Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Adolescents Are More Utilitarian Than Adults in Group Moral Decision-Making
No full textThis study explores how peers influence the moral decisions of Chinese adolescents (12- to 16-year-olds, Mage = 14.32, n = 84) and young adults (18- to 26-year-olds, Mage = 20.92, n = 99) in moral dilemmas. Participants were asked to make moral decisions individually and then collectively within groups of three to reach a consensus in Trolly dilemma and Footbridge dilemma. They were also required to evaluate the degree to which they felt their decisions were moral. Results showed that adolescents tended to choose "action" (pull the lever in Trolly dilemma, or push the man in Footbridge dilemma) more than adults, and evaluate their "no action" choice as more immoral than young adults across both individual and group settings. Adolescents showed consistent decision-making patterns regardless of whether decisions were made individually or collectively, while adults were more likely to choose "no action" in group decision-making. Our results suggest that adolescents are more utilitarian than young adults when making decisions in moral dilemmas, compared to young adults. Young adults are less likely to make utilitarian choices when they are in groups than when they make decisions individually
The influence of socioeconomic status on children’s academic achievement: the mediating role of executive function
No full text社会经济地位造成的学业成就差距是一个备受关注的社会问题，其作用机制引起了学者们的广泛兴趣。其中，个体的执行功能可能是一个重要的中介因素。 以往已经有一些研究发现了执行功能在社会经济地位和学业成就间的中介作用，但是大多数为相关性研究，且结论并不完全一致，并且鲜少有研究考察执行功能中介作用的年龄差异。因此，本研究采用三个子研究来考察社会经济地位，执行功能和学业成就的关系，执行功能的中介作用及其年龄差异。
研究一采用元分析结构方程模型，整合了2023年 11 月之前已发表和未发表的 70 篇实证研究，考察执行功能在社会经济地位和学业成就间的中介作用，以及年龄的调节作用。结果表明，执行功能在社会经济地位和学业成就间起部分中介作用。年龄调节了执行功能和学业成就的关系，随着年龄增长，二者效应量 逐渐减弱。
研究二采用横断研究，考察二至六年级共 344 名小学生社会经济地位和学业成绩的关系，执行功能在其中的中介作用以及年龄的调节作用。结果表明，社会经济地位和学业成就显著相关，执行功能和学业成就显著相关，但未发现社会 经济地位和执行功能的相关性。进一步考察年龄对执行功能和学业成就的调节作用，发现执行功能在高、低年级阶段对儿童学业成绩的影响不同，具体表现为：在低年级阶段，执行功能的抑制控制成分能够预测儿童语文和数学成绩；而在高年级阶段，执行功能的工作记忆成分能够预测儿童数学成绩。
研究三采用随机对照实验，选取研究二中 3 年级的 78 名小学生为被试，分为执行功能训练组和对照组（每组各 39 人），考察两组执行功能和学业成绩的变化。结果表明，训练组在执行功能训练期间的任务表现显著提高，但是在未 训练的执行功能任务和学业成绩中并没有发现即时的迁移效果。
本研究得出如下结论：执行功能在社会经济地位和学业成就间起部分中介作 用。执行功能能够预测学业成就，且随年龄增长预测作用减弱。短期认知干预训练能够提升执行功能任务表现
Parent-Child Interaction Promotes Pro-environmental Behaviors: The Mediation Effect of Family Well-Being and Nature Connectedness
No full text现代社会，生态系统恶化，环境问题日益凸显，解决环境问题仍是全球所面临的巨大挑战之一。党的十八大以来，生态文明建设被党中央摆在全局工作的突出位置。在此背景下，亲环境行为及其影响因素研究受到了学术界、政府及环保组织的广泛关注。由于大多数亲环境行为相关研究集中于独立个体，而作为社会组成基本单元的家庭单位往往被忽略。因此，本文通过探讨亲环境行为的代际影响因素，引入家庭幸福感和自然联结指标，研究亲子互动对亲环境行为的影响，并进一步探索亲子互动影响亲环境行为的内在作用机制，从家庭层面提升亲环境行为，从而为当前严峻的环境问题提供新的解决思路。
在发展心理学和环境心理学领域，调查亲子互动影响孩子亲环境行为的研究开始得到学者广泛关注，家庭在亲环境行为参与中的作用尤其关键，但是少有研究探索亲子互动影响亲环境行为的作用机制。本研究基于亲子配对数据验证亲子互动通过家庭幸福感和自然联结显著提升亲环境行为的心理机制，同时还考察了亲子间的代际影响。研究一采用问卷调查，共收集 719 份有效儿童数据(男：49.24%；M ± SD = 12.83 ± 0.799 岁)。通过回归模型分析及中介效应分析验证亲子互动、家庭幸福感、自然联结和亲环境行为之间的关系。结果表明：
(1)亲子互动通过自然联结显著提升亲环境行为，且亲子互动不能通过家庭幸福 感显著影响亲环境行为；(2)亲子互动通过家庭幸福感和自然联结的链式中介作 用显著提升亲环境行为。
研究二为了验证研究一的发现，进一步检验亲子互动同时影响父母和孩子的亲环境行为，采用调查问卷收集同孩子相匹配的父母数据，最终获得 575 份有效数据(男：27.13%；M ± SD = 41.43 ± 6.16 岁)。结果表明：(1)在父母数据中，研究一的结果仍然成立，呈现出亲环境行为影响因素的代际相似性；(2)孩子比父母表现出更高的亲环境行为倾向和自然联结水平，而家庭幸福感则没有显著差异。
研究三配对研究一和研究二的数据，最终获得 416 对有效配对数据(儿童：男 48.32%，M ± SD = 12.83 ± 0.80 岁；父母：男 26.44%，M ± SD = 40.61 ± 4.91
岁)，并采用主客体互倚中介模型分析数据。结果表明：(1)主体效应与研究一和 研究二结果一致；(2)客体效应：孩子亲子互动通过孩子自然联结促进父母亲环 境行为。
本研究强调亲子互动和亲环境行为关系的复杂性，通过三个子研究验证了亲子互动可以促进亲环境行为，同时探索其背后的心理机制，即亲子互动通过家庭幸福感和自然联结的链式中介作用进而促进亲环境行为。另外，研究表明自然联结在亲子互动和亲环境行为之间的独立中介作用显著，而家庭幸福感的独立中介作用不成立。最后，本研究只发现一条代际影响路径，即孩子亲子互动通过孩子自然联结促进父母亲环境行为。这些研究结果扩展了现有亲环境行 为影响因素的研究，探索了父母和孩子亲环境行为的代际影响，并证实了亲子互动同时影响父母和孩子的亲环境行为。
本研究对现有亲环境行为的研究在代际影响方面进行了补充，有助于进一步理解亲子互动促进亲环境行为的作用机制。同时，主客体互倚模型的运用扩展了亲子双向影响理论在环保领域的应用，为亲环境行为在家庭内部的代际传递提供新思路。本研究还探讨了家庭幸福感作为中介变量对亲环境行为的影响，是环境领域幸福感效应研究的重要补充。此外，这些发现对促进亲环境行为提供新的研究视角和相应的政策指导，对从家庭层面提升居民亲环境行为具有理论和实践意义
Early visual word processing in children with ADHD: An ERP study
No full textBackground: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disability (RD) cooccur frequently. Although reading comprehension difficulties in children with ADHD have been well documented, early visual word processing remains unclear. Aims: This study investigated event-related potential (ERP) responses to visual stimuli in children with ADHD (6-12 years) by focusing on the N170 component, which signifies rapid, automatic, and specialized processing of visual words. Procedures: Twenty children with ADHD and twenty typically developing (TD) children matched for sex and age performed an EEG task and underwent several word reading and reading-related cognitive skills tests. Results: The results revealed deficits in early neural specialization for Chinese characters among children with ADHD. The coarse-tuning effect in the right hemisphere was less pronounced in children with ADHD compared to TD children, and a fine-tuning effect was absent among the ADHD group. Moreover, the early neural specialization for Chinese characters in children with ADHD correlated with orthographic processing ability and rapid naming speed. Conclusions and implications: The N170 findings indicate deviant early processing of visual words in children with ADHD, suggesting their reading difficulties may stem from these impairments. Furthermore, orthographic processing and rapid naming may play a vital role in the early specialization for Chinese characters among children with ADHD.</p
Interactive effects of <i>ARRB2</i> and <i>CHRNA5</i> genetic polymorphisms on cognitive function in Chinese male methamphetamine use disorder patients
No full textBackground and ObjectivesBoth beta-arrestin2 and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) have been implicated in cognitive processes, particularly in relation to psychiatric disorders, including addiction. Previous studies have suggested that nAChR may be regulated by beta-arrestin2. However, no study has investigated the interaction of beta-arrestin2 and nAChR on cognition. We aimed to examine the main and interactive effects of their respective encoding genes, ARRB2 and CHRNA5, on cognitive function in MUD patients.MethodsWe recruited 559 patients with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) and 459 healthy controls, assessed their cognitive functioning using the Chinese version of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), and genotyped ARRB2 rs1045280 and CHRNA5 rs3829787 polymorphisms in MUD patients.ResultsCompared to healthy controls, MUD patients scored significantly lower on all RBANS indexes. Neither ARRB2 rs1045280 nor CHRNA5 rs3829787 had main effects on cognitive function in MUD patients, but there were significant interactive effects between the two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on multiple RBANS indexes, including immediate memory, visuospatial/constructional, delayed memory, and total score. In detail, among carriers of CHRNA5 rs3829787 T allele, ARRB2 rs1045280 TT carriers had higher RBANS scores than the C allele carriers, whereas among carriers of CHRNA5 rs3829787 CC genotype, ARRB2 rs1045280 TT carriers performed worse in RBANS.Conclusions and Scientific SignificanceOur study identified for the first time an interactive effect between ARRB2 and CHRNA5 on cognitive function in MUD patients, which would enlarge our knowledge of genetic interaction on cognitive function.</p
Neural mechanisms underlying placebo and nocebo effects in tonic muscle pain
No full textPain is a highly subjective and multidimensional experience, significantly influenced by various psychological factors. Placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia exemplify this influence, where inert treatments result in pain relief or exacerbation, respectively. While extensive research has elucidated the psychological and neural mechanisms behind these effects, most studies have focused on transient pain stimuli. To explore these mechanisms in the context of tonic pain, we conducted a study using a 15-minute tonic muscle pain induction procedure, where hypertonic saline was infused into the left masseter of healthy participants. We collected real-time Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data during the induction of placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia via conditioned learning. Our findings revealed that placebo analgesia was more pronounced and lasted longer than nocebo hyperalgesia. Real-time pain ratings correlated significantly with neural activity in several brain regions. Notably, the putamen was implicated in both effects, while the caudate and other regions were differentially involved in placebo and nocebo effects. These findings confirm that the tonic muscle pain paradigm can be used to investigate the mechanisms of placebo and nocebo effects and indicate that placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia may have more distinct than common neural bases.</p
Olfaction modulates cortical arousal independent of perceived odor intensity and pleasantness
No full textThroughout history, various odors have been harnessed to invigorate or relax the mind. The mechanisms underlying odors' diverse arousal effects remain poorly understood. We conducted five experiments (184 participants) to investigate this issue, using pupillometry, electroencephalography, and the attentional blink paradigm, which exemplifies the limit in attentional capacity. Results demonstrated that exposure to citral, compared to vanillin, enlarged pupil size, reduced resting-state alpha oscillations and alpha network efficiency, augmented beta-gamma oscillations, and enhanced the coordination between parietal alpha and frontal beta-gamma activities. In parallel, it attenuated the attentional blink effect. These effects were observed despite citral and vanillin being comparable in perceived odor intensity, pleasantness, and nasal pungency, and were unlikely driven by semantic biases. Our findings reveal that odors differentially alter the small-worldness of brain network architecture, and thereby brain state and arousal. Furthermore, they establish arousal as a unique dimension in olfactory space, distinct from intensity and pleasantness.</p
Mismatch responses of basic auditory temporal processing: early predictive biomarkers of Chinese Reading
No full textThe study aimed to explore whether neurophysiological measures of auditory processing in preschoolers can predict Chinese reading after going to school. Mismatch responses (MMRs) to auditory frequency, duration, and temporal pattern deviants were examined in 24 Chinese preschoolers (6.59 +/- 0.25 years old). Reading abilities were tracked in Grades 2 (8.09 +/- 0.29 years old) and 4 (9.65 +/- 0.28 years old). We found that temporal pattern MMRs in preschoolers continuously contributed to Chinese reading fluency in Grades 2 and 4. However, MMRs to frequency or duration deviants did not predict their reading abilities in Grades 2 or 4. These findings suggest that MMRs of basic auditory temporal processing in preliterate children can serve as predictive biomarkers for future Chinese reading acquisition, thus holding promise for identifying Chinese children at risk of dyslexia before formal school education and further guiding early intervention to support their reading development.</p
Proteome-wide Mendelian randomization identified potential drug targets for migraine
No full textBackground: Migraine is a highly prevalent and complex neurovascular disease. However, the currently available therapeutic drugs often fall to adequately meet clinical needs due to limited effectiveness and numerous undesirable side effects. This study aims to identify putative novel targets for migraine treatment through proteome-wide Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods: We utilized MR to estimate the causal effects of plasma proteins on migraine and its two subtypes, migraine with aura (MA) and without aura (MO). This analysis integrated plasma protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) data with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) findings for these migraine phenotypes. Moreover, we conducted a phenome-wide MR assessment, enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction networks construction, and mediation MR analysis to further validate the pharmaceutical potential of the identified protein targets. Results: We identified 35 protein targets for migraine and its subtypes (p < 8.04 x 10(-6)), with prioritized targets showing minimal side effects. Phenome-wide MR identified novel protein targets-FCAR, UBE2L6, LATS1, PDCD1LG2, and MMP3-that have no major disease side effects and interacted with current acute migraine medication targets. Additionally, MMP3, PDCD1LG2, and HBQ1 interacted with current preventive migraine medication targets. The causal effects of plasma protein on migraine were partly mediated by plasma metabolites (proportion of mediation from 3.8% to 21.0%). Conclusions: A set of potential protein targets for migraine and its subtypes were identified. These proteins showed rare side effects and were responsible for biological mechanisms involved in migraine pathogenesis, indicating priority for the development of migraine treatments.</p
Emotional concepts shape the perceptual representation of body expressions
No full textEmotion perception interacts with how we think and speak, including our concept of emotions. Body expression is an important way of emotion communication, but it is unknown whether and how its perception is modulated by conceptual knowledge. In this study, we employed representational similarity analysis and conducted three experiments combining semantic similarity, mouse-tracking task, and one-back behavioral task with electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques, the results of which show that conceptual knowledge predicted the perceptual representation of body expressions. Further, this prediction effect occurred at approximately 170 ms post-stimulus. The neural encoding of body expressions in the fusiform gyrus and lingual gyrus was impacted by emotion concept knowledge. Taken together, our results indicate that conceptual knowledge of emotion categories shapes the configural representation of body expressions in the ventral visual cortex, which offers compelling evidence for the constructed emotion theory. We used representational similarity analysis to reveal the relationship between conceptual knowledge of emotion and the perception of body expressions. We found that conceptual knowledge significantly predicts the behavioral and neural representation of body expression perception. These results suggest that perceptual representation of body expression can be influenced by conceptual knowledge.image</p
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