Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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A dataset of behavioral measures on Chinese word production in picture naming
No full textMost studies of language production have been conducted with speakers of alphabetic languages, but relatively little research has examined languages with non-alphabetic scripts, such as Chinese. Moreover, most work on language word production has investigated phonological output processing (i.e., speaking), whereas comparatively little research has focused on orthographic output, such as writing and typing. Work on non-alphabetic languages and/or written production is particularly promising, given that it speaks to universalities vs. specificity in terms of architectures and mechanisms underlying language processing across all world languages and modalities. The current article reports a dataset of word production in Chinese with spoken and written responses, which includes reaction times of 193,851 trials of naming 403 pictures obtained from 667 participants across 23 Chinese word production experiments. All data were collected in the same experimental environment and from participants with relatively homogenous characteristics, using the same protocols and parameters. The dataset enables researchers to explore how Chinese speakers produce spoken and/or written words, and to identify language-specific features underlying word production
Social anxiety undermines prosocial behaviors when required effort
No full textSocial anxiety impairs interpersonal relationships, which rely heavily on prosocial behaviors essential for healthy social interactions. The influence of social anxiety on the dynamics of helping others, through stages of prosocial choice stimulus presentation and effort, is not well understood. This study combines two experiments that integrate effort-based decision-making tasks with electroencephalography to distinguish between the choice stimulus presentation and effort phases of prosocial behavior. We examined the prosocial intention and motivation of 36 individuals with high social anxiety (HSAs) and 36 with low social anxiety (LSAs). Participants exerted effort for personal or others' gain, as well as to avoid losses. Participants chose whether to exert effort and then completed a designated number of key presses within a time limit, either to accumulate rewards or to avoid losses for themselves or others. Findings reveal that social anxiety indeed diminishes prosocial intention and effort motivation for gain. Interestingly, once HSAs decide to engage in prosocial efforts for gain, evaluative anxiety helps them reduce prosocial apathy and redirect their attentional resources from threatening stimuli to the task at hand, bringing their level of prosocial effort on par with LSAs. Moreover, HSAs exhibit prosocial apathy toward both gains and losses, with more pronounced prosocial apathy observed in loss tasks. However, evaluative anxiety does not help reduce HSAs' prosocial apathy in loss tasks. Notably, when striving to avoid losses for others, even without evaluative anxiety, HSAs demonstrated prosocial behavior indistinguishable from that of LSAs, suggesting that the goal of avoiding loss promotes prosociality among HSAs. Overall, while social anxiety diminishes individual prosocial behavior, evaluative anxiety and sensitive action goals can mitigate its impact to some extent. These findings are critical for developing strategies to enhance psychological health and promote healthier social interactions.</p
Mapping the electric field of high-definition transcranial electrical stimulation across the lifespan
No full textTranscranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a non-invasive technique widely used in modulating brain activity and behavior, but its effects differ across individuals and are influenced by head anatomy. In this study, we investigated how the electric field (EF) generated by high-definition tES varies across the lifespan among different demographic groups and its relationship with neural responses measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We employed an MRI-guided finite element method to simulate the EF for the two most common tES montages (i.e., targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and motor cortex, respectively) in two large cohorts of white and Asian participants aged 12 to 100 years. We found that the EF intensity decreased with age, particularly in individuals under 25 years of age, and was influenced by gender and ethnicity. We identified skull thickness, scalp thickness, and epidural cerebrospinal fluid thickness, as the primary anatomical factors accounting for the inter-individual EF variability. Using a concurrent tES-fMRI approach, we observed a spatial consistency between the simulated EF and the brain activity changes induced by tES in the target region. Finally, we developed an open-source toolbox incorporating age-stratified head models to facilitate efficient EF calculations. These findings characterize and quantify the individual differences in tES-induced EF, offering a reference for implementing personalized neuromodulation strategies. (c) 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science China Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Pro-religion attitude predicts lower vaccination coverage at country level
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need to address vaccine coverage inequality. Despite calls from scientists and national organizations, progress in ensuring equitable access to vaccines has been slow. This study aims to reveal the COVID-19 vaccine coverage inequality and investigate the predictive effect of attitudes toward science and religion on real-word vaccination uptake. We draw on three high-quality, large-scale databases to unveil real-world vaccine coverage, which stood at an average of 53% of the population by mid-2022. The vaccination rate varies based on a country's income, with higher-income nations having higher vaccination rates and faster vaccination speed. Regression models and a multiverse analysis reveal that both country-level attitudes towards science and religion, as well as religious faith, are linked to vaccination rate at the country level. Countries where a higher proportion of the population prioritize religious beliefs over scientific evidence when the two come into conflict tend to have lower vaccination coverage rates and slower vaccination speeds. These findings suggest that scientists and policymakers must take into account social and cultural characteristics of populations when addressing vaccine inequality
Evaluation Method of Online Education Quality of E-Commerce Course in Higher Vocational Education Based on Machine Learning Model
No full textIn the stage of online education quality evaluation, due to multiple influencing factors and complex indicator parameters, the final evaluation results are prone to significant deviations from the actual situation. In order to improve the accuracy of online education quality evaluation, this article proposes a machine learning model based online education quality evaluation method for vocational e-commerce courses. We designed an education data structure based on BOM and conducted qualitative and quantitative analysis on the factors and parameters that affect the quality of online education. In the construction stage of the evaluation index system, comprehensive indicators are designed from four aspects: school management quality, teacher teaching process, student learning behavior, and academic quality. In the stage of education quality evaluation, the SVM algorithm in machine learning is used to optimize PSO, establish an evaluation optimization model, and train iteratively through parameter optimization to achieve network education quality evaluation. The test results show that the evaluation results of the design method on the quality of online education differ significantly from the actual situation, with a specific error range of 0.02, which improves the accuracy of the evaluation.</p
The Recency Effect of Event Working Memory
No full text顺序效应是工作记忆研究中值得关注的问题。本研究考察事件工作记忆的顺序效应。实验采用工作记忆变化觉察范式，要求被试记忆序列呈现的五个生物运动事件。正确率和反应时的结果一致发现，仅序列中最后一个事件的正确率显著高于其他位置，而反应时显著低于其他位置，即事件的序列工作记忆存在显著近因效应，但没有首因效应。事件工作记忆的顺序效应与其他视觉客体（如色块、朝向）类似，而与事件长时记忆的顺序效应不同。</p
Range adaptive value representations in schizophrenia and major depression
No full textAnhedonia and amotivation are core symptoms of schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Reward processing involves constructing and contrasting the representations for expected value (EV) and outcome value (OV) of a given stimulus, a phenomenon termed range adaptation. Impaired range adaptation can lead to anhedonia and amotivation. This study aimed to examine range adaptation in SCZ patients and MDD patients. Fifty SCZ, 46 MDD patients and 56 controls completed the Effort-based Pleasure Experience Task to measure EV and OV adaptation. SCZ and MDD patients showed altered range adaptation, albeit in different patterns. SCZ patients exhibited over-adaptation to OV and reduced adaptation to EV. By contrast, MDD patients exhibited diminished OV adaptation but intact EV adaptation. Both OV and EV adaptation were correlated with anhedonia and amotivation in SCZ and MDD. Taken together, our findings suggest that range adaptation is altered in both SCZ and MDD patients. Associations of OV and EV adaptation with anhedonia and amotivation were consistently found in SCZ and MDD patients. Impaired range adaptation in SCZ and MDD patients may be putative neural mechanisms and potential intervention targets for anhedonia and amotivation
Individuals with high levels of autistic traits exhibit impaired cognitive but not affective theory of mind and empathy
No full textTheory of mind (ToM) and empathy are considered key components of social cognition that are often impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, it remains unclear whether individuals with high levels of autistic traits exhibit similar impairments in these two functions. This study examined the affective and cognitive domains of ToM and empathy in individuals with high levels of autistic traits. We recruited 84 participants with high levels and 78 participants with low levels of autistic traits to complete a set of self-reported checklists and performance-based tasks capturing affective and cognitive components of ToM and empathy. The results showed that participants with high levels of autistic traits exhibited significant impairments in cognitive but not in affective ToM and empathy compared with their counterparts with low levels of autistic traits. We also found that empathy impairments in people with high levels of autistic traits were confounded by alexithymia and depressive traits
Assessing cognitive biases induced by acute formalin or hotplate treatment: an animal study using affective bias test
No full textPain, a universal and burdensome condition, influences numerous individuals worldwide. It encompasses sensory, emotional, and cognitive facets, with recent research placing a heightened emphasis on comprehending pain's impact on emotion and cognition. Cognitive bias, which encompasses attentional bias, interpretation bias, and memory bias, signifies the presence of cognitive distortions influenced by emotional factors. It has gained significant prominence in pain-related research. Human studies have shown that individuals experiencing pain exhibit cognitive bias. Similarly, animal studies have demonstrated cognitive bias in pain-induced states across various species and disease models. In this study, we aimed to investigate the memory bias displayed by rats experiencing acute pain, using the affective bias test (ABT) as a tool and administering either hotplate or formalin to induce acute pain. Our data showed that rats demonstrated a significant preference for the control treatment-related substrate over the substrate associated with formalin treatment (p < 0.001), an indication of the prominent memory bias stimulated by acute formalin injections. However, when exposed to substrates related to hotplate treatment and control treatment, the acute pain induced by the hotplate treatment failed to generate a statistically significant choice bias in rats (p = 0.674). Our study demonstrates that the negative emotions associated with acute pain can be reflected by memory bias in ABT, at least for formalin-induced acute pain. This finding will augment our comprehension of the emotional and cognitive aspects of acute pain.</p
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