Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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How cognitive selection affects language change
No full textLike biological species, words in language must compete to survive. Previously, it has been shown that language changes in response to cognitive constraints and over time becomes more learnable. Here, we use two complementary research paradigms to demonstrate how the survival of existing word forms can be predicted by psycholinguistic properties that impact language production. In the first study, we analyzed the survival of words in the context of interpersonal communication. We analyzed data from a large-scale serial-reproduction experiment in which stories were passed down along a transmission chain over multiple participants. The results show that words that are acquired earlier in life, more concrete, more arousing, and more emotional are more likely to survive retellings. We reason that the same trend might scale up to language evolution over multiple generations of natural language users. If that is the case, the same set of psycholinguistic properties should also account for the change of word frequency in natural language corpora over historical time. That is what we found in two large historical-language corpora (Study 2): Early acquisition, concreteness, and high arousal all predict increasing word frequency over the past 200 y. However, the two studies diverge with respect to the impact of word valence and word length, which we take up in the discussion. By bridging micro-level behavioral preferences and macro-level language patterns, our investigation sheds light on the cognitive mechanisms underlying word competition. Significance Words compete for survival in each language. This research investigates the cognitive mechanisms underlying the rise and fall of English word forms using two complementary research paradigms: a serial reproduction experiment where a story is passed on along a diffusion chain and a quantitative linguistic analysis of historical corpora that spans the past two centuries. We found that the competition among word forms is closely associated with how humans use language: words that are acquired earlier in life, more concrete, and more arousing are more likely to survive. Our results suggest that micro-level patterns of language production may scale up to macro-level patterns of language change over generations of language speakers.</p
Parental meta-emotion philosophy affects preschool children’s emotions: The moderations of children’s temperament
No full text本研究采用问卷法探讨了父母元情绪理念与儿童气质对3-7岁学前儿童情绪发展的作用，使用多因素方差分析、相关分析及线性回归分析，结果发现：（1）父母情绪失控负向预测儿童愤怒强度；（2）父母情绪教导正向预测低消极儿童的愤怒调节，父母情绪摒除负向预测高努力控制儿童的愤怒调节。这些结果表明，适合的父母元情绪理念可优化儿童情感社会化启发模型，为儿童情绪健康发展及良好的情绪调节能力提供科学指导。</p
Relationship between mindful parenting， parenting stress and adolescents' aggressive behaviors：based on actor-partner interdependence model
No full text背景 父母正念养育水平关系青少年的身心健康，但目前关于正念养育的实证研究较少，尚未查见探讨父母正念养育通过教养压力对青少年攻击行为的影响及主客体效应的研究。目的 探讨父母正念养育通过教养压力对青少年攻击行为的影响及主客体效应，为改善家庭教育以及对青少年行为问题的干预提供参考。方法 于2023年9月8日—15日，在四川省绵阳市某学校的小学五年级和六年级以及初中三个年级中的各年级随机选择3个班级、共907名学生，以学生家庭（包括父母和孩子）作为研究对象。采用正念养育量表（MIPQ）评定父母的正念养育水平，采用养育压力量表简化版（PSI-SF）评定父母的教养压力水平，采用青少年自评量表（YSR）中的攻击行为维度评定青少年攻击行为。采用Pearson相关分析考查各量表评分的相关性，采用主客体互倚模型分析父母正念养育对自身及配偶教养压力的影响，以及通过教养压力对青少年攻击行为的影响。结果 共472个家庭完成有效问卷调查。在主体效应方面，父亲正念养育通过父亲教养压力影响青少年攻击行为的效应值为-0.018(P=0.002)，母亲正念养育通过母亲教养压力影响青少年攻击行为的效应值为-0.026(P<0.01)。在客体效应方面，父亲正念养育通过母亲教养压力影响青少年攻击行为的效应值为-0.006(P=0.026)，母亲正念养育通过父亲教养压力影响青少年攻击行为的效应值为-0.007(P=0.012)。结论 父母正念养育可以通过自身及配偶的教养压力水平间接影响青少年攻击行为，主客体效应均显著。</p
Development and Validation of the Adolescent Appearance Anxiety Questionnaire
No full text目的：编制适合我国青少年的外貌焦虑问卷并对其信效度进行检验。方法：采用焦点小组讨论法和访谈法产生初始问卷共46个条目，并由5名专家评估其内容效度。对422名中学生（女生占51.7%，样本1）施测青少年外貌焦虑初始问卷并进行项目分析和探索性因素分析。对1205名中学生（女生占55.1%，样本2）施测正式版青少年外貌焦虑问卷、体像忧虑量表、二维自尊量表、负性情绪量表和生活满意度量表，进行验证性因素分析，并检验其信效度。间隔6个月后对来自样本2的663名青少年（样本3）进行青少年外貌焦虑问卷重测。结果：根据样本1分析结果删除了25个条目，最终形成了21题项的青少年外貌焦虑问卷。该问卷包含三个因子：外貌信念（11条目）、外貌修饰（5条目）和外貌关注（5条目）。对样本2的验证性因素分析支持量表的三因子结构，且发现总问卷的Cronbach’s α系数为0.929。问卷总分与体像忧虑量表总分的相关达0.890，支持问卷的效标效度；问卷总分与负性情绪（r=0.49）、自尊（r=-0.53）及生活满意度(r=-0.34)均有显著相关（P<0.01），支持其聚合效度。对样本3进行分析，发现间隔6个月后青少年外貌焦虑问卷的重测信度为0.684。结论：本研究编制的青少年外貌焦虑问卷具有良好的信效度，可用于测量我国青少年的外貌焦虑水平。</p
Can mothers' testimony revise children's na?ve physical beliefs? Young children's learning in different physics concepts / <i>El papel del testimonio materno en la revisión de las creencias infantiles ingenuas: aprendizaje infantil de distintos conceptos físicos</i>
No full textYoung children develop na & iuml;ve theories, which often contain misconceptions, spontaneously before formal education. Testimony from others plays a crucial role in revising their initial false beliefs. Understanding the development of children's na & iuml;ve theories and the factors influencing children's na & iuml;ve belief revision is of great importance. The present study examined belief revision in three-to-five-year-old children (N = 90) when exposed to scientific testimonies from their mothers that contradicted their na & iuml;ve physical beliefs. Three object motion tasks, including gravitational motion, horizontal projectile motion and free-falling motion, were employed. Results showed that children of different ages held different levels of initial beliefs across different concepts. Scientific testimony from mothers facilitated children's belief revision, and the belief revision is different across physical concepts and age. These findings emphasize the importance of testimony in science education and highlight the significance of considering the impact of different concepts on children's science learning.
Antes de iniciar su educaci & oacute;n formal, los ni & ntilde;os desarrollan teor & iacute;as ingenuas de forma espont & aacute;nea que suelen incorporar nociones err & oacute;neas. Los testimonios de otras personas desempe & ntilde;an un papel clave en la revisi & oacute;n de sus creencias previas falsas. El conocimiento del desarrollo infantil de las teor & iacute;as ingenuas y de los factores que influyen en la revisi & oacute;n de estas creencias previas es de vital importancia. En el presente estudio se explora la revisi & oacute;n de las creencias previas en ni & ntilde;os de tres a cinco a & ntilde;os (N = 90) tras escuchar un testimonio cient & iacute;fico de su madre que contradec & iacute;a sus creencias previas sobre el movimiento de objetos f & iacute;sicos. Para ello se incluyeron tres tareas sobre el movimiento de los objetos: un movimiento gravitacional, una trayectoria horizontal de proyectil y un movimiento de ca & iacute;da libre. Los resultados revelan que, en funci & oacute;n de su edad, los ni & ntilde;os manten & iacute;an distintos niveles de creencias previas sobre los distintos conceptos f & iacute;sicos. El testimonio cient & iacute;fico de las madres facilit & oacute; la revisi & oacute;n de las creencias previas de sus hijos y esta difer & iacute;a en funci & oacute;n del concepto f & iacute;sico y de la edad. Estos resultados ponen de relieve la importancia del testimonio en la educaci & oacute;n cient & iacute;fica y subrayan la necesidad de tener en cuenta el impacto que los distintos conceptos ejercen en el aprendizaje infantil
Thermal stimulus task fMRI in the cervical spinal cord at 7 Tesla
No full textAlthough functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is widely applied in the brain, fMRI of the spinal cord is more technically demanding. Proximity to the vertebral column and lungs results in strong spatial inhomogeneity and temporal fluctuations in B-0. Increasing field strength enables higher spatial resolution and improved sensitivity to blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal, but amplifies the effects of B-0 inhomogeneity. In this work, we present the first task fMRI in the spinal cord at 7 T. Further, we compare the performance of single-shot and multi-shot 2D echo-planar imaging (EPI) protocols, which differ in sensitivity to spatial and temporal B-0 inhomogeneity. The cervical spinal cords of 11 healthy volunteers were scanned at 7 T using single-shot 2D EPI at 0.75 mm in-plane resolution and multi-shot 2D EPI at 0.75 and 0.6 mm in-plane resolutions. All protocols used 3 mm slice thickness. For each protocol, the BOLD response to 13 10-s noxious thermal stimuli applied to the right thumb was acquired in a 10-min fMRI run. Image quality, temporal signal to noise ratio (SNR), and BOLD activation (percent signal change and z-stat) at both individual- and group-level were evaluated between the protocols. Temporal SNR was highest in single-shot and multi-shot 0.75 mm protocols. In group-level analyses, activation clusters appeared in all protocols in the ipsilateral dorsal quadrant at the expected C6 neurological level. In individual-level analyses, activation clusters at the expected level were detected in some, but not all subjects and protocols. Single-shot 0.75 mm generally produced the highest mean z-statistic, while multi-shot 0.60 mm produced the best-localized activation clusters and the least geometric distortion. Larger than expected within-subject segmental variation of BOLD activation along the cord was observed. Group-level sensory task fMRI of the cervical spinal cord is feasible at 7 T with single-shot or multi-shot EPI. The best choice of protocol will likely depend on the relative importance of sensitivity to activation versus spatial localization of activation for a given experiment
Effects of escitalopram therapy on effective connectivity among core brain networks in major depressive disorder
No full textBackground: Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have abnormal functional interaction among largescale brain networks, indicated by aberrant effective connectivity of the default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN), and dorsal attention network (DAN). However, it remains unclear whether antidepressants can normalize the altered effective connectivity in MDD. Methods: In this study, we collected resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 46 unmedicated patients with MDD at baseline and after 12 weeks of escitalopram treatment. We also collected data from 58 healthy controls (HCs) at the same time point with the same interval. Using spectral dynamic causal modeling and parametric empirical Bayes, we examined group differences, time effect and their interaction on the casual interactions among the regions of interest in the three networks. Results: Compared with HCs, patients with MDD showed increased positive (excitatory) connections within the DMN, decreased positive connections within the SN and DAN, decreased absolute value of negative (inhibitory) connectivity from the SN and DAN to the DMN, and decreased positive connections between the DAN and the SN. Furthermore, we found that six connections related to the DAN showed decreased group differences in effective connectivity between MDD and HCs during follow-up compared to the baseline. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that escitalopram therapy can partly improve the disrupted effective connectivity among high-order brain functional networks in MDD. These findings deepened our understanding of the neural basis of antidepressants' effect on brain function in patients with MDD
Serial multiple mediating roles of anxiety and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the relationship between depression and psychotic symptoms in young adults with anxious depression
No full textBackground: Psychotic symptoms (PS) frequently occur in young adults with anxious depression (AD), yet the mediators of the associations between depression and PS remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of PS in first -episode and drugnaive (FEDN) young adults with AD and attempted to elucidate the relationship between thyroid -stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, anxiety, depression, and PS, as well as to identify potential mediating roles. Methods: 369 FEDN young adults with AD were recruited. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale's positive subscale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA). Fasting glucose, lipids, and thyroid function were also collected. Results: The prevalence of PS in young adults with AD (21.68 %) was 12.24 times higher than in non -AD patients. The HAMD scores (P = 0.005, OR = 1.23), HAMA scores (P < 0.001, OR = 1.62), and TSH levels (P = 0.025, OR = 1.20) were significant predictors of PS. The combined area under the curve value for distinguishing young adults with AD with and without PS was 0.86. We also identified serial multiple mediating effects of TSH levels and anxiety on the association of depression with PS. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the role of anxiety and TSH levels as serial mediators of the association between depression and PS. Therefore, when treating PS in young adults with AD, it is important to focus not only on depression, but also on TSH levels and anxiety to maximize benefit
The Relationship Between Peer Victimization and Adolescent Mental Health: The Moderating Effect of Class- and Schoollevel Peer Victimization
No full text健康环境悖论探讨环境如何影响受欺凌与青少年心理健康的联系，即在一个较为健康、受欺凌罕见的环境中，受欺凌的个体会有更多适应问题。目前关于健康环境悖论的研究仍有一些不足：第一，以往研究主要关注心理健康的消极方面，较少同时考虑心理健康的积极方面。第二，多数关于健康环境悖论的研究仅在班级层面探讨，学校层面未得到足够关注。第三，缺乏在中国背景下的研究，且仅有的中国样本研究尚未取得一致结论。因此，本研究依据心理健 康双因素模型，同时考察青少年心理健康的消极方面（抑郁症状）和积极方面（生活满意度），通过两个研究来探讨班级和学校层级受欺凌水平如何在个体受欺凌与心理健康之间起到调节作用。
研究一旨在探索班级层级受欺凌水平如何在个体受欺凌与心理健康之间起到调节作用。研究一调查了一所高中的 32 个班级共 809 名青少年。结果发现：班级受欺凌水平显著削弱受欺凌和青少年抑郁症状、生活满意度之间的关系。在健康的班级中（受欺凌水平低），青少年受欺凌与抑郁症状正向关联更强，与生活满意度负向关联更强。同时，严重受欺凌的青少年在健康的班级环境中，比起在不良班级环境中（受欺凌水平高），抑郁症状更多，生活满意度更低。
研究二旨在探索学校层级的受欺凌水平如何在个体受欺凌与心理健康之间起到调节作用。研究二调查 27 个省级行政区中 152 所中学，共 28, 537 名青少年。结果发现：学校受欺凌水平显著削弱了个体受欺凌和青少年抑郁症状、生活满意度之间的关系。相比于不良学校环境，健康学校环境中，青少年受欺凌与抑郁症状正向关联更强，与生活满意度负向关联更强。但与班级层级不一样的是，比起在不良的学校环境，在健康的学校中严重受欺凌的青少年，抑郁症状更低，生活满意度更高。
综上所述，本研究发现，个体受欺凌水平，班级和学校的平均受欺凌水平都与抑郁症状正相关与生活满意度负相关。在健康的班级和学校中，个体受欺凌与青少年心理健康之间的关联性更强。个体受欺凌水平高的青少年，在健康的班级环境中心理健康状况更差，在健康的学校环境中心理健康状况更好。本研究不仅将健康环境悖论的讨论拓展到中国背景下，进一步确认了其在中国背景下的适用性，而且拓展了健康环境悖论在班级和学校两个不同层级的检验， 丰富了健康环境悖论在不同层级的结果。本研究在实践层面为制定有效的校园欺凌干预政策和支持受欺凌青少年的策略提供了参考。</p
Research on the relationship and intervention of working memory, exam anxiety, and exam grades
No full text考试焦虑是中学生中常见的情绪问题，有研究表明我国中学生高水平的考试焦虑占比 30%。考试焦虑不仅危害了中学生的心理健康，也影响其学习成绩，同 时记忆力、注意力等认知功能也表现出一定程度的下降，因此，通过探究考试焦虑、成绩以及认知功能(特别是作为高级认知功能基础的工作记忆功能)的相互预测关系，探求有效易行的干预技术，对提升学校心理健康工作具有重要价值。
基于此，本论文包括两项研究。研究一通过纵向研究，采用交叉滞后的分析方法，考察初中生考试焦虑、数学成绩以及工作记忆功能的相互预测关系。选取190名初中生，选取两个时间点，间隔一个月，分别测查 Spielberger 考试焦虑量表、N-back 任务和月考数学成绩。交叉滞后分析发现，考试焦虑能有效预测工作记忆的正确率和数学成绩，工作记忆的正确率也能有效预测考试焦虑和数学成绩，但数学成绩能有效预测工作记忆正确率但不能预测考试焦虑。提示如果以提升数学成绩为目标，可以尝试降低考试焦虑和提升工作记忆功能；如果以缓解焦虑为目标，也可以尝试提升工作记忆功能。
进而，研究二我们验证了工作记忆训练可否提升数学成绩，缓解考试焦虑，同时进一步对比具有情绪成分的情绪工作记忆训练和传统的工作记忆训练在缓解情绪提升成绩上的效果。研究采用前后测随机分组设计，采用 Spielberger考试 焦虑量表筛选 81 名高水平考试焦虑初中生，随机分配到工作记忆训练组、情绪工作记忆训练组和被动等待组。训练前后三组被试分别测查了考试焦虑量表、活动记忆任务、N-back 任务和数学成绩，两组实验组分别进行了为期一个月(共 21次)的工作记忆刷新训练、等待组没有进行相关训练。工作记忆训练组采用双维N-back 任务，情绪工作记忆训练组采用情绪面孔位置双维 N-back 任务。结果发现，两组实验组经过一个月的训练，训练后的工作记忆功能均有显著提升，等待组工作记忆任务的表现前后测没有差异。但只有情绪工作记忆训练组，训练后的考试焦虑水平下降，数学成绩提升，另外两组前后测没有显著变化。
综上所述，本研究发现了考试焦虑、数学成绩以及工作记忆三组之间的相互预测关系，并进一步验证了情绪工作记忆训练对提升个体的工作记忆功能、数学成绩和缓解考试焦虑是有一定效果的，对未来在学校推广认知训练提供了有力的实证支持。</p
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