Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Artificial Intelligence and Radiologist Burnout
No full textIMPORTANCE Understanding the association of artificial intelligence (AI) with physician burnout is crucial for fostering a collaborative interactive environment between physicians and AI. OBJECTIVE To estimate the association between AI use in radiology and radiologist burnout. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study conducted a questionnaire survey between May and October 2023, using the national quality control system of radiology in China. Participants included radiologists from 1143 hospitals. Radiologists reporting regular or consistent AI use were categorized as the AI group. Statistical analysis was performed from October 2023 to May 2024. EXPOSURE AI use in radiology practice. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Burnout was defined by emotional exhaustion (EE) or depersonalization according to the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Workload was assessed based on working hours, number of image interpretations, hospital level, device type, and role in the workflow. AI acceptance was determined via latent class analysis considering AI-related knowledge, attitude, confidence, and intention. Propensity score-based mixed-effect generalized linear logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between AI use and burnout and its components. Interactions of AI use, workload, and AI acceptance were assessed on additive and multiplicative scales. RESULTS Among 6726 radiologists included in this study, 2376 (35.3%) were female and 4350 (64.7%) were male; the median (IQR) age was 41 (34-48) years; 3017 were in the AI group (1134 [37.6%] female; median [IQR] age, 40 [33-47] years) and 3709 in the non-AI group (1242 [33.5%] female; median [IQR] age, 42 [34-49] years). The weighted prevalence of burnout was significantly higher in the AI group compared with the non-AI group (40.9% vs 38.6%; P < .001). After adjusting for covariates, AI use was significantly associated with increased odds of burnout (odds ratio [OR], 1.20; 95% CI, 1.10-1.30), primarily driven by its association with EE (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.10-1.34). A dose-response association was observed between the frequency of AI use and burnout (P for trend < .001). The associations were more pronounced among radiologists with high workload and lower AI acceptance. A significant negative interaction was noted between high AI acceptance and AI use. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cross-sectional study of radiologist burnout, frequent AI use was associated with an increased risk of radiologist burnout, particularly among those with high workload or lower AI acceptance. Further longitudinal studies are needed to provide more evidence.</p
Dynamics of phonetic-level language control in language switching with a letter-naming paradigm
No full textAims: How bilinguals control multiple languages is the object of intense recent scientific debate. Empirical research on language control at various linguistic levels has remained scarce, with language control at the phonetic level particularly underexplored. The present study aimed to examine the dynamics of phonetic-level language control during speech production.Design: Chinese-English-German speakers named the letter of the alphabet in English (L2) or German (L3), either in single-language blocks or in alternate-language mixed blocks. Letters vary regarding how phonetically similar pronunciation is across the two languages, hence allowing to explore cross-language phonetic influences.Data and analysis: Three-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with trial type (non-switch vs. single-language for mixing costs; non-switch vs. switch for switch costs), response language (English/L2 vs. German/L3), and phonetic similarity (similar vs. neutral vs. different) as variables were conducted on 52 subjects' response times and accuracy for mixing costs and switch costs, respectively.Findings: Results showed substantial mixing and switch costs, as well as a "reversed language dominance" effect, suggesting inhibitory control in response to cross-language phonetic interference. Cross-language facilitation was observed for phonetically similar letters, and mixing/switch costs were modulated by phonetic similarity in a complex pattern.Originality: The findings show a complex interplay of suppression (e.g., as indexed by switch costs) and facilitation (i.e., the effect of phonetic similarity between letter translation equivalents).Significance: The evidence for cross-language phonetic interference as well as facilitation effects at local and global levels of control implies a dynamic interaction between the two phonetic systems
Depression, Rumination, and Suicide Attempts in Adolescents With Mood Disorders: Sex Differences in This Relationship
No full textBackground: Sex differences in suicide attempts have been widely recognized across domains such as depression and rumination. The relationship between depression, rumination, and suicide attempts in mood disorders has been studied before; however, how they interact across sexes remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the sex differences in the relationship between depression, rumination, and suicide attempts in Chinese adolescents with mood disorders. Methods: We recruited 681 adolescents with mood disorders who met ICD-10 criteria for having unipolar or bipolar depression with a current depressive episode at the time of the study and collected demographic and clinical data. Results: The prevalence of suicide attempts in female adolescents with mood disorders (64.36%) was significantly higher than that in male adolescents with mood disorders (49.47%), with an odds ratio of 1.84 (95% CI, 1.31- 2.59). Regression analysis showed that PHQ-9 was independently associated with suicide attempts among male adolescents with mood disorders, while in female adolescents with mood disorders, total scores of PHQ-9 and RRS-10 were independently associated with suicide attempts. Importantly, in female adolescents with mood disorders, the mediating effect of RRS-10 total score on the relationship between PHQ-9 and suicide attempts was significant (standardized beta = 0.005, P= 0.003, 95% CI, 0.002-0.008), the mediating effect accounted for 31.25% of the total effect of depressive symptoms on suicide attempts. Conclusions: Our study suggests that there are sex differences in depression, rumination, and suicide attempts and in the interaction between them in adolescents with mood disorders. These sex differences may have important clinical implications, both for improving strategies to detect suicidal behaviors and for developing better early intervention programs for this population
Neuroimaging evidence of visual-vestibular interaction accounting for perceptual mislocalization induced by head rotation
No full textSignificance: A fleeting flash aligned vertically with an object remaining stationary in the head-centered space would be perceived as lagging behind the object during the observer's horizontal head rotation. This perceptual mislocalization is an illusion named head-rotation-induced flash-lag effect (hFLE). While many studies have investigated the neural mechanism of the classical visual FLE, the hFLE has been hardly investigated.
Aim: We measured the cortical activity corresponding to the hFLE on participants experiencing passive head rotations using functional near-infrared spectroscopy.
Approach: Participants were asked to judge the relative position of a flash to a fixed reference while being horizontally rotated or staying static in a swivel chair. Meanwhile, functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals were recorded in temporal-parietal areas. The flash duration was manipulated to provide control conditions.
Results: Brain activity specific to the hFLE was found around the right middle/inferior temporal gyri, and bilateral supramarginal gyri and superior temporal gyri areas. The activation was positively correlated with the rotation velocity of the participant around the supramarginal gyrus and negatively related to the hFLE intensity around the middle temporal gyrus.
Conclusions: These results suggest that the mechanism underlying the hFLE involves multiple aspects of visual-vestibular interactions including the processing of multisensory conflicts mediated by the temporoparietal junction and the modulation of vestibular signals on object position perception in the human middle temporal complex. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI
Neuroimaging evidence of visual-vestibular interaction accounting for perceptual mislocalization induced by head rotation
No full textSignificance: A fleeting flash aligned vertically with an object remaining stationary in the head-centered space would be perceived as lagging behind the object during the observer's horizontal head rotation. This perceptual mislocalization is an illusion named head-rotation-induced flash-lag effect (hFLE). While many studies have investigated the neural mechanism of the classical visual FLE, the hFLE has been hardly investigated.
Aim: We measured the cortical activity corresponding to the hFLE on participants experiencing passive head rotations using functional near-infrared spectroscopy.
Approach: Participants were asked to judge the relative position of a flash to a fixed reference while being horizontally rotated or staying static in a swivel chair. Meanwhile, functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals were recorded in temporal-parietal areas. The flash duration was manipulated to provide control conditions.
Results: Brain activity specific to the hFLE was found around the right middle/inferior temporal gyri, and bilateral supramarginal gyri and superior temporal gyri areas. The activation was positively correlated with the rotation velocity of the participant around the supramarginal gyrus and negatively related to the hFLE intensity around the middle temporal gyrus.
Conclusions: These results suggest that the mechanism underlying the hFLE involves multiple aspects of visual-vestibular interactions including the processing of multisensory conflicts mediated by the temporoparietal junction and the modulation of vestibular signals on object position perception in the human middle temporal complex. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI
Zero-shot voice conversion based on feature disentanglement
No full textVoice conversion (VC) aims to convert the voice from a source speaker to a target speaker without modifying the linguistic content. Zero-shot voice conversion has attracted significant attention in the task of VC because it can achieve conversion for speakers who did not appear during the training stage. Despite the significant progress made by previous methods in zero-shot VC, there is still room for improvement in separating speaker information and content information. In this paper, we propose a zero-shot VC method based on feature disentanglement. The proposed model uses a speaker encoder for extracting speaker embeddings, introduces mixed speaker layer normalization to eliminate residual speaker information in content encoding, and employs adaptive attention weight normalization for conversion. Furthermore, dynamic convolution is introduced to improve speech content modeling while requiring a small number of parameters. The experiments demonstrate that performance of the proposed model is superior to several state-of-the-art models, achieving both high similarity with the target speaker and intelligibility. In addition, the decoding speed of our model is much higher than the existing state-of-the-art models
The Mechanism of the Nucleus Accumbens-Ventral Pallidum Pathway Mediated by Drug Withdrawal-Induced High-Seeking Motivation in Cocaine Addiction
No full textThe reinforcement of drug-seeking motivation following drug withdrawal is recognized as a significant factor contributing to relapse. The ventral pallidum (VP) plays a crucial role in encoding and translating motivational aspects of reward. However, current research lacks a clear understanding of how the VP mediates drug-seeking motivation and the feedback modulation between the VP and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) following drug withdrawal. Therefore, utilizing a rat model of cocaine self-administration, we investigated the circuitry mechanisms underlying drug-seeking behavior post-drug withdrawal involving the NAc-VP pathway. Initially, we observed a significant enhancement in drug-seeking behavior 14 days after cocaine withdrawal. Subsequently, we identified the feedback mechanism through which the NAc-VP regulates this behavior. Immunofluorescence results indicated an increase in c-Fos expression levels in the ventral pallidum ventromedial (VPvm) and ventrolateral ventral pallidum (VPvl) following drug withdrawal. Calcium fiber photometry further elucidated that during the expression of high motivational drug-seeking behavior, there was a specific enhancement in VPvm neuronal activity, and retrograde tracing techniques suggested a weakened transmission function in the NAc-VPm pathway. Additionally, chemical genetic techniques demonstrated that inhibiting the activity of the NAc-VP pathway could increase the motivational level of drug-seeking behavior. These findings indicate that the reduced inhibitory function of the NAc-VP pathway following prolonged cocaine withdrawal forms the basis for heightened reactivity in VPvm neurons, thus regulating the expression of high motivational behavior triggered by drug-related cues. Our study results suggest that maintaining normal NAc-VP pathway functionality may decrease drug-seeking motivation post long-term drug withdrawal, offering new insights for interventions targeting relapse
Application of life history theory to explain the association between childhood maltreatment and adulthood sleep problems in Chinese men with drug abuse: multiple mediating roles of emotion regulation, future-oriented coping, and anxiety
No full textBackground: Despite the practical importance of addressing the drug user's sleep problems to enhance the efficacy of treatment and rehabilitation, little is known about whether and how history of childhood maltreatment relates to this issue. This study takes an evolutionary perspective to investigate the associations between history of childhood maltreatment and sleep problems in adults with drug abuse via their emotion regulation difficulties, future-oriented coping, and anxiety. Methods: Participants were 604 male adults with drug abuse between the ages of 18-58 years (M = 36.20, SD = 8.17) in a drug rehabilitation centre in China. In addition to bivariate correlation analysis, path analysis was conducted to examine goodness-of-fit of the conceptual model, controlling for the effect of demographic characteristics. Results: Thirty-two percent of participants (n = 194) reported poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5), whereas sleep disturbance (81.3%), daytime dysfunction (77.3%), and sleep latency (66.5%) were the three most common problems among them. Correlation analysis supported the hypothesised positive correlations between poor sleep quality and childhood maltreatment, emotion regulation difficulties, and anxiety, and a negative correlation with future-oriented coping. Results of path analysis showed a significant indirect effect of childhood maltreatment on sleep problems via both emotion regulation difficulties and anxiety, whereas such effects via both future-oriented coping and anxiety were statistically nonsignificant. Conclusions: The findings suggest life history theory is applicable to understanding drug users' sleep problems, and interventions regarding both emotion regulation difficulties and anxiety can lessen the risk posed by childhood maltreatment on sleep problems
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