Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Anterograde interference in multitask perceptual learning
No full textLearning to perform multiple tasks robustly is a crucial facet of human intelligence, yet its mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we formulated four hypotheses concerning task interactions and investigated them by analyzing training sequence effects through a continual learning framework. Forty-nine subjects learned seven tasks sequentially, each of the seven groups following a distinct sequence. Results showed that subjects learning a task later in a sequence exhibited poorer performance in six tasks (Contrast, Vernier, Face, Motion, Auditory, and N-back tasks, except for the Shape task) compared to those who learned this task earlier. Interestingly, sequence position had minimal impact on forgetting. A complementary dual-task experiment corroborated these findings. Through detailed analyses of session and block learning curves, we revealed task-specific anterograde interference, but no retrograde interference. These findings support the integrated reweighting theory and shed light on the meta-plasticity mechanism governing how human brain balances plasticity and stability
Distinct oxytocin signaling pathways synergistically mediate rescue- like behavior in mice
No full textSpontaneous rescue behavior enhances the well- being and survival of social animals, yet the neural mechanisms underlying the recognition and response to conspecifics in need remain unclear. Here, we report that observer mice experience distress when encountering anesthetized conspecifics, prompting spontaneous rescue- like behavior toward the unconscious mice. This behavior facilitates the earlier awakening of anesthetized mice while simultaneously alleviating stress in the helper mice. Our findings reveal that endogenous oxytocin (OXT) release from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus regulates the emotional component of rescue- like behavior. In contrast, OXT release from the PVN to OXTR in the dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dBNST) mediates the motor component of the behavior. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these two pathways exhibited distinct temporal dynamics and functional roles. The the remarkable ability of rodents to engage in targeted helping behavior and suggest that distinct subcortical oxytocinergic pathways selectively and synergistically regulate the motor and emotional aspects of rescue- like behavior
Awake reactivation of cortical memory traces predicts subsequent memory retrieval
No full textBrief periods of rest after learning facilitate consolidation of new memories. Memory reactivation and hippocampal-cortical dialogue have been proposed as candidate mechanisms supporting consolidation. However, the study of these mechanisms has mostly concerned sleep-based consolidation. Whether and how awake reactivation can selectively consolidate cortical memory traces to guide subsequent behavior requires more human electrophysiological evidence. This study addressed these issues by utilizing intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings from 11 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, who learned a set of objectlocation associations. Using representational similarity analysis, we found that, among the multiple cortical memory traces of object-location associations for the same object generated through several rounds of learning, the association corresponding to memory traces with stronger cortical activation during wakeful rest was more likely to be retrieved later. Awake reactivation of cortical memory trace was accompanied by increased hippocampal ripple rates and enhanced theta-band hippocampal-cortical communication, with hippocampal interactions with cortical regions within the default mode network preceding cortical reactivation. Together, these results suggest that awake reactivation of cortical memory trace during post-learning rest supports memory consolidation, predicting subsequent recall.</p
Anxiety and Depression Among College Students Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown Lift: A Network Analysis Study Focus on the Transition Period
Get PDFSince the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, college students experienced changed campus life during the evolving pandemic restrictions. Anxiety and depression have become increasingly prevalent, leading to the necessity for further examining their relationship and comorbidity. This study used the network analysis to investigate the interaction and causal relationship in the anxiety-depression network among Chinese college students during the pandemic. A longitudinal survey with two specific points among 705 college students were conducted from 12 December to 30 December 2022 (lockdown period, T1), and from 8 February to 13 March 2023 (lockdown lift period, T2). Contemporaneous network and cross-lagged panel network (CLPN) analysis were conducted to examine the issue from both cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives. Both contemporaneous networks exhibited extensive links between anxiety and depression symptoms. The key central symptom was "STAI16: [Not] content" at T1, and was "STAI15: [Not] relaxed" at T2. CLPN analysis suggested that "STAI15: [Not] relaxed" had the highest in-prediction, while "STAI13: Jittery" had the highest out-prediction. The strongest transdiagnostic prediction was from "BDI6: Punishment" to "STAI9: Frightened", and the bridge symptoms in both contemporaneous networks and CLPN included overlaps like "STAI11: [Not] self-confident" and "STAI14: Indecisive", which served as important symptoms contributing to anxiety-depression comorbidity. These findings provide new insights into the causal relationships between depression and anxiety before and after lockdown lift, shed light on the comorbidity factors, and provide support for targeted interventions to address mental health challenges faced by college students in public crisis.</p
White matter abnormalities of the frontal-striatal-thalamic circuit in individuals with attenuated positive symptom syndromes: a probabilistic tractography study
No full textAttenuated positive symptoms syndrome (APSS) is a risk state preceding psychosis, and its early identification is key to early intervention. Previous studies have suggested that disturbances in the frontal-striatal-thalamic (FST) circuit may play a role in the neuropathology of APSS. However, the evidence regarding white matter structure remains fragmented. This study aimed to systematically investigate white matter (WM) alterations within the FST circuits in individuals with APSS. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) and T1-weighted images were acquired from 43 individuals with APSS and 50 healthy controls (HCs). The dMRI data were preprocessed using FMRIB Software Library software. The Brainnetome Atlas was utilized to extract regions of interest (ROIs) in the frontal lobe, striatum, and thalamus. Bidirectional probabilistic tractography was performed to construct the FST circuit. The connection probability (CP) and diffusion index values were compared between the APSS and HC groups using the two-sample t test. Compared to HCs, individuals with APSS exhibited significantly lower CP values in right orbital gyrus_area 13- right nucleus accumbens (OrG_A13-NAC) fiber tract; higher mean diffusivity values in the left OrG_A13-NAC and left ventral caudate-left caudal temporal thalamus (vCa-cTtha) fiber tracts; higher radial diffusivity values in the right OrG_A13-NAC fiber tract; and higher axial diffusivity values in multiple frontal lobe ROI-striatum ROI and striatum ROI-thalamus ROI fiber tracts. Overall, individuals with APSS demonstrated white matter microstructural abnormalities, especially in the OrG_A13-NAC fiber tracts. These alterations may contribute to our understanding on the neuropathology of APSS
Abnormalities of gray matter volume and structural covariance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes: implications for clinical correlations
No full textAttention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by attention deficits, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. This study investigated brain structural differences in children with ADHD compared to typically developing children. Our sample included 199 ADHD children (114 ADHD-predominantly inattentive; 85 ADHD-combined presentation subtypes) and 94 typically developing controls. All participants completed clinical assessments and MRI scans. We conducted whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis, structural covariance analysis, and clinical correlation. We used Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) to compare gray matter volume (GMV) and structural covariance between the ADHD subgroups and typically developing children. We also analyzed correlations between structural covariance and clinical symptoms. The results showed significant GMV differences, particularly in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia, among ADHD subtypes and typically developing children. Compared to controls, children with ADHD combined presentation (ADHD-C) exhibited significantly larger GMV in the right precentral gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, and left cingulate gyrus, while children with ADHD-predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I) exhibited larger GMV in the right cingulate gyrus. Within the ADHD subtypes, ADHD-C children displayed larger GMV in the left caudate nucleus compared to ADHD-I children. Structural covariance analysis highlighted the altered connectivity patterns, involving the striatum and regions within the default mode network. Correlation analysis indicated associations between altered brain structures and symptoms, cognitive abilities, and social functioning. Our findings suggested that specific brain regions are implicated in ADHD pathology and associated with clinical symptoms, paving ways for developing diagnostic markers and future interventions.</p
Unequal roles of symptoms in Internet gaming disorder: A network analysis in early adolescence and emerging adulthood
No full textInternet Gaming Disorder (IGD), recognized as a psychiatric condition especially prevalent among young people, still requires further clarification regarding the age-related differences. The current study employed graphical Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (gLASSO) network to assess the central symptoms of IGD in adolescents. Additionally, directed acyclic graphs (DAG) were used to explore the directed dependence among these symptoms. A total of 953 early adolescents (Mage = 11.66, SD = 1.06) and 968 emerging adults (Mage = 19.21, SD = 1.00), all of whom reported at least one symptom on the Nine-Item Internet Gaming Disorder ScaleShort Form (IGDS9-SF), participated in this study. The results uncovered distinct age-based differences in the symptom structures of IGD. The gLASSO network analysis showed that Spend Time Thinking About Gaming was more central in early adolescence, while Increased Gaming Urges and Unsuccessful Attempts To Reduce were more important components in emerging adulthood. The networks' stability was estimated to be robust. The DAG analysis indicated that Spend Time Thinking About Gaming was the most influential symptom in early adolescents, triggering a cascade of downstream symptoms. In emerging adulthood, Increased Gaming Urges, Unsuccessful Attempts to Reduce, and Irritated When Trying to Reduce were mutually reinforcing, sustaining the symptomatic network. This empirical evidence enhances our understanding of the symptomatic structure of IGD among different age groups, providing a foundation for tailored interventions
The latent mechanism behind binocular advantage in reading
No full textMost individuals read binocularly, and previous studies have found a binocular advantage in reading speed. However, the underlying mechanism of the binocular advantage in reading remains unclear. In our study, we quantified contributions from basic visual functions, basic oculomotor functions, and reading-specific eye movements to the binocular advantage in Chinese reading speed, using six tasks and 32 metrics. Consistent with prior research, we confirmed a binocular advantage in Chinese text reading, with binocular reading being approximately 4% faster than monocular reading. Interestingly, although basic visual and oculomotor functions themselves exhibited binocular advantages, they did not account for the observed binocular advantage in reading among individuals with normal vision. This finding is particularly noteworthy because it provides an important normative reference for individuals with impaired vision, in whom basic visual and oculomotor functions may serve as critical explanatory factors for reading performance. In contrast, the concurrent reduction of three reading-specific eye movement metrics-fixation count, average fixation duration, and progressive saccade count-under binocular conditions well explained the binocular advantage in reading, despite these metrics not demonstrating a binocular advantage in isolation. Our results suggest that efficient parafoveal preprocessing and faster neural processing in binocular vision might play critical roles in binocular advantage in reading for individuals with normal vision.</p
Higher sense of power, less dangerous driving behaviors: perceived control as mediator and subjective social status as moderator
No full textTo promote road safety, it is essential to determine the various self-perception factors influencing dangerous driving behaviors and explore the inner mechanisms. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sense of power, perceived control, and subjective social status on dangerous driving behaviors in a sample of drivers located in China. A total of 426 drivers completed the questionnaires on sense of power, perceived control, and subjective social status and the driver behavior questionnaire (DBQ). The results of path analysis showed that (1) sense of power positively predicted perceived control and negatively predicted dangerous driving behaviors; (2) perceived control negatively predicted errors and lapses of DBQ and mediated the relationship between them and sense of power; and (3) subjective social status moderated the effect of sense of power on perceived control. The present study expands the scope of the influencing factors of dangerous driving behaviors while providing practical guidance in the domain of safe driving.</p
Cognitive Networks and Text Analysis Identify Anxiety as a Key Dimension of Distress in Genuine Suicide Notes
No full textUnderstanding the mindset of people who die by suicide remains a key research challenge. We map conceptual and emotional word–word co-occurrences in 139 genuine suicide notes and in reference word lists, an Emotional Recall Task, from 200 individuals grouped by high/low depression, anxiety, and stress levels on DASS-21. Positive words cover most of the suicide notes’ vocabulary; however, co-occurrences in suicide notes overlap mostly with those produced by individuals with low anxiety (Jaccard index of 0.42 for valence and 0.38 for arousal). We introduce a "words not said" method: It removes every word that corpus A shares with a comparison corpus B and then checks the emotions of "residual" words in (Formula presented.). With no leftover emotions, A and B are similar in expressing the same emotions. Simulations indicate this method can classify high/low levels of depression, anxiety and stress with 80% accuracy in a balanced task. After subtracting suicide note words, only the high-anxiety corpus displays no significant residual emotions. Our findings thus pin anxiety as a key latent feature of suicidal psychology and offer an interpretable language-based marker for suicide risk detection.</p
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