSDF) (via TSDF-MCL) and GSG maps (via RMCL). The proposed methods validate the feasibility of ray tracing-based sensor models for real-time localization. Their low latency makes them well-suited for integration as state estimators in MeshNav, a navigation library for unstructured, non-planar environments
Freizügigkeit
No full textFreizügigkeit beschreibt grundsätzlich das Recht von Individuen, sich frei zu bewegen. Sie kann auf verschiedenen Ebenen existieren, innerstaatlich und zwischen Staaten. Dieser Beitrag verbindet begriffliche mit konzeptuellen und historischen Überlegungen zum Thema Freizügigkeit, wobei der Fokus vor allem auf dem deutschsprachigen Raum und auf Europa bzw. dem Euroatlantik liegt. Freizügigkeit erweist sich darin als ein Konzept, das in Frühneuzeit und Neuzeit in Abgrenzung von feudalen Mobilitätsbeschränkungen entstanden ist. Es wurde dann zentraler Bestandteil einer klassisch-liberalen Wirtschaftsordnung. Freizügigkeit unterliegt zugleich dem von James Hollifield beschriebenen „liberalen Paradox“, demgemäß Staaten in einer liberalen Marktordnung einerseits von Marktkräften zu offenen Grenzen gedrängt werden, die liberale Verfasstheit des Staates andererseits aber ein gewisses Maß an Schließung und Abgrenzung verlangt, um den liberalen Gesellschaftsvertrag nicht zu gefährden. Freizügigkeit lässt sich weiterhin unterschiedlich konzeptualisieren als die Freizügigkeit von Arbeitnehmer:innen und damit als die Mobilität des Faktors Arbeit (wie in der frühen Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft), oder als die Freizügigkeit von Personen als Personen, was ihr eine bürgerrechtliche (wie im Rahmen der EU-Staatsbürgerschaft) oder menschenrechtliche Dimension verleiht. Ein umfassendes Menschenrecht auf Freizügigkeit gibt es allerdings nicht. Freizügigkeit ist schließlich auch ein wichtiges Thema migrationsethischer Debatten über open borders oder no borders
Employing large language models for emotion detection in psychotherapy transcripts
No full textPurpose: In the context of psychotherapy, emotions play an important role both through their association with symptom severity, as well as their effects on the therapeutic relationship. In this analysis, we aim to train a large language model (LLM) for the detection of emotions in German speech. We want to apply this model on a corpus of psychotherapy transcripts to predict symptom severity and alliance aiming to identify the most important emotions for the prediction of symptom severity and therapeutic alliance.
Methods: We employed a public labeled dataset of 28 emotions and translated the dataset into German. A pre-trained LLM was then fine-tuned on this dataset for emotion classification. We applied the fine-tuned model to a dataset containing 553 psychotherapy sessions of 124 patients. Using machine learning (ML) and explainable artificial intelligence (AI), we predicted symptom severity and alliance by the detected emotions.
Results: Our fine-tuned model achieved modest classification performance (F1macro =0.45, Accuracy=0.41, Kappa=0.42) across the 28 emotions. Incorporating all emotions, our ML model showed satisfying performance for the prediction of symptom severity (r = .50; 95%-CI:.42,.57) and moderate performance for the prediction of alliance scores (r = .20; 95%-CI:.06,.32). The most important emotions for the prediction of symptom severity were approval, anger, and fear. The most important emotions for the prediction of alliance were curiosity, confusion, and surprise.
Conclusions: Even though the classification results were only moderate, our model achieved a good performance especially for prediction of symptom severity. The results confirm the role of negative emotions in the prediction of symptom severity, while they also highlight the role of positive emotions in fostering a good alliance. Future directions entail the improvement of the labeled dataset, especially with regards to domain-specificity and incorporating context information. Additionally, other modalities and Natural Language Processsing (NLP)-based alliance assessment could be integrated
Die Geopolitik der Organisation der Turkstaaten OTS
No full textDieses Arbeitspapier gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Geopolitik der Turkstaaten (OTS) und der Türkei als bevölkerungsreichstem und wirtschaftlich stärkstem Mitgliedstaat. Nach einer Reihe von Gipfeltreffen der Turkstaaten wurde 2009 mit dem Nachitschewan-Abkommen der Kooperationsrat der turksprachigen Staaten bzw. Turkischer Rat (Turkic Council) gegründet. Die OTS entstand 2021 als Nachfolgeorganisation. Die aktuellen Mitgliedstaaten sind Aserbaidschan, Kasachstan, Kirgisistan, die Türkei und Usbekistan, während Ungarn, Turkmenistan und die Türkische Republik Nordzypern Beobachterstatus haben. Die OTS ist heute die Dachorganisation und das Koordinierungszentrum für andere Turkstaaten-Organisationen und für die Beziehungen zu internationalen Organisationen. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die „Turkic World Vision 2040“ veröffentlicht, die vier Hauptbereiche der Zusammenarbeit umfasst, die politische und sicherheitspolitische Zusammenarbeit, wirtschaftliche und sektorale Zusammenarbeit, zwischenmenschliche Zusammenarbeit sowie Kooperation mit externen Partnern. Die fünf Mitgliedstaaten umfassen 4,2 Millionen km² und haben über 160 Millionen Einwohner. Während die Türkei mehr als die Hälfte der Einwohner stellt, verfügt Kasachstan mit 2,7 Millionen km² über die größte Landfläche. Die Türkei hat somit die größte Bevölkerung und Wirtschaftskraft innerhalb des OTS. Die drei Beobachterstaaten zählen zusammen etwa 17 Millionen Einwohner und umfassen knapp 0,6 Millionen km². Das OTS befindet sich noch in einer frühen Phase möglicher Kooperation, da die Handelsbeziehungen der Türkei mit den Turkstaaten sich noch auf einem niedrigen Niveau befinden. Der wichtigste strategische Vorteil des OTS liegt in seiner Abdeckung der zentralasiatischen Transportrouten für Handel, Rohstoffe und Energie. Im Energiesektor werden verschiedene Pipelineprojekte diskutiert, befinden sich im Bau oder sind bereits in Betrieb. Dies ist auch für die Shanghaier Organisation für Zusammenarbeit (SCO), die Energieproduktion und -transport abdeckt, sowie für die chinesische Seidenstraßeninitiative von Bedeutung. Ein weiteres geopolitisches Thema ist die Diskussion um den Zangazur-Korridor in Armenien, der Nachitschewan mit dem übrigen Aserbaidschan verbinden könnte. Die OTS ist zwar wichtig für die Zusammenarbeit zwischen den turksprachigen Staaten, stellt aber nur eine Dimension der Geopolitik des größten OTS-Mitglieds, der Türkei, dar. Basierend auf drei strategischen Konzepten – dem Neo-Osmanismus (Neo-Ottomanism, in Anlehnung an das Osmanische Reich als führender Macht), der strategischen Tiefe (stategic depth, die auf die zentrale Lage der Türkei und ihre historischen und kulturellen Verbindungen zu ihren Nachbarn verweist) und dem Konzept des „Blauen Heimatlandes“ (Blue Homeland; Mavi Vatan), das die maritimen Ansprüche definiert – verfolgt die Türkei eine aktivere Außenpolitik und weitet ihren Einflussbereich im Mittelmeer und im Nahen Osten aus. Dies umfasst militärische Präsenzen in Libyen, Syrien und Nordzypern, aber auch südlich des Suezkanals mit Stellungen in Suakin (Sudan), Katar und Somalia. Begleitet wird dies von einer Balance-Strategie zwischen West und Ost, um den politischen Handlungsspielraum zu erweitern. Dies führte jedoch zu politischen Differenzen mit der EU, der NATO und den Vereinigten Staaten, die im Arbeitspapier kurz dargestellt werden. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die OTS ein geopolitischer Akteur mit großem Potenzial für die weitere Zusammenarbeit ist
Kreative Prozesse und Ästhetische Erfahrungen in Kunstpädagogischen Lernsituationen der Frühen Kindheit
No full textThis dissertation focuses on researching creative processes and aesthetic experiences in a kindergarten context. It explores how children develop creative processes in early childhood, how they engage with aesthetic experiences, and how these experiences contribute to their knowledge construction. Additionally, the study examines the role of these experiences in fostering connections with peers and the environment within art pedagogical learning arrangements.
After a long experience as an art educator, the desire arose to explore the subject in a deeper way, making room for new perspectives, thoughts, observations, concepts and conclusions about an already very familiar subject.
During the development of the research, it became clear that even though early childhood and art education are topics that have already been well researched and addressed from different perspectives, studies that approach both topics and emphasize the development of creative processes and aesthetic experiences as aspects to be observed from an art education perspective are rare in Germany.
Rather than being discouraging, the lack of research in this area acted as a catalyst for the work presented here, which builds on a theoretical framework about art education, early childhood, and learning processes as the basis for investigating the development of creative processes and aesthetic experiences in art education pedagogical settings.
To develop the research, kindergarten children were observed interacting with pre-curated settings through videotaped material. The collected data, which were analyzed according to the methods proposed by the content analysis, revealed peculiarities of the creative processes that allowed the identification of a creative arc, emphasized the role of aesthetic experiences in the interaction with the environment (context in which the children are placed), pointed to the use of language as a resource for creation and to the social experience as not only permeating the creative processes of the children, but directly influencing them
Structure and Function of Disease-related Proteins studied by Spin Labeling EPR Spectroscopy and MD Simulations
Full text linkCurrently, in structural biology, structural data for globular proteins and/or their complexes can be generated with relatively rapid speed and accuracy. Membrane proteins, however, present additional challenges for most spectroscopic techniques, as reflected in the availability of data. To date (2024) almost 220.000 structures of proteins and nucleic acids of a variety of organisms are available and compiled in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), of which only about 10.000 (~ 5%) are membrane proteins. Contrarily, membrane proteins represent a class of utmost importance, as, first, 30% of all naturally occurring proteins are predicted to be embedded in biological membranes which, depending on their localization in the whole organism and within the cell, exhibit different, highly specialized and important functions. Moreover, membrane proteins, comprising the interface between a cell or a cellular compartment and its environment, are therefore also potential drug targets. Actually, membrane proteins account for over 60 % of the targets of all FDA-approved small-molecule drugs.
There is a wide range of methods being used to gain structural information for proteins. High-resolution techniques, like e.g. X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) provide a fundamental basis in the research field of protein structure and function. All these techniques, however, exhibit challenges and limitations. The X-ray technique, for example, requires a crystallized biomacromolecule in a form that resembles the functional state. Especially in the case of membrane proteins it is difficult and sometimes even not possible when the function relies on weak interactions of protein subunits or between biomacromolecules or on flexibility of the structure. Moreover, this technique can always only provide static structures that are often biased by crystal contacts. Nevertheless, X-ray crystallography still remains the major source for structural data. NMR spectroscopy, on the other hand, also provides some information about protein flexibility. But, technical barriers still limit the size of systems that can be investigated with the technique. Larger molecules lead to sensitivity reduction, simply because of their slower tumbling rates in combination with shorter NMR signal relaxation times, and to a higher spectral complexity due to the large amount of NMR-active nuclei and, therefore, also more interactions among them. Furthermore, both methods, X-ray crystallography and NMR, require relatively large amounts of highly purified samples, posing additional challenges for structure determination. The third method, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), makes it possible to work with comparably smaller amounts of material at lower concentration and without the preceding crystallization of the sample. Due to advances in electron detection and image processing the resolution of cryo-EM is now beginning to be comparable with X-ray crystallography, like for example a resolution of 1.25 Å of apoferritin. Nevertheless, a problem of some cryo-EM structures is the different resolution of the electron density within a biomolecule.
These “direct” structural elucidation techniques are supported by label-based biophysical characterization techniques which are suited to provide structural constraints and information about conformational changes as well as the interactions of biomolecules. On one side there is the Fluorescence/ Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), where chromophores are used that occur either naturally in the biochemical system or are introduced by site-directed labeling techniques. The high sensitivity of FRET, the access to distances of 1-10 nm as well as its ability to operate at physiological relevant temperatures makes it a potent tool to study proteins. However, the labels are often large and the labeling strategy can be complicated as different donor and acceptor molecules are usually required depending on the distance to be measured. Moreover, due to the flexibility of the labels the possible structural resolution of this technique is generally less than for e.g. X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Another highly suitable method for obtaining structural constraints as well as information about dynamics is site-directed spin labeling in conjunction with electron paramagnetic resonance (SDSL-EPR) spectroscopy. Here, paramagnetic probes, called spin labels, are used as spectroscopic reporter groups being covalently bound specifically to the sites of interest in commonly diamagnetic proteins. As an advantage compared to FRET the spin label side chain in EPR is rather small. This minimizes structural perturbance at the same time as being sufficiently close to the protein backbone to report on the protein dynamics, and it also simplifies interpretation of inter spin-distances between two spin labels. An additional advantage is that in EPR spectroscopy the paramagnetic centers used for distance measurements can be identical, what can largely simplify the labeling protocol. Also, utilizing different EPR methods, it is possible to gain information about the environment of the spin label, its dynamics and sterical restrictions, the local polarity or hydrophobicity and about the interaction with other paramagnetic centers, the latter - using pulse EPR - enabling to obtain long-range distance constrains also up to ~10 nm or even 16 nm using perdeuterated proteins and solvents.
To obtain more detailed information about the natural protein dynamics, especially at atomic level, also so-called in silico methods, foremost molecular dynamic simulations (MD Simulations), can be used. Here, based on the experimental data, the dynamics of a desired protein system are simulated and the results can then be compared with for example experimentally determined distance constraints to verify or disprove a structural or mechanistic model. Furthermore, MD simulations can be utilized to generate novel hypotheses for a mechanism under investigation, and thereby inspire new experimental approaches. Finally, if no experimentally determined structure is available, it is possible to predict the proteins´structure by so-called ‘homology modeling’ of the protein structure, where sufficiently similar or evolutionary closely related proteins are taken as templates for or as comparisons to the desired protein and by ´de novo structure predictions` based on the amino acid sequence, like the neural network-based model AlphaFold.
In the present thesis several of the aforementioned biophysical techniques, site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) in combination with continuous wave (cw) and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were applied to study- the structural, dynamic, and interaction properties of the soluble proteins CtRocoRocCOR, hLRRK2RocCOR and mBNIP3, and of one membrane protein, mVDAC1, interacting with cytosolic tBid. All of these systems have in common that their function - or malfunction - is related to human diseases. LRRK2 (for which CtRocoRocCOR is used as a bacterial model system for the RocCOR domain) is known to play a major role in inherited Parkinson’s disease. Bnip3, tBid and VDAC1 are components of the apoptosis pathway in cells and have been shown to be involved in e.g. cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The studies described in this work aim to analyse the conformations of the proteins in their native state, allowing conclusions to be drawn concerning their biological function
The Debate about European Intelligence
Full text linkThe debate about a fully-fledged European Intelligence Service is already going on for two decades and is dominated by two positions. The main argument for a fully-fledged European Intelligence are new threats: first terrorism, then cyber threats, hybrid warfare and now the Ukraine war. Also, it is doubted that the member states alone are still strong enough and argued that the member states’ intelligence may be too fragmented for an effective cooperation. The main argument against a European Intelligence Service is that the national security is a core element of national sovereignty which should be kept. Further arguments were raised with regard to the different concepts, structures, and legal settings of the national intelligence communities.
In the EU Strategic Compass 2022 it was discussed that the European Intelligence needs to be consolidated and strengthened. In line with this, the Niinistö Report from 2024 recommends “to strengthen EU Intelligence Structures step-by-step towards to a fully-fledged EU Service for Intelligence Cooperation […] to ensure the EU’s capacity to take autonomous and decisive action”. The proposed solution is to have a complementary Intelligence Service that respects the prerogative of national security. However, the Niinistö Report leaves no doubt that this agency should be fully-fledged in the long run, i.e., not only a simple coordination platform.
Behind the EU Intelligence Debate, there is the unresolved question of the ultimate goal of European integration: should it finally result in a state or state-like entity or should it be a close cooperation of national states with red lines for integration such as national security. Currently, the EU integration is moving forward with integration steps in multiple policy areas which leaves both options (state-like entity or cooperation) open.
The EU tries to solve the problem by arguing that the EU has a unique role in security and therefore specific needs for more autonomy in security and intelligence matters. The capabilities should be set up complementary, i.e., they should not replace the national agencies; but an additional European agency could add value. While there are ongoing centralization efforts in the cyber sector, no further major change could be observed since 2022, which may indicate that the member states still need to be convinced.
This paper analyzes the debate in detail. After an introduction in the structure and logic of intelligence cooperation, the development of European Union is briefly presented. Afterwards, it is shown how the main European intelligence units INTCEN, EUMS.INT and SIAC are embedded into the Common Security and Defense Policy CSDP and the European External Action Service EEAS. Thereafter, the fragmented cyber sector and the centralization efforts are analyzed. Based on this, the main arguments in the European Intelligence debate are presented.
Nichtige Urteile als Gegenstand einer Feststellungsklage im Sinne des § 256 ZPO
Full text linkIn Lehre und Rechtsprechung ist anerkannt, dass ein zivilrechtliches Urteil nicht nur fehlerhaft, sondern unter bestimmten Bedingungen sogar wirkungslos bzw. nichtig sein kann. Ebenfalls hält ein großer Teil von Schrifttum und Rechtsprechung die Feststellungsklage gem. § 256 ZPO für einen zulässigen Rechtsbehelf zur Entscheidung über die Urteilsnichtigkeit. Obwohl deshalb der Eindruck entstehen mag, dass die Zulässigkeit der Feststellungsklage bei nichtigen Urteilen weitestgehend unproblematisch ist, wird man bei näherer Betrachtung bemerken, dass schon nicht ohne weiteres ersichtlich ist, was in diesem Fall der richtige Feststellungsgegenstand ist. Schließlich ist das Rechtsverhältnis i.S.v. § 256 ZPO nach allgemeiner Ansicht eine auf einem konkreten Sachverhalt beruhende rechtliche Beziehung einer Person zu einer anderen Person oder Sache. Hinsichtlich der Feststellungsgegenstände „Urteil“ oder „Urteilsnichtigkeit“ erscheint jedoch fraglich, inwiefern diese Tatbestände eine rechtliche Beziehung darstellen. Unter anderem aus diesem Grund gibt es auch Gegenstimmen, die sich gegen die Feststellungsklage nach § 256 ZPO als zulässige Rechtsschutzmöglichkeit gegen nichtige Urteile wenden. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit war deshalb zu untersuchen, ob die Feststellungsklage nach § 256 ZPO grundsätzlich einen statthaften Rechtsbehelf gegen wirkungslose Urteile darstellt und ob das Urteil, seine Nichtigkeit oder gar ein aus der Wirkungslosigkeit des Urteils abzuleitendes Rechtsverhältnis Gegenstand einer Klage nach § 256 ZPO sein können. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit war sodann der Frage nachzugehen, unter welchen Umständen ein Interesse an der Feststellung der Urteilnichtigkeit bzw. eines aus der Urteilsnichtigkeit abzuleitenden Rechtsverhältnisses bestehen kann. Auch wenn das Feststellungsinteresse als besondere Zulässigkeitsvoraussetzung der Feststellungsklage grundsätzlich stark vom Einzelfall abhängig ist, lassen sich doch gewisse Konstellationen erdenken, in denen ein Bedürfnis nach Rechtssicherheit und Klarheit im Hinblick auf die Nichtigkeit des Urteils entsteht. So wird etwa der Schuldner die Vollstreckung aus einem wirkungslosen und damit auch nicht vollstreckbaren Titel verhindern wollen und deshalb anstreben, Zweifel über die Wirksamkeit mit Hilfe der Klage nach § 256 ZPO auszuräumen. Ob dieser oder ähnliche Gründe gerade die Klageerhebung nach § 256 ZPO und damit auch eine Belastung des Beklagten rechtfertigen können oder ob womöglich andere Klagearten oder Rechtsbehelfe effektiveren Rechtsschutz bieten, war in dieser Arbeit zu klären