Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Defensive Decision-Making: Deviation from the Principle of Utility-Maximizing for the Clients
No full text本文讨论了一种鲜少被提及但在现实中普遍存在的决策类型，即防御性决策。防御性决策是一种以自我免责为主要动机、但无视委托方利益的决策。这种决策在医疗、工程、金融、管理等领域常见，可能导致严重后果和资源浪费。本文在综述防御性决策的表现、影响因素的基础上，提出了一系列在各行业具有普适性的助推方法，如视角转换、决策模式变化等，力将“防御性决策”造成的伤害降至最小。提出了将此类决策视为“跨期决策”的一类、并囊括各行业的更广的视角，在更大的架构中研究防御性决策的研究展望。</p
Patterns of participation and performance at the class level in English online education: A longitudinal cluster analysis of online K-12 after-school education in China
No full textStudies have shown that course participation and academic performance are key factors in defining the success of online education, but much remains unknown regarding how best to define the success of online K-12 after-school education that are popular in Asian countries. To address this issue, we used a longitudinal clustering approach to analyze the course records of a large online education company in China. In total, we analyzed data on 166 online English courses offered by a Chinese K12 after-school education company for the entire fall semester, and after excluding data on 10 classes where there were consecutive missing courses, the remaining 156 classes covered more than 200,000 primary school students enrolled in grades 1-6 in public schools. The results showed that there were two different patterns: classes with poor learning outcomes generally had high participation rates, while classes with good learning outcomes generally had low participation rates. Further analysis revealed that teacher's teaching experience, the difficulty of the course, and students' grade level helped explain the dichotomy. This finding shows that there can be dissociation between participation and achievement at the class level in online K-12 after-school education, which likely resulted from misalignment between requirements set by the course and the expectations from teachers and parents. This study provides important insight for future research and practice in online K-12 after-school education
Patterns of participation and performance at the class level in English online education: A longitudinal cluster analysis of online K-12 after-school education in China
No full textStudies have shown that course participation and academic performance are key factors in defining the success of online education, but much remains unknown regarding how best to define the success of online K-12 after-school education that are popular in Asian countries. To address this issue, we used a longitudinal clustering approach to analyze the course records of a large online education company in China. In total, we analyzed data on 166 online English courses offered by a Chinese K12 after-school education company for the entire fall semester, and after excluding data on 10 classes where there were consecutive missing courses, the remaining 156 classes covered more than 200,000 primary school students enrolled in grades 1-6 in public schools. The results showed that there were two different patterns: classes with poor learning outcomes generally had high participation rates, while classes with good learning outcomes generally had low participation rates. Further analysis revealed that teacher's teaching experience, the difficulty of the course, and students' grade level helped explain the dichotomy. This finding shows that there can be dissociation between participation and achievement at the class level in online K-12 after-school education, which likely resulted from misalignment between requirements set by the course and the expectations from teachers and parents. This study provides important insight for future research and practice in online K-12 after-school education.</p
Musical tension is affected by metrical structure dynamically and hierarchically
No full textAs the basis of musical emotions, dynamic tension experience is felt by listeners as music unfolds over time. The effects of musical harmonic and melodic structures on tension have been widely investigated, however, the potential roles of metrical structures in tension perception remain largely unexplored. This experiment examined how different metrical structures affect tension experience and explored the underlying neural activities. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded and subjective tension was rated simultaneously while participants listened to music meter sequences. On large time scale of whole meter sequences, it was found that different overall tension and low-frequency (1 similar to 4 Hz) steady-state evoked potentials were elicited by metrical structures with different periods of strong beats, and the higher overall tension was associated with metrical structure with the shorter intervals between strong beats. On small time scale of measures, dynamic tension fluctuations within measures was found to be associated with the periodic modulations of high-frequency (10 similar to 25 Hz) neural activities. The comparisons between the same beats within measures and across different meters both on small and large time scales verified the contextual effects of meter on tension induced by beats. Our findings suggest that the overall tension is determined by temporal intervals between strong beats, and the dynamic tension experience may arise from cognitive processing of hierarchical temporal expectation and attention, which are discussed under the theoretical frameworks of metrical hierarchy, musical expectation and dynamic attention
Investigation and Improvement Suggestions on the Current Situation of Preschool Children's Pre-writing Environment in Their Families:Based on the Perspective of Family-kindergarten Education
No full text本研究对465名幼儿家庭的前书写环境进行问卷调查,结果发现:家长普遍重视幼儿前书写能力的培养,但未完全落实到实践中;家庭前书写环境总分及其中3个子维度的得分随幼儿年龄增长呈现上升趋势;与男孩相比,家长更重视女孩家庭前书写环境的营造;与低社会经济地位家庭相比,中和高社会经济地位家庭更重视家庭前书写材料资源投放。研究者据此提出相关建议
The Protective Effect of Mangiferin on Formaldehyde-Induced HT22 Cell Damage and Cognitive Impairment (vol 15, 1568, 2023)
No full textAdolescents Are More Utilitarian Than Adults in Group Moral Decision-Making
No full textThis study explores how peers influence the moral decisions of Chinese adolescents (12- to 16-year-olds, Mage = 14.32, n = 84) and young adults (18- to 26-year-olds, Mage = 20.92, n = 99) in moral dilemmas. Participants were asked to make moral decisions individually and then collectively within groups of three to reach a consensus in Trolly dilemma and Footbridge dilemma. They were also required to evaluate the degree to which they felt their decisions were moral. Results showed that adolescents tended to choose "action" (pull the lever in Trolly dilemma, or push the man in Footbridge dilemma) more than adults, and evaluate their "no action" choice as more immoral than young adults across both individual and group settings. Adolescents showed consistent decision-making patterns regardless of whether decisions were made individually or collectively, while adults were more likely to choose "no action" in group decision-making. Our results suggest that adolescents are more utilitarian than young adults when making decisions in moral dilemmas, compared to young adults. Young adults are less likely to make utilitarian choices when they are in groups than when they make decisions individually.</p
The Core Symptoms of Depression of Chinese Rural Children and the Role of Peer Relationships: From the Perspective of Network Analysis
No full text乡村儿童的心理健康状况一直备受关注，其中抑郁是最常见的心理困扰之一。以往的经典理论——疾病实体理论，把心理问题看作是种种症状背后的潜在实体，判定一个人是否抑郁通过量表的划界分，超过这一分数判定为抑郁。但这种方法忽略了分数背后的群体差异和症状异质性。近些年出现了新的视角，以症状为中心的精神疾病网络理论，把抑郁这种心理健康问题看作是由症状及其相互作用所构成的网络，弱连接状态是健康人，强联结状态则是存在心理疾病。这种方法很好的弥补了疾病实体理论的不足。国内学者偏爱研究青春期群体，这确实是发病高峰，但忽视了疾病潜伏阶段——童年期。少有的研究乡村儿童这一群体的，也 存在群体模糊的问题。本文要探究以下几个问题：(1)乡村儿童抑郁的核心症状是什么，乡村儿童抑郁症状的可能因果关联；（2）同伴关系-儿童抑郁的桥症状有哪些，同伴关系与儿童抑郁症状可能因果路径。
本文使用儿童抑郁量表、同伴关系量表和人口学问卷，从安徽省、甘肃省、 广东省、黑龙江省、湖北省、湖南省和四川省 7 个省份中选取 16 所乡村小学， 覆盖了年龄范围在 5-15 岁的乡村儿童，有效作答人数 2292。统计分析主要采用Rstudio 的网络分析软件包，构建高斯模型和贝叶斯模型。
研究一：抑郁网络。高斯模型，“不顺从”和“打架”边线联结强度最强，偏相关系数 0.21。核心症状是“自我憎恨”、“悲伤”、“孤独感”和“自我贬 低”。贝叶斯模型，节点“自我憎恨”位于最顶端，节点 “自我责怪”、“课 业困难”、 “悲观主义”和“社交退缩”位于布局的最底端。研究二：同伴关系-抑郁网络。高斯网络中，“擅长”（桥强度=0.37，BEI=-0.37）、 “互助”（桥强度=0.37，BEI=-0.37）、“接纳”（桥强度=0.34，BEI=-0.34） 和“想结交”（桥强度=0.32，BEI=-0.32）是桥节点。抑郁网络的桥症状是“朋 友匮乏”（桥强度=0.27，BEI=-0.27）、“感觉不被爱”（桥强度=0.28，BEI=-0.28） 和“快感缺乏”（桥强度=0.32，BEI=-0.32）。贝叶斯模型中，“孤独感”和“想 结交”位于整个联合网络的最顶端，是诱发症状，没有其他节点指向。“悲观主义”、“课业困难”、“自我责怪”和“感觉不被爱”是整个联合网络的末端节点。
东西中部的乡村儿童最典型的抑郁症状是“自我憎恨”、“悲伤”、“孤独 感”和“自我贬低”，外界的压力事件可能是通过诱发“自我憎恨”而激活整个抑郁网络，最终指向乡村儿童的“自我责怪” 、“课业困难”、 “悲观主义” 和 “社交退缩”等症状。“接纳”、“擅长”、“互助”和“想结交”是潜在影响乡村儿童抑郁症状的重要节点，可能会直接激活“朋友匮乏”、“感觉不被 爱”和“快感缺乏”症状
Leader Humor and Team Deviance Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model
No full text领导幽默作为一种关键的领导行为，一直以来受到组织心理学和领导研究的广泛关注，尤其是亲和型领导幽默在提高团队绩效、创造力以及员工敬业度等方面产生积极影响。在疫情后追求“降本增效”的大背景下，提高团队效能，减少团队中团队的消极行为是企业关注的焦点。团队越轨行为，作为一种典型的团队不当行为，对组织和团队的高效运营和团队成员融洽合作产生负面影响。尽管已有一些研究关注亲和型领导幽默与团队积极行为的关系，但对于其对团 队消极行为的影响尚需深入探讨。
然而，目前鲜有研究探讨亲和型领导幽默对团队越轨行为的影响，同时也缺乏对团队积极情感基调和领导幽默中“黑暗面”攻击型领导幽默在其中的作用机制的深入研究。本研究基于情感事件理论，结合前人实证研究，探讨亲和型领导幽默对团队越轨行为的影响，特别是团队积极情感基调的中介机制以及攻击型领导幽默的调节机制。
本研究采用国内外成熟量表进行调查问卷，包括亲和型领导幽默量表、攻击型领导幽默量表、团队积极情感基调量表、团队越轨行为量表。通过在线问卷平台生成问卷，并邀请企业一线工作团队参与问卷调查，其中团队成员评价亲和型领导幽默、攻击型领导幽默、团队积极情感基调；团队领导评价团队越轨行为，共收集 101 个团队的 671 份有效问卷。通过共同方法偏差检验、验证性因子分析及回归分析等来验证假设。研究结果表明：（1）亲和型领导幽默显著正向影响团队积极情感基调；（2）团队积极情感基调显著负向影响团队越轨行为，并且中介亲和型领导幽默与团队越轨行为的负向影响；（3）攻击型领导幽默正向调节亲和型领导幽默与团队积极情感基调间的关系，并正向调节团队积极情感基调的中介效应。
研究证实，亲和型领导幽默能够增加团队积极情感基调，继而减少团队越轨行为；此外，攻击型领导幽默正向调节了亲和型领导幽默与团队积极情感基调的影响关系，以及团队积极情感基调的中介效应，即攻击型领导幽默越高，亲和型领导幽默唤起的团队积极情感基调越多，团队越轨行为越少
Psychometric properties of a Mandarin Chinese version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 among Chinese adolescents
No full textIn the present study, we explored the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Mandarin Chinese BAS2 among adolescents residing in the Chinese mainland. Exploratory factor analysis in Study 1 ( N = 790; 396 girls, 394 boys) supported the unidimensionality of the Mandarin Chinese BAS -2 among Chinese adolescents. Internal consistency reliability was upheld via McDonald's omega. Convergent validity was supported by its moderate-tostrong relationships with body satisfaction, functionality satisfaction, self-esteem, life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect, while its small -to -moderate correlation with social desirability provided somewhat weaker discriminant validity support. Criterion-related validity was upheld by its inverse correlation with eating disorder symptomatology and positive correlation with intuitive eating. It explained unique variance in self-esteem (for girls and boys), eating disorder symptomatology (for girls), and intuitive eating (for boys) beyond age, body satisfaction, and functionality satisfaction, providing incremental validity evidence. A subsample of 134 girls and 114 boys completed the Mandarin Chinese BAS -2 again after three months, and test -retest reliability was upheld. The confirmatory factor analysis in Study 2 ( N = 337; 192 girls, 145 boys) replicated the unidimensional structure and supported measurement invariance across gender. Collectively, the present study supported the unidimensionality, reliability, and validity of the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2 ' s scores among Chinese adolescents.</p
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