Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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A region-specific brain dysfunction underlies cognitive impairment in long COVID brain fog
No full textLong COVID "brain fog" is a common and debilitating subjective syndrome often associated with persistent cognitive impairment after COVID-19 infection. Here we identify a specific regional brain dysfunction that mediates this cognitive impairment and provide evidence that targeted neuromodulation improves this deficit. In 120 patients with long COVID brain fog, we found an aberrant perceptual processing pattern. Patients with more severe brain fog committed significantly more false alarms (impulsive responses to non-signals) despite preserved overall accuracy. Both high-density (128-channel) EEG and structural MRI analyses provided converging evidence of a right inferior insula deficit, characterized by a blunted neural monitoring signal and cortical atrophy. We confirmed this deficit in a separate 796-participant UK Biobank longitudinal COVID re-imaging cohort, where COVID-19 survivors also showed selective impairment on a perceptual processing task and corresponding longitudinal atrophy of the right inferior insula compared with healthy controls. Finally, in a proof-of-principle randomized, sham-controlled trial (n = 40), a non-invasive, excitatory theta-burst ultrasound stimulation protocol targeting the right inferior insula rescued the perceptual deficit by reducing false alarms. These findings provide evidence of a causal role for right inferior insula dysfunction in long COVID-related perceptual impairment and show that modulation of this region can rescue the deficit, establishing it as a novel therapeutic target for long COVID cognitive impairment.</p
Probing Preference Representations: A Multi-Dimensional Evaluation and Analysis Method for Reward Models
No full textPrevious methods evaluate reward models by testing them on a fixed pairwise ranking test set, but they typically do not provide performance information on each preference dimension. In this work, we address the evaluation challenge of reward models by probing preference representations. To confirm the effectiveness of this evaluation method, we construct a Multi-dimensional Reward Model Benchmark (MRMBench), a collection of six probing tasks for different preference dimensions. We design it to favor and encourage reward models that better capture preferences across different dimensions. Furthermore, we introduce an analysis method, inference-time probing, which identifies the dimensions used during the reward prediction and enhances its interpretability. Through extensive experiments, we find that MRMBench strongly correlates with the alignment performance of large language models (LLMs), making it a reliable reference for developing advanced reward models. Our analysis of MRMBench evaluation results reveals that reward models often struggle to capture preferences across multiple dimensions, highlighting the potential of multi-objective optimization in reward modeling. Additionally, our findings show that the proposed inference-time probing method offers a reliable metric for assessing the confidence of reward predictions, which ultimately improves the alignment of LLMs.</p
Tea drinking and anxiety: the parallel mediating effects of mindfulness and positive affect
No full text近年来，焦虑的流行率、发病率增长速度都呈上升趋势，焦虑的全民性特征越来越明显，对人们的身心健康带来不良的影响。而已有研究表明，茶叶中含有 L-茶氨酸等成分,因此，饮茶具有促进平静、缓解焦虑的作用。但这些研究多集中在单一茶成分对焦虑影响的探索，缺少饮茶与焦虑在心理层面上潜在机制的探讨。本研究旨在从心理层面，尤其是结合认知和情绪，来考察饮茶行为习惯与焦虑的关系，并探索其内在心理机制。
本研究采用方便抽样法，使用正念觉知量表(MAAS)、正负情绪量表(PANAS) 中的正性情绪(PA)量表、状态特质焦虑量表(STAI)中的特质焦虑分量表(TAI)、茶 饮仪式感问卷对 400 名成年人进行调查。研究一考察饮茶频率与焦虑的关系及其内在机制，结果显示：与不经常饮茶者相比，经常饮茶者的正念水平、积极情绪更高，焦虑水平更低。正念在饮茶频率与焦虑的关系中起中介作用。即经常饮茶可能与正念水平的提升关联、有促进积极情绪产生的潜在效用，从而与焦虑水平的降低关联。
研究二在研究一的基础上，进一步分析 196 名经常饮茶人士在如何饮茶上的差异，研究茶饮仪式感与焦虑的关系及其内在机制，结果表明：茶饮仪式感也与正念水平的提升相关，与焦虑水平负相关；同时，茶饮仪式感也可能具有提升积极情绪的潜在关联，进而与焦虑的减少相关；正念和积极情绪在茶饮仪式感与焦虑的关系中起并列中介作用，即对饮茶仪式过程的关注，可能与提升正念水平以及积极情绪相关，进而具有降低焦虑水平的潜在关联。
本研究从心理层面考察了饮茶和焦虑的关系，并探讨其内在作用机制，研究结果对旨在预防焦虑障碍发生的公共卫生工作提供一定的参考，同时也为降低人们的焦虑水平，保持身心健康提供了一种简单易行的参考方式。</p
The Influence of Strong-tie and Weak-tie social support for re-employment on the Re-employment Willingness of Full-time Mothers: A Moderated Mediation Model
No full text为积极应对人口老龄化问题，2021 年，国家决定实施放开三孩生育政策及配套支持措施。2025 年，国务院颁布针对 3 周岁以下婴幼儿家庭发放育儿补贴的政策。女性作为生育的主体，在全面三孩政策下，如何兼顾生育和自身就业的问题日益凸现。在面临新的生育政策下，本研究以生养下一代和照顾家庭为主业的全职妈妈为研究对象，探索她们对社会网络中强关系和弱关系支持其再就业的感知是如何影响她们的再就业意愿，以及家庭主妇倦怠感的中介作用和自我意识在这个过程中的调节效应。
研究一采用问卷调查法，对来自全国 87 个城市的 358 位全职妈妈进行了调研。研究一发现，强关系再就业支持感对全职妈妈的再就业意愿具有显著的正向总效应但中介效应不显著；弱关系再就业支持感对再就业意愿的总效应不显著，但通过家庭主妇倦怠感间接影响再就业意愿的中介效应显著，这表明全职妈妈的家庭主妇倦怠感越高，其再就业意愿越强。同时，自我意识在这一过程中起到了显著的调节作用：它削弱了强关系再就业支持感和家庭主妇倦怠感之间的负向关系，同时促进了弱关系再就业支持感和家庭主妇倦怠感之间的正向关系；并且自我意识还削弱了家庭主妇倦怠感和再就业意愿之间的正向关系。在低水平自我意 识下，自我意识对强关系再就业支持感通过家庭主妇倦怠感正向影响再就业意愿的中介路径的调节边缘显著。在平均水平及高水平自我意识下，自我意识则能显著调节弱关系再就业支持感通过家庭主妇倦怠感正向影响再就业意愿的中介路径。这两组中介调节效应发生的边界条件呈现“分离状态”。
研究二采取调查实验法，在研究一的基础上进一步开展操纵实验，通过调研平台对 353 位全职妈妈被试进行了前后测调查实验，运用回忆启动法操纵强关系再就业支持感和弱关系再就业支持感，以检验两类支持感对家庭主妇倦怠感和再就业意愿的影响。研究二部分验证和补充了研究一的结果，即强关系再就业支持感和弱关系再就业支持感均对全职妈妈的再就业意愿有显著的正向效应。但自我意识对强关系再就业支持感通过家庭主妇倦怠感影响再就业意愿的中介调节效应只在高水平自我意识被试中显著。自我意识对弱关系再就业支持感通过家庭主妇倦怠感影响再就业意愿的中介调节效应则不显著。这些部分与研究一的结果相悖，需要进一步验证。
研究三采取访谈法，通过质性研究方法对强弱关系再就业支持感影响全职妈妈再就业意愿的机制进一步探讨以发掘更多细节，同时试图寻找研究一和研究二中部分结果相悖的原因。通过对 19 名受访者进行半结构化的深度访谈，梳理了她们对于强关系和弱关系对她们再就业支持的不同感受，了解强弱关系再就业支持感对她们家庭主妇倦怠感产生的影响，进而探究强弱关系再就业支持感及家庭主妇倦怠感是如何影响她们的再就业意愿，以及自我意识在其中起到的作用。同时还探讨了其它可能会影响到全职妈妈再就业意愿的因素。这些研究结果为研究 一、二的结论提供了更多可能的解释，同时为如何促进全职妈妈的再就业意愿，缓解她们的家庭主妇倦怠感，提供更多新的视角。
本文通过三个研究，层层推进，揭示了强关系和弱关系这两类社会支持感对全职妈妈的家庭主妇倦怠感和再就业意愿的相关及因果影响，同时探索了家庭主妇倦怠感的中介作用和自我意识的调节作用。结果显示，强关系和弱关系对全职妈妈再就业的支持感能共同推动她们的再就业意愿，在这个过程中，家庭主妇倦怠感起到了部分中介的作用。强关系再就业支持感通过家庭主妇倦怠感影响再就业意愿的中介效应，在研究一中只对低水平自我意识被试显著，但在研究二中却只对高水平自我意识被试显著，其中分歧的原因，在研究三的访谈中获得部分可能的解释。弱关系再就业支持感通过家庭主妇倦怠感影响再就业意愿的中介效应， 在研究一中只对高自我意识水平的被试显著，在研究二中并未获得验证，在研究三的访谈中，弱关系再就业支持感对家庭主妇倦怠感和再就业意愿的影响也未获得验证。
这些研究结果部分印证了强弱关系理论的“在就业中弱关系更多起到信息桥 梁的作用”；同时也符合该理论在中国社会的应用场景，即在以“人情社会”为 特点的东方社会，就业更依赖来自强关系的支持。本文在这些理论基础上，注重探究个体对不同维度社会支持心理层面的感知，同时关注家庭主妇倦怠感和自我意识等个体因素在强弱关系再就业支持感影响全职妈妈再就业意愿过程中的作用。这些都可以为未来政府和社会层面关怀全职妈妈群体，有针对性地为她们提供从情感到信息等多维度的社会支持，协助她们走出再就业困境提供一定的理论依据和实践支持。</p
Effect of Individualized and Adaptive Vision Training versus 6 hours of Patching in Children with Residual Amblyopia: A Randomized Clinical Trial
No full textIntroductionDespite refractive correction and patching, some patients have residual amblyopia. In the current study, we compared the effectiveness of daily 6-hours (6-h) intensive patching and a newly developed individualized and adaptive vision training (iAVT) protocol for residual amblyopia in children.MethodsIn a randomized clinical trial, 60 children aged 4 to under 11 years with residual amblyopia and visual acuity ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) were assigned to receive either 50 sessions of iAVT training or 6 h of daily patching for 10 weeks.ResultsVisual acuity in the amblyopic eye improved more in the iAVT group than in the extended patching group (0.13 versus 0.07 logMAR; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.010-0.100; p = 0.017) over 10 weeks. At 2 weeks, the iAVT group also showed a faster improvement compared with the patching group (0.09 versus 0.06 logMAR; 95% CI -0.004 to 0.067; p = 0.076). Meanwhile, no significant between-group difference was found in the area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) change. However, the AULCSF of the iAVT group showed a marginally significant within-group improvement from base to week 10 (0.78 versus 0.89; 95% CI -0.225 to 0.001; p = 0.056), while no significant change was observed in the patching group. The iAVT group also reported higher quality-of-life scores after treatment, as monitored by the Pediatric Eye Questionnaire.ConclusionsThe iAVT provided a faster and more effective treatment for residual amblyopia compared with 6-h patching within the 10-week treatment period. These results suggest that iAVT may be an important new approach to treating residual amblyopia.Trail RegistrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2300075594. Registered on 8 September 2023-retrospectively registered
An Enhanced Valence-Arousal Multimodal Emotion Dataset for Emotion Recognition
No full textWe introduce a novel multimodal emotion recognition dataset designed to enhance the precision of valence-arousal modeling while incorporating individual differences. This dataset includes electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG), and pulse interval (PI) data from 64 participants. Data collection employed two emotion induction paradigms: video stimuli targeting different valence levels (positive, neutral, and negative) and the Mannheim Multicomponent Stress Test (MMST) inducing high arousal through cognitive, emotional, and social stressors. To enrich the dataset, participants' personality traits, anxiety, depression, and emotional states were assessed using validated questionnaires. By capturing a broad spectrum of affective responses and systematically accounting for individual differences, this dataset provides a robust resource for precise emotion modeling. The integration of multimodal physiological data with psychological assessments lays a strong foundation for personalized emotion recognition. We anticipate this resource will support the development of more accurate, adaptive, and individualized emotion recognition systems across diverse applications
The role of trait inference and pragmatic inference in young children's selective learning
No full textDespite the early development of children's sensitivity to the informativeness of testimony, there is limited understanding of their interpretation of others' history of informativeness. This study investigates how preschoolers make trait inferences and pragmatic inferences about informants who differed in informativeness, and how these abilities affect their selective learning. Four- and 5-year-olds (N = 64) observed two informants with differential access to a series of conjunctive causal events (full vs. partial). They were then asked to make pragmatic and trait inferences about the informants before choosing one informant to learn from. Five-year-olds, but not 4-year-olds, preferred to learn from the informative speaker. This pattern of selective learning held only for children who evaluated the informative speaker as smarter and for those children who could infer the informants' epistemic states from the strength of statements. These findings highlight the crucial role of trait reasoning and pragmatic ability in guiding children's selective learning
Bridging numerical and verbal probabilities: Construction and application of the Chinese Lexicon of Verbal Probability
No full textProbabilities are typically expressed in two forms: numerical (e.g., 50%) and verbal (e.g., likely). In this regard, understand-ing how verbal probabilities map to their numerical equivalents is crucial for examining the probabilistic language used in various texts. This study addresses this issue by introducing the Chinese Lexicon of Verbal Probability (CLVP), comprising 343 verbal probability phrases that are each paired with corresponding numerical probabilities, membership functions, and frequency data from three corpora. We analyze the distribution of subjective values of verbal probability phrases in Chinese based on the CLVP, compare them with their English counterparts, and create a benchmark of seven high-frequency verbal probability phrases for organizational use. Overall, this study provides a valuable tool for converting verbal probabilities into numerical equivalents, contributing to cross-linguistic and cross-cultural research.</p
Diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic bipolar disorder: prevalence, clinical correlates and relationship with homocysteine
No full textComorbid diabetes mellitus in patients with bipolar disorder may contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. To determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in bipolar disorder patients and its clinico-demographic and homocysteine correlates, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 195 bipolar disorder inpatients. They received questionnaires, clinical measurements and laboratory tests to assess demographic characteristics, anthropometric variables, clinical variables and plasma homocysteine levels. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (including type 1, type 2 and special types) in Chinese bipolar disorder patients was 14.9%. Analysis of variance or chi-square test showed that compared with non-diabetic bipolar disorder patients, diabetic bipolar disorder patients were older, more often married, had a longer duration of disease, took less olanzapine and had a higher frequency of hypertension. However, there were no significant differences in body mass index (BMI) and homocysteine levels between diabetic and non-diabetic bipolar disorder patients. Logistic regression analysis showed that marital status and duration of disease were independently associated with diabetes mellitus in patients with bipolar disorder after controlling for age, use of olanzapine, presence of hypertension, BMI and homocysteine levels. These findings shed light on the clinico-demographic correlates of the increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus in bipolar disorder patients, rather than the correlation with some metabolic risk factors.</p
The Effects of Dialogic Reading Intervention on Verbal Interaction and Engagement in Young Autistic Children: A Randomized Controlled Preliminary Study
No full textThe current study investigated whether dialogic reading could improve the verbal response, initiation of communication (questioning and commenting), receptive vocabulary and task engagement in 14 children with autism by using a randomized controlled trial. Moreover, we explored whether the effect of dialogic reading could be generalized to new books. Nine children with autism (mean age = 5.32 years, SD = 1.08) were randomly assigned to the dialogic reading group and five children (mean age = 5.25 years, SD = 1.18) were assigned to the standard book reading group. All children participated in four stages: pre-test, intervention, post-test, and generalization. The intervention was conducted over a four-week period, with three sessions per week, for a total of 12 sessions. We found that during the intervention, children in the dialogic reading group showed significant improvements in responding to adult questions and initiating comments compared with children in the standard book reading group. In addition, the dialogic reading facilitated the vocabulary knowledge and reduced the level of disengagement of children with autism. Further, children in the dialogic reading group could generalize the learned communication skills to new books, although this effect merely reached a marginal significance. Overall, these findings provide unique evidence for the effects of dialogic reading on promoting verbal interaction in children with autism and have great implications for intervention practices.</p
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