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Neural mechanisms underlying reduced nocifensive sensitivity in autism-associated <i>Shank3</i> mutant dogs
No full textAutistic individuals carrying mutations in SHANK3 (encoding a synaptic scaffolding protein) have been consistently reported to exhibit reduced pain sensitivity. However, the neural mechanisms underlying impaired pain processing remain unclear. To investigate the role of SHANK3 in pain processing, we conducted behavioral, electrophysiological, and pharmacological tests upon nociceptive stimulation in a Shank3 mutant dog model. Behaviorally, Shank3 mutant dogs showed reduced nocifensive sensitivity compared to wild-type (WT) dogs. Electrophysiologically, Shank3 mutant dogs exhibited reduced neural responses elicited by the activations of both A delta- and C-fiber nociceptors. Additionally, Shank3 mutants showed a lower level of aperiodic exponents, which serve as a marker for the excitatory-inhibitory balance of neural activity. The aperiodic exponents mediated the relationship between genotype and nocifensive sensitivity as well as between genotype and neural responses elicited by nociceptive stimuli. Pharmacologically, the reduced nocifensive sensitivity and atypical excitatory-inhibitory balance were rescued by a GABAAR antagonist pentylenetetrazole. These findings highlight the critical role of Shank3 in pain processing and suggest that an impaired excitatory-inhibitory balance may be responsible for the reduced nocifensive reactivity in autism
Core Symptoms and Symptom Relationships of Problematic Internet Use in Children and Adolescents: A Network Analysis
No full textWith the advancement of Internet technology, problematic Internet use (PIU) has become one of the most common mental health issues among children and adolescents. This study employed network analysis to identify the central symptoms and network connections of PIU, as well as the differences in these complex patterns between children and adolescents. For this purpose, the study included 10,530 participants aged 8-18 years, with participants aged 8-12 classified as the child group and those aged 13-18 classified as the adolescent group. All participants completed the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). The results of the network analysis for the overall sample of children and adolescents indicated that "Anticipate going online again" and "Neglect chores for online time" were the core nodes in the network for both groups. Moreover, the network structure differed between children and adolescents. Compared to children, the adolescent network showed increased relationships between "Prefer internet excitement to close friends" and "Prefer online time over socializing," "Reluctant to log off ("just a little longer")," and "Fail to cut down online time." This study provided empirical support for more effective and timely interventions and treatments tailored to different age groups by identifying the core symptoms and complex relationships of PIU in the symptom networks of children and adolescents
Consequence-Aware Takeovers: Enhancing Safety in Autonomous Driving Transitions
No full textAwareness of behavioral consequences significantly influences focus, priorities, and emotions. This study investigates the impact of informing drivers about potential takeover consequences on human-machine collaboration in conditional autonomous driving. We recruited 32 licensed drivers and randomly assigned them to groups with and without informed consequences. Each group completed 8 distinct takeover tasks, each with varying consequences of not taking over. We assessed takeover performance, subjective evaluations (situational awareness, workload), and physiological stress responses (electrocardiogram, electromyogram) to provide a comprehensive evaluation of takeover safety. Our findings indicate that drivers informed of the consequences demonstrated superior takeover performance, evidenced by increased time-to-collision, reduced maximum lateral acceleration, and decreased trajectory deviation. Additionally, disclosing consequences increased drivers' perceived attentional demands, elevating workload while maintaining stable stress levels during takeover. Future research should explore how to balance workload with driving performance when informing drivers of the consequences of not taking over.</p
Effects of methylphenidate combined with exercise intervention on attention and behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
No full text目的:探讨盐酸哌甲酯联合运动干预对注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的注意力、自我意识及问题行为的影响。方法:回顾性分析106例接受盐酸哌甲酯治疗的注意缺陷多动障碍儿童临床资料,根据是否联合运动干预分为联合干预组(n=49)、对照组(n=57)。采用视听整合连续测试、Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表、Conners儿童行为问题量表父母卷(PSQ)测量两组儿童的注意力、自我意识及问题行为。结果:干预后,联合干预组儿童在视听整合连续测试中的反应时间、漏报、错报数目及PSQ各维度得分除焦虑抑郁外均低于对照组,综合反应控制商、综合注意力商、听觉反应控制商、视觉反应控制商、听觉注意商、视觉注意商得分、Piers-Harris各维度得分均高于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论:盐酸哌甲酯联合运动干预能有效提升注意缺陷多动障碍儿童注意力、自我意识,改善问题行为。</p
Development of the Childbearing Motivation Scale and Test of its Reliability and Validity
No full text编制适用于当代中国育龄人群的生育动机量表，以推动生育动机研究的发展。综合运用文献调研、专家咨询和认知访谈等方法编制量表题项，采用分层抽样的方法，线上调查2000名18～40岁的育龄男女，使用因子分析、相关分析和计算克伦巴赫阿尔法等方法检验量表的信效度。新编制的生育动机量表分为积极生育动机和消极生育动机两个亚量表。积极生育动机量表18题，涵盖追求渴望和习俗规范两个维度，克伦巴赫阿尔法值为0.94,得分与生育意愿显著正相关。消极生育动机量表13题，涵盖情感社会和躯体物质两个维度，克伦巴赫阿尔法值为0.91,得分与生育意愿显著负相关。新编制的生育动机量表适用于测量我国育龄人群的生育动机水平。</p
你,“阴阳怪气”了吗
No full text“阴阳怪气”者通过语言的模糊性来传达挖苦之意。网上，铺天盖地的“溢美之词”可能让人很受用，却也可能让人浑身难受。“你家‘爱豆’认真得很，唱歌都要一个字一个字地录。”“文笔真好，你要是进文坛了，肯定就没鲁迅什么事儿了。”上面这些话看似赞美，实则满是嘲讽，被网友戏称为“阴阳怪气”。最近，这种“阴阳怪气”的人似乎越来越多了。网络世界具备匿名性和隐蔽性，能让人们随心所欲地发表观点，却也催生了一些“怼天怼地怼空气”的网友
Could Inequality-Related Cultures Explain Son Preference?
No full text尽管当代社会在性别平等方面取得显著进展，重男轻女现象仍在部分国家和地区顽固存在，其主要表现为长期的出生性别比失衡。这一现象不仅反映了社会大众的男孩偏好倾向，也折射出社会深层次的不平等文化结构。已有研究将此归因于生育率下降、技术进步、政策导向等社会生态因素；许多理论家指出，除生育政策、社会经济等因素外，父权文化下的重男轻女价值观念是导致性别筛选进而引发出生性别比偏高的文化基础。然而，目前鲜有实证研究揭示文化的影响，且哪种文化因素最有解释力尚不得而知。
本研究基于跨文化心理学视角，首次从全球比较、国家内比较和社会变迁比较层面综合考察文化与重男轻女的关系，通过三个不同层次的研究分析厘清出生性别比和男孩偏好的文化差异模式和可能的解释因素。具体而言，研究一考察了全球范围内不同国家/地区出生性别比的文化差异模式及解释因素；主要发现包括：较之其他文化维度，与性别不平等相关的文化维度(例如：敌对性别主义、解放价值观)更能预测出生性别比；生育率(而非 GDP、宗教反堕胎教条)是干扰性别不平等文化与出生性别比关系的混淆变量。研究二基于中国省际数据，发现性别不平等文化对主观层面的男孩偏好具有稳健效力，但对出生性别比的预测较弱， 表明文化对观念和行为的影响存在差异。研究三基于 1995-2021 年的时间序列数据，揭示了中国出生性别比和男孩偏好的整体下降趋势。其中，出生性别比的改善主要由经济发展驱动，而男孩偏好则更多受到文化观念的影响。总体而言，多数研究结果表明，性别不平等文化是解释男孩偏好的关键因素，对出生性别比亦具有一定影响，尤其在特定社会条件下作用更为显著。这一发现潜在说明文化在塑造性别态度与性别选择上具有不同的影响。上述三个研究系统考察了出生性别比失衡及男孩偏好的社会文化来源，为全球范围内性别平等和生育政策制定提供理论支撑和实证依据。</p
Reward motivation and its adaptation in clinical and subclinical populations of schizophrenia: Behavioural and EEG studies
No full text动机缺乏是精神分裂症阴性症状和阴性分裂型特质的核心特征。获得奖赏的动机（“想要”）是人类行为的基本驱动力之一，其高低会随着外界环境因素（奖赏金额、努力水平等）的变化而调整，这种机制称为奖赏动机的适应性，主要受个体“成本-收益计算”加工过程的影响：即，如果努力成本过多或预期回报过少则会避免采取努力行动，反之则会积极行动，这种适应性能力对于个体有效的日 常运作十分重要。以往研究发现：精神分裂症临床和亚临床群体的奖赏动机可能存在缺损，且难以在奖赏条件改变时出现明显的适应性变化。但以往研究结果存在不一致性，且多采用基于努力的决策任务测量奖赏动机，并不适用于努力水平 无法自主选择的情境。一个典型的情境就是付出-回报失衡，其背后的实质是成本-收益计算，也就是不得不付出大量努力却总是得到少得可怜的回报。
然而，目前尚缺乏客观行为指标探究精神分裂症患者和阴性分裂型特质群体在付出-回报失衡时奖赏动机及其适应性的模式。握力百分比可能提供一种有效的奖赏动机客观测量指标，且适用于精神分裂症临床及亚临床群体。而且，这种付出-回报失衡情境对个体来说可能是一种应激，奖赏动机的变化可能与应激活动改变有关，需要采用唾液皮质醇的动态变化过程以及脑电这种高时间分辨率的方法，来揭示阴性分裂型特质人群奖赏动机及其适应性缺损背后的应激与神经活动过程。
然而，目前尚缺乏客观行为指标探究精神分裂症患者和阴性分裂型特质群体在付出-回报失衡时奖赏动机及其适应性的模式。握力百分比可能提供一种有效的奖赏动机客观测量指标，且适用于精神分裂症临床及亚临床群体。而且，这种付出-回报失衡情境对个体来说可能是一种应激，奖赏动机的变化可能与应激活动改变有关，需要采用唾液皮质醇的动态变化过程以及脑电这种高时间分辨率的方法，来揭示阴性分裂型特质人群奖赏动机及其适应性缺损背后的应激与神经活动过程。
研究一纳入了 30 名精神分裂症患者和 30 名健康对照，旨在探究精神分裂症患者奖赏动机及其适应性的缺损程度，以及适应性与症状的关联。结果发现：精神分裂症患者客观而非主观奖赏动机存在缺损且维持程度较差，相比健康对照更容易受到未赢钱反馈的负性影响。精神分裂症患者和健康对照的主观和客观奖赏动机适应性系数无显著差异，但 IQ 越低、病程越长的患者，主观奖赏动机适应性缺陷越严重。该研究揭示了握力百分比能够作为精神分裂症患者奖赏动机缺陷的有效行为测量指标，而奖赏动机适应性则能够一定程度上反映患者的症状严重程度和预后情况。
研究二纳入了 37 名阴性分裂型特质高分组和 40 名低分组大学生被试，采用和研究一相同的实验任务，旨在探究阴性分裂型特质高分组个体的奖赏动机及其适应性是否存在缺损，以及通过唾液皮质醇测量的应激程度是否存在异常。结果发现：阴性分裂型特质高分组主观（而非客观）奖赏动机偏低；高低分组的奖赏动机适应性系数和实验期间的唾液皮质醇水平未存在显著差异。该结果提示亚临床群体发起奖赏寻求的主观意愿水平较低，但目标导向行为和适应性调整的能力仍尚为完好。
研究三将上述实验范式进行脑电版本改编，纳入了34名阴性分裂型特质高分组和 34 名低分组大学生被试，探究高低分组在不同付出-回报条件下奖赏预期 和努力准备阶段的关联性负变(CNV)、奖赏反馈期待阶段的反馈负波(SPN)、奖赏反馈呈现阶段的奖赏正波(RewP)的变化模式。结果发现：在高奖赏条件下，高分组的 CNV 早成分的幅值高于低分组、CNV 晚成分的幅值有升高趋势；在付出回报条件逐渐改善时，高分组的 SPN 和 RewP 幅值并未像低分组一样逐渐升高，甚至在付出-回报条件下反而偏高。该研究提示阴性分裂型特质人群在奖赏预期和努力准备阶段存在过度的神经资源投入，而在奖赏反馈预期和呈现阶段对奖赏的适应性和反应性存在缺损。
综上所述，本论文结合行为实验、唾液皮质醇测量和脑电采集的方法，探究了精神分裂症患者和阴性分裂型特质个体在握力努力任务的付出-回报关系改变时客观和主观奖赏动机及其适应性的模式，为应激情境下奖赏动机及其适应性提供了一种新的测量方式，有助于揭示精神分裂症临床与亚临床群体奖赏动机缺乏的认知神经机制。</p
The Impact of Parental Big Five Personality Traits on Depressive Symptomatology and Its Intergenerational Transmission
No full text儿童青少年的心理健康是其成长发展中至关重要的部分，家庭作为青少年最初且最重要的生活环境，对其心理健康有着深远的影响。本研究旨在系统探讨父母大五人格特质对青少年抑郁情绪的代际传递机制，揭示人格特质如何通过影响父母自身的心理健康以及家庭环境，进而影响青少年的抑郁水平。研究采用中介分析，结合行动者对象互倚模型和二次响应面分析，从个体、伴侣及家庭系统层面深入分析人格特质与青少年抑郁情绪之间的关系。
研究分为三个部分，收集了北京、陕西省与四川省 3 所小学的 4-6 年级学生及其父母的配对数据进行研究。首先，通过简单中介模型分析父母大五人格特质（外向性、宜人性、责任心、神经质、开放性）对自身抑郁水平的影响，以及父母抑郁水平对青少年抑郁情绪的代际传递作用。结果表明，父母的外向性、宜人性、责任心和开放性显著负向预测自身的抑郁水平，而神经质则显著正向预测抑郁水平。此外，父母的抑郁水平显著正向预测青少年的抑郁水平，且在父母大五人格与青少年抑郁之间起到中介作用。这表明父母积极的人格特质可以通过降低自身抑郁水平，为青少年创造更健康的家庭环境，从而降低青少年抑郁的风险。
其次，研究通过行动者对象互倚模型进一步探讨了父母人格特质在家庭系统中的交互作用及其对青少年抑郁情绪的影响。结果发现，母亲的人格特质在抑郁情绪的代际传递中起核心作用，尤其是在神经质和责任心方面。而父亲的人格特质则通过影响母亲的抑郁水平间接影响青少年的抑郁水平。这一发现强调了母亲在家庭情感生态系统中的枢纽地位，同时也说明要加强父亲在家庭系统中的重要性。
最后，研究采用二次响应面分析探讨了父母人格特质一致性对青少年抑郁情绪的影响。结果表明，父母在人格特质上的高一致性（如外向性、宜人性、责任心和开放性）可以通过降低母亲抑郁水平，形成对青少年抑郁的保护性屏障。然而，神经质的一致性则可能加剧青少年的抑郁风险。此外，父母人格特质的不一致性也对青少年抑郁情绪产生影响。
研究揭示了人格特质通过情绪调节和家庭环境塑造对青少年抑郁情绪的双重影响机制。同时，研究结果为理解家庭系统中人格的生态化运作提供了新的视角，强调了家庭环境中性别角色分工对代际传递的影响。同时为心理健康干预提供了本土化的路径，提示干预方向应关注父母的情绪调节能力、教养方式以及家庭环境的改善。</p
An ERP study on pre-attentive processing of emotional faces in individuals with high social anhedonia
No full textExpression-related visual mismatch negativity (EMMN) is encoded by prediction errors associated with facial emotion changes. Previous studies have shown that patients with psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia and major depressive disorder) exhibit significantly reduced EMMNs. However, although social anhedonia is recognized as a transdiagnostic feature across psychiatric disorders, it remains unclear whether individuals with high social anhedonia (HSA) also display similar deficits. The present study aimed to explore the pre-attentive processing characteristics of unexpected facial emotions in individuals with HSA. Thirty-one participants with HSA and 31 participants with low social anhedonia (LSA) were recruited. The EMMN components elicited by happy and sad expressions in an oddball-control paradigm were analysed under three different time windows (70-140 ms, 180-270 ms, 280-360 ms) over six regions of interest. In comparison with the LSA group, the EMMN amplitudes elicited by emotional faces were lower in the HSA group in the 280-360 ms time window. In addition, the results showed that the decreased EMMN amplitudes in the 280-360 ms time window were significantly correlated with social anhedonia. Our study indicated decreased EMMN and its close relationship with social anhedonia in individuals with HSA, which promotes a deeper understanding of the psychophysiological mechanism of emotional face processing in individuals with social anhedonia
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