Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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The Historical Origins of Large Language Models and Psychology
No full text近年来，大语言模型表现出媲美人类的语言理解和生成能力，成为人工智能领域的重大突破。在大语言模型的发展历程中，心理学与其存在深厚的历史渊源。首先，作为模型架构基础，人工神经网络早期被心理学家用于模拟人类认知过程；其次，计算机科学与心理学在词汇语义表征方面的学科交叉推动了词嵌入技术的发展；第三，大语言模型和人类在实时语言加工中存在相似特点；此外，跨领域的人员交集与学术传承构成了推动人工智能研究的重要力量。因此，心理学在语言加工与认知建模方面的耕耘及其与计算机科学的深入合作为语言智能的突破做出重要贡献。这为科研人员提供重要启示：跨学科合作与基础研究的深耕是推动创新和实现突破的关键。</p
Research on Factors Influencing Civil Aircraft Air Landing Distance Override Based on Generalized Linear Mixed Model
No full text为定量分析着陆过程中各种因素对着陆空中段距离超限的影响规律,本文采用多层次研究方法,以QAR数据为基础,建立广义线性混合模型,考虑数据结构的层次性和个体随机效应,从人-机-环3个方面分析着陆空中段距离超限的原因。研究表明:飞行员等级、飞机状态以及飞行环境均对着陆空中段距离有一定影响,并且等级变量与部分环境变量的交互效应显著,不同等级飞行员在不同环境的表现有差异。研究结果为航空公司提供了针对着陆空中段距离超限事件预防及风险管理的理论参考。</p
The Covariation of Emotion and Passage of Time Judgments: Insights from Weibo
No full textPrevious studies have suggested that emotions influence individuals' passage of time judgments (PoTJs). However, it remains unclear how this relationship manifests in daily life. Weibo provides a wealth of daily verbal expressions from individuals, offering valuable data for analyzing how emotions and PoTJs vary. Utilizing this resource and choosing a specific period of time-COVID-19-the authors innovatively examined the relationships between emotional valence, discrete emotions, and PoTJs across different timescales: weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, and over the entire year. First, they constructed a PoTJ lexicon and template based on Weibo data. This was followed by an analysis of emotional expressions in PoTJ-related posts extracted by the lexicon and template using natural language processing techniques. The findings reveal a distinct pattern: most individuals perceived time as passing quickly during the COVID-19 pandemic, while fewer experienced slow PoTJ. Regarding the relationship between emotional valence and PoTJ, the daily average percentage of posts expressing positive and negative emotions was positively correlated with fast and slow PoTJs from a dynamic perspective, respectively, and a similar pattern was found from an overall perspective. More importantly, a unique relationship was identified between discrete emotions and PoTJs. Specifically, both the dynamic and overall analyses showed a robust finding: only joy and anxiety were positively associated with fast and slow PoTJs, respectively. In contrast, for other emotions (e.g., hope, sadness), the dynamic analyses yielded inconsistent results across the different time windows, diverging from the overall analysis. These findings highlight the importance of adopting a dynamic perspective and considering discrete emotions when understanding the relationship between emotions and PoTJs
The mediating role of impulsivity in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression in methamphetamine patients
No full textBackground and objectives: Childhood maltreatment (CM) significantly increases the risk of depression in patients with methamphetamine use disorder (MAUD). However, the underlying psychological mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore whether impulsivity mediates the relationship between CM and depression in patients with MAUD. Methods: We recruited 577 Chinese male inpatients with MAUD. CM, depression, and impulsivity were assessed using standardized questionnaires. Results: A total of 321 of 577 (55.63%) patients with MAUD had experienced at least one form of CM. Maltreated patients exhibited elevated impulsivity and severe depression compared to nonmaltreated patients (both p < .001). CM, impulsivity, and depression were significantly interrelated (all p < .01). In addition, impulsivity partially mediated the CM-depression link in patients with MAUD (beta = .015, 95% CI [0.007, 0.026]). Discussion and conclusions: Our findings indicate that CM has a long-term effect on depression, and impulsivity is an essential contributor to depressive symptoms in patients with MAUD who have experienced CM. Future research should investigate these associations using multimodal approaches and assess focused interventions that may reduce impulsivity and mitigate the psychological impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in patients with MAUD. Scientific significance: We identified impulsivity as a key mechanism in the CM-depression link, offering a novel intervention target. Our findings advance the understanding of the psychological mechanisms in addiction psychiatry and suggest that interventions targeting impulsivity may help mitigate depression in this population
Fearful expressions facilitate perceptual dominance of low spatial frequency information in visual awareness
No full textThe human brain optimises cognitive resource allocation to enhance the processing speed and efficiency of vital information for better survival and adaptation in response to threat signals. Previous studies found that fearful expressions, as visual cues signalling threats, can not only have advantages in entering and remaining in awareness, but also enhance subsequent perceptual processing of low-spatial-frequency (LSF) information. However, it remains unknown whether the enhanced perceptual processing of LSF induced by fearful expressions also grants LSF information a competitive advantage in awareness. To this end, we employed a binocular rivalry paradigm to measure awareness of Gabor patches with low or high spatial frequencies following the rapid priming of fearful versus neutral expressions. The results revealed that the relative dominance of LSF over high-spatial-frequency (HSF) Gabor patches was markedly heightened following brief exposure to fearful compared with neutral expressions. This effect was found for both upright and inverted expressions, indicating it is independent of face configuration. Our study thus suggests a feature-based perceptual optimisation mechanism with evolutionary significance, potentially optimising cognitive resource allocation in threatening situations
MRO: Enhancing Reasoning in Diffusion Language Models via Multi-Reward Optimization
No full textRecent advances in diffusion language models (DLMs) have presented a promising alternative to traditional autoregressive large language models (LLMs). However, DLMs still lag behind LLMs in reasoning performance, especially as the number of denoising steps decreases. Our analysis reveals that this shortcoming arises primarily from the independent generation of masked tokens across denoising steps, which fails to capture the token correlation. In this paper, we define two types of token correlation: intra-sequence correlation and inter-sequence correlation, and demonstrate that enhancing these correlations improves reasoning performance. To this end, we propose a Multi-Reward Optimization (MRO) approach, which encourages DLMs to consider the token correlation during the denoising process. More specifically, our MRO approach leverages test-time scaling, rejection sampling, and reinforcement learning to directly optimize token correlation with multiple elaborate rewards. Furthermore, we introduce a step-wise group reward optimization approach to mitigate reward variance during the reward optimization. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that MRO not only improves reasoning performance but also achieves significant denoising speedups while maintaining high performance across reasoning tasks.</p
Gender differences and risk factors for suicide attempts in first-episode drug-na?ve psychotic versus non-psychotic major depression: a large cross-sectional study
No full textBackground This study aimed to investigate the differential clinical characteristics and distinct risk factors for suicide attempts between patients with psychotic major depression (PMD) and non-psychotic major depression (NPMD). Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on a cohort of major depressive disorder patients. Comprehensive demographic and clinical data were collected. Assessments included the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale, and Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale (CGI-S). Fasting blood samples were analyzed for thyroid function (TSH, TgAb, TPOAb, FT3, FT4), metabolic parameters (fasting blood glucose, lipid profiles), and other biomarkers. Results Patients with PMD demonstrated a more severe clinical profile, including significantly higher HAMD, HAMA, and CGI-S scores, alongside elevated thyroid antibodies (TgAb, TPOAb) compared to the NPMD group. A critical finding was the divergent set of predictors for suicide attempts between the diagnostic subgroups. For the overall MDD cohort and the NPMD subgroup specifically, the severity of anxiety (HAMA) and depression (HAMD) were the primary risk factors. In stark contrast, for patients with PMD, positive psychotic symptoms (PANSS) and elevated TSH levels emerged as the dominant and unique predictors of suicide attempts. ROC analysis confirmed the high discriminatory power of TSH for suicide in PMD (AUC = 0.863). Conclusions The path to suicidal behavior differs significantly between PMD and NPMD. Suicide risk in NPMD is primarily driven by the severity of core mood and anxiety symptoms, whereas in PMD, it is predominantly associated with the presence of psychosis and significant HPT axis dysregulation
Differential neural correlates of oral capsaicin pleasantness in habitual and non-habitual spicy eaters
No full textRepeated exposure to spicy flavor can shift individuals' preferences for capsaicin-containing stimuli, however, the neural mechanisms underlying the hedonic processing of oral capsaicin remain unclear. Here, we investigated how habitual spicy food consumption modulates brain responses involved in hedonic perceptions of oral capsaicin. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared brain activity between high-frequency (HF, N = 19) and low-frequency (LF, N = 17) spicy food consumers during oral administration of three concentrations of capsaicin (10, 30, 60 mu M) and water as a control stimulus. Participants rated the pleasantness and intensity after each stimulus. Compared with the LF group, the HF group reported significantly higher pleasantness ratings across all capsaicin concentrations, an effect that was independent of perceived intensity. At the neural level, a significant group x concentration interaction was observed. For the high-concentration of capsaicin stimulation (60 mu M), the HF group exhibited increased activation in the left postcentral gyrus and decreased activation in the right hippocampus relative to the LF group. In the LF group, pleasantness for the high concentration of capsaicin was positively correlated with activation in the right hippocampus. For the lowconcentration of capsaicin (10 mu M), the LF group showed weakened hippocampus-postcentral and hippocampus-caudate connectivity, but stronger insula-parahippocampal connectivity compared to the HF group. In addition, pleasantness ratings for low-concentration of capsaicin were positively correlated with hippocampus-postcentral connectivity in LF participants. Together, these findings suggest that the neural substrates subserving the hedonic processing of oral capsaicin vary as a function of habitual spicy food intake and stimulus concentration, reflecting experience-dependent plasticity within chemosensory and affective brain networks.</p
The Relationship Between Workplace Telepressure and Job Burnout: The Mediating Role of Affective Rumination and the Moderating Role of Dispositional Self-Regulationt
No full text随着信息与通信技术（Information and Communication Technology, ICT）在职场中的深度渗透与广泛应用，员工的工作场景逐渐突破时空限制，“持续连通” 已成为常态。信息与通信技术的渗透使得‘随时在线’成为潜在的工作规范，员工因此发展出一种对工作消息保持持续专注与即时响应冲动的心理倾向，这种无形的职场通讯压力正不断累积，其影响并不仅限于工作时间。在此背景下，职场通讯压力（Workplace Telepressure）作为一种区别于传统工作压力的新型职业压力源，其对员工心理健康的负面影响日益凸显，不仅可能引发情绪耗竭，还会降低心理韧性，进而影响工作状态与生活质量。为系统厘清这一影响的内在逻辑，本研究采用 “量化+质性” 混合研究设计：通过量化研究验证职场通讯压力与工作倦怠的关联关系；借助质性研究深入访谈，挖掘员工应对职场通讯压力的真实体验与心理过程，最终全面探讨职场通讯压力对工作倦怠的作用机制，并重点考察情感反刍在二者间的中介作用，以及特质性自我调节对这一过程的调节效应。
研究一基于工作要求-资源模型与持续认知理论，以某国有物流企业 1105 名全职员工为样本，通过问卷调查数据构建有调节的中介模型。结果表明：（1）职场通讯压力显著正向预测工作倦怠；（2）情感反刍在职场通讯压力与工作倦怠之间起部分中介作用；（3）特质性自我调节显著负向调节“职场通讯压力→工作倦怠”的直接路径与“情感反刍→工作倦怠”的后半段路径，但对“职场通讯压力 →情感反刍”路径的调节作用不显著。
研究二采用建构扎根理论与叙事分析方法，对 20 名高频使用信息与通讯技术工具的职场员工进行半结构化访谈，深入挖掘职场通讯压力的形成机制、作用路径及保护性因素。质性分析结果显示：（1）职场通讯压力的成因可归纳为“技术-组织-个体”三维模型，其中组织通讯生态（如领导需求、岗位特征）是核心驱动因素；（2）除情感反刍外，“非工作时间工作连通行为”与“认知超载”是重要的中介变量；（3）除自我调节外，保护性因素还包括个人内在资源（如心理弹性、情绪稳定性、自我效能感）、外部支持系统（如领导支持、同事支持）和主动干预策略（如恢复体验、边界管理、沟通工具管理）。
本研究采用“量化+质性”混合研究方法，不仅通过大样本问卷数据分析验证了职场通讯压力、情感反刍、特质性自我调节与工作倦怠间的量化关系，还借助深度访谈挖掘员工应对职场通讯压力的真实心理体验与行为逻辑，最终系统揭示了职场通讯压力影响工作倦怠的多重作用机制。这一研究成果有效拓展了数字化工作情境下压力-健康关系的理论模型，填补了传统压力研究在 “即时通讯” 这一新型压力源领域的空白，同时为企业实践提供关键支撑：既为企业制定科学的职场通讯管理制度、开展员工心理资源培训提供实证依据，也为构建兼顾效率与员工健康的数字工作环境提供了可落地的实践指导。</p
Class and School Environments in Adolescent Depression: Mediating Role of Peer Support and Gender Differences
No full text抑郁情绪对全球青少年发展构成重大健康挑战。根据生态系统理论，微观系统（如班级和学校环境）可能对个体心理健康产生直接影响。鉴于班级和学校环境的群体水平特性，其与个体心理健康构成多水平关系：班级和学校环境为当中不同的学生提供同一共享背景，反映集体的平均环境水平，而这些群体环境因素又与个体心理健康相关联。既有研究探讨了班级及学校环境与抑郁情绪之间的直接联系。然而，在多水平框架下，考察群体感知班级和学校环境与个体抑郁情绪间的多水平关联及心理机制的研究仍然相对匮乏。
基于此，本研究设计两个子研究。研究一采用横断设计，分析两所职业学校 30 个班级共计 754 份有效问卷，被试年龄在 14 至 18 岁之间（30.1%为女性，M 年龄 = 15.98，SD = 0.99）。研究一采用随机斜率多水平结构方程模型，建立调节模 型，探讨群体感知班级环境与个体抑郁情绪之间的多水平关联以及性别的调节作用。结果发现，群体感知班级环境与个体抑郁情绪之间存在显著负相关关系，但这一关系未受到性别调节。研究二采集 85 所学校 13,239 名青少年（50.8%为女 性；M 年龄 = 13.44，SD = 0.96）的数据。研究二采用随机斜率多水平结构方程模型，并建立 2-1-1 多水平中介模型，探讨同伴支持在群体感知学校环境与个体层 面抑郁情绪之间的多水平中介作用及在不同性别上的差异表现。结果发现，群体感知学校环境与个体抑郁情绪之间存在显著负相关关系，同伴支持在二者关系中起多水平中介作用，且该直接和间接路径在女性青少年群体中关联程度更高。
本研究为生态系统理论提供实证支持，揭示教育情境中微观系统关联个体的多水平作用机制。研究结果表明，群体感知班级和学校环境与青少年个体抑郁情绪存在直接关联，同时群体感知学校环境可通过同伴支持与个体抑郁情绪产生间接关联，并在性别间呈现差异化特点。本研究还进一步强调了生态系统理论在学校心理健康领域的实践意义。研究结果提示，营造积极的班级和学校整体环境以及促进同伴支持的重要性，并建议在心理健康促进中纳入性别敏感视角。例如，加强同伴支持可能有助于提升学校环境干预在女性青少年群体中的作用效果。这些发现为设计并实施整合性及个性化的心理健康预防与干预方案提供了实证依 据。这些发现提示，在抑郁情绪的预防与干预中，应将关注整体环境的普遍策略与针对同伴关系及性别特点的个体化措施相结合。</p
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