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Empathic accuracy in individuals with schizotypal personality traits
No full textEmpirical research using the Empathic Accuracy Task (EAT) has suggested that schizophrenia patients and people with schizotypal personality disorder exhibit lower empathic accuracy than healthy people. However, empathic accuracy in a subclinical sample with high levels of schizotypy has seldom been studied. Our study aimed to investigate empathy in a subclinical sample using the Chinese version of the EAT and a self-report empathy measure. Forty participants with high levels of schizotypy (HS participants) and 40 with low levels of schizotypy (LS participants), as measured by the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), were recruited. All participants completed the Chinese version of the EAT and the self-report Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy. Empathic accuracy (EA) scores and the intra-individual variability of EA scores were calculated. Independent samples t tests and Pearson correlation analyses were performed to examine group differences in empathy and the relationship between empathy and schizotypy respectively. HS participants exhibited reduced EA for both positive and negative videos, and larger intra-individual variability of EA for negative videos than LS participants. However, HS and LS participants did not differ in self-report cognitive empathy. Moreover, the interpersonal dimension of the SPQ was negatively correlated with EAT performance and self-report cognitive empathy in LS participants. Individuals with HS show poorer performance-based EA but relatively intact self-report cognitive empathy. This study provides empirical evidence for the ontogeny of empathy deficits in subclinical populations at risk of developing schizophrenia, supporting early interventions for social cognitive deficits
Doing good is not equal to good people: The wealth-based gap in prosocial motive attributions
No full textAre attributions of motives for prosocial behaviour modulated by the actor's wealth? We provide evidence for people attributing higher reputational motives to rich prosocial actors than poor ones across four studies. This effect persists across different kinds of prosocial behaviours, including helping (Study 1), volunteering (Study 2), and donating money (Studies 3-4). Furthermore, rich (vs. poor) prosocial actors are perceived to be less likely to be driven by altruistic motives and to have lower moral character than poor actors (Studies 2-3). Attribution of reputational motives and altruistic motives mediates the effect of target wealth on the perception of moral character (Study 2-3). Study 4 demonstrates that the judgement gap disappears when reputational benefits are implausible: voluntary privacy eliminates the wealth-based gap in motive attributions and judgement of moral character. These findings highlight that suspicion of motives prevents people from giving credit to rich prosocial actors. The implications for understanding motive inferences and prosocial credit are also discussed
The relationship between mindfulness and suboptimal health status: a chain/serial mediation model
No full textBackground: Suboptimal health status (SHS) represents a third state between health and disease and often progresses into chronic conditions, negatively impacting an individual's well-being. Studies have shown that mindfulness has a beneficial effect on various SHS symptoms. This study aims to explore the influence of mindfulness on SHS and its underlying mechanisms, with a particular focus on examining the mediating roles of stress and social support. Methods: A total of 173 healthy Chinese college or graduate students, with an average age of 21.85 years, participated in this study. Measurements were taken using the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire, the Sub-Health Measurement Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and a self-constructed scale that included demographic information. The PROCESS plugin for SPSS was used to assess mediating effects. Results: Significant correlations were found among SHS, social support, mindfulness, and perceived stress (|r| = 0.38-0.85, p < 0.01). Specifically, mindfulness showed a significant positive correlation with SHS and social support (r = 0.38-0.77), while perceived stress was significantly negatively correlated with mindfulness, social support, and SHS (|r| = 0.45-0.85). Perceived social support was positively associated with SHS (r = 0.65). Furthermore, social support and perceived stress partially mediated the influence of mindfulness on SHS. Additionally, a sequential mediation effect of perceived social support and stress in the relationship between mindfulness and SHS was supported. Conclusion: The cultivation of trait mindfulness may be advantageous for individuals' sub-health. Perceived social support and perceived stress are important underlying mechanisms contributing to this effect
The effect of relaxing music on driving anger and performance in a simulated car-following task
No full textStudies have focused on the negative effects of anger on driving performance, but insufficient research has addressed intervention methods to reduce these emotional effects. This research investigated how music mitigates the deterioration of driving performance associated with angry emotions in a simulated car-following task. Forty-three licensed drivers participated in this study, and they were randomly separated into two groups: an intervention group and a control group. First, all the participants completed a car-following task involving neutral arousal. Then, both groups completed the car-following task after the anger arousal task. The intervention group drove while listening to relaxing music, but the control group did not. Driving performance and electrocardiographic data were recorded. The results showed that participants who listened to relaxing music had significantly shorter braking reaction times and greater heart rate variability (HRV) than did those who did not listen to music. Relaxing music can reduce driving anger and improve driving behavior
Epistasis in neurotransmitter receptors linked to posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder comorbidity in traumatized Chinese
No full textBackground Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) comorbidity occurs through exposure to trauma with genetic susceptibility. Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) and dopamine are neurotransmitters associated with anxiety and stress-related psychiatry through receptors. We attempted to explore the genetic association between two neurotransmitter receptor systems and the PTSD-MDD comorbidity.Methods Four groups were identified using latent profile analysis (LPA) to examine the patterns of PTSD and MDD comorbidity among survivors exposed to earthquake-related trauma: low symptoms, predominantly depression, predominantly PTSD, and PTSD-MDD comorbidity. NPY2R (rs4425326), NPY5R (rs11724320), DRD2 (rs1079597), and DRD3 (rs6280) were genotyped from 1,140 Chinese participants exposed to earthquake-related trauma. Main, gene-environment interaction (G x E), and gene-gene interaction (G x G) effects for low symptoms, predominantly depression, and predominantly PTSD were tested using a multinomial logistic model with PTSD-MDD comorbidity as a reference.Results The results demonstrated that compared to PTSD-MDD comorbidity, epistasis (G x G) NPY2R-DRD2 (rs4425326 x rs1079597) affects low symptoms (beta = -0.66, OR = 0.52 [95% CI: 0.32-0.84], p = 0.008, pperm = 0.008) and predominantly PTSD (beta = -0.56, OR = 0.57 [95% CI: 0.34-0.97], p = 0.037, pperm = 0.039), while NPY2R-DRD3 (rs4425326 x rs6280) impacts low symptoms (beta = 0.82, OR = 2.27 [95% CI: 1.26-4.10], p = 0.006, pperm = 0.005) and predominantly depression (beta = 1.08, R = 2.95 [95% CI: 1.55-5.62], p = 0.001, pperm = 0.001). The two G x G effects are independent.Conclusion NPY and dopamine receptor genes are related to the genetic etiology of PTSD-MDD comorbidity, whose specific mechanisms can be studied at multiple levels
Prevalence and risk factors of suicide attempts among Chinese elderly patients over 50 years with schizophrenia
No full textBackgroundSeveral research efforts have found that older schizophrenia patients are at higher risk for suicide. Related risk factors for suicide attempts in the elderly with schizophrenia are poorly understood. This study sought to assess the prevalence of suicide attempts and related risk variables in schizophrenia patients over the age of 50.MethodsWe recruited 591 elderly patients over the age of 50. Demographic, clinical and blood parameters of all patients were collected. Patients with schizophrenia were evaluated for psychopathological symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).ResultsThe rate of suicide attempts among elderly Chinese schizophrenia patients was 15.2%. In these elderly schizophrenia patients, those who with suicide attempts had significantly higher scores for insomnia, depression and smoking addiction, and higher levels of red blood cells, Hc1 glycosylated hemoglobin and free T3, but significantly lower levels of hypersensitive C-reactive protein and -globulin. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that higher depression scores and smoking addiction were risk factors for suicide attempts in these patients. Additionally, multiple regression analyses showed that higher BMI and insomnia scores were associated with suicide risk scores in elderly schizophrenia patients.ConclusionsOur research shows that there is a high incidence of suicide attempts in people over 50 years of age with schizophrenia. A number of clinically relevant factors and metabolic markers are associated with suicide attempts among elderly patients with schizophrenia
The Compound Impact of Children's Negative Emotions and Family System Factors on Academic Performance
No full text随着社会的不断发展和教育水平的不断提高，家长和教育工作者对儿童的学业成绩更加重视。众多学者发现儿童的学业成绩并不仅仅是由单一因素决定的，而是受到多种因素的影响，包括儿童智力、非智力、家庭、学校、社会多方面的因素。近年来，青少年受到焦虑、抑郁等消极情绪影响的现象确实越来越普遍。情绪-认知交互作用理论强调情绪与认知之间的相互影响，情绪可以影响学生的认知加工过程、学习注意力、学习动机、学习策略的使用和学习兴趣。然而，以焦虑和抑郁为主的消极情绪对学业产生更广泛的负面影响，而儿童的个人因素对学业成绩也有发挥着不同的作用。已有研究表明，主动控制感是人类心理健康的基石，在焦虑、抑郁等情绪的调节中可能起着基础性的作用，主动控制感的强弱是否也会影响学业成绩呢，也是本研究关注的重点之一。
除情绪因素外，大量的研究探讨家庭系统因素对学生学业成绩的影响，包括家庭教养方式、经济社会地位、家庭结构因素，家庭成员关系等。家庭系统理论认为家庭是由具有亲属关系的家庭成员组成的系统，每个成员之间都存在相互作用的关系。本研究将选取家庭系统因素中父母学历、父母工作情况、同胞数量、学习主导者等研究变量，探究家庭系统因素与学业的关系，以及消极情绪和家庭系统因素对学习成绩的复合影响。论文从以下三个方面展开了研究。
研究一：研究了消极情绪对学业成绩的影响。首先，选取北京某小学四至六年级 580名儿童作为研究对象，将这些儿童的学业成绩包括语文、数学、英语及三门课程的平均成绩作为研究的因变量。其次，通过儿童版流调中心抑郁量表(CES-DC)、中文 Spence儿童焦虑量表-简版(SCAS-S)和中文版主动控制感量表(C-SoAS)，分别测量得到的被试的抑郁得分、焦虑得分和主动控制感得分，辅以儿童年级和性别作为研究的自变量。再次，在对样本数据进行预处理和描述统计后，运用 Pearson 相关性分析探讨了儿童的学业成绩与各个自变量之间的相关性。结果表明，儿童的学业成绩与主动控制感得分和年级呈正相关，与抑郁得分呈负相关，与焦虑得分的相关性并不显著。最后，将平均成绩作为学业成绩的代表，运用决策树方法找出了对学业成绩影响较大的情绪因素，并得出学业成绩较好的儿童的情绪画像特征：年级较高、抑郁程度较低、主动控制能力较强。
研究二：研究了家庭系统因素对学业成绩的影响。首先，从研究一的被试中抽取全体五年级 179 名儿童作为研究对象，将这些儿童的学业成绩包括语文、数学、英语及三门课程的平均成绩作为研究的因变量，通过学校自有数据库和问卷调查形式收集其家庭系统因素中的父母学历、同胞数量、学习主导者、父母工作情况、及家校时间距离作为研究的自变量。其次，对样本进行预处理和描述统计后，运用 Pearson 相关性分析探讨了儿童的学业成绩与家庭系统因素各个自变量之间的相关性。结果表明，儿童的学业成绩与父母学历呈正相关，与家中儿童数量呈负相关，与父母工作情况、及家校时间距离的相关性并不显著。随后，将平均成绩作为学业成绩的代表，利用决策树方法，找出了对儿童学业成绩产生主要影响的家庭系统因素，得出学业成绩较好的儿童的画像特征： 父母学历较高、父亲是儿童的学习主导者。
研究三：研究了儿童消极情绪因素和家庭系统因素对学业成绩的复合影响。首先，将平均成绩作为学业成绩的代表，建立了基于消极情绪因素和多种家庭系统因素联合预 测学业成绩的决策树模型。结果表明，联合消极情绪和家庭系统因素的决策树模型，其十折交叉验证准确率(89.3%)高于仅考虑情绪因素的验证准确率(82.8%)和仅考虑家庭系统因素的准确率(82.6%)。其次，采用偏相关分析方法控制家庭系统因素后，发现情绪因素与学业成绩的相关关系基本保持不变，但与焦虑得分和抑郁得分的相关系数相对增大，而与年级和主动控制得分的相关系数相对减小。这些结果表明，在排除家庭系统因素后，消极情绪对学业成绩的影响更加突出，而年级和主动控制能力的影响相对减弱。再次，通过主成分分析，进一步发现儿童情绪因素和家庭系统因素中各个变量互相独立，不能随意剔除。综上所述，儿童情绪因素和家庭系统因素均对儿童的学业成绩产生重要影响。
本研究深入剖析了学业成绩与儿童消极情绪及家庭系统因素的关系。结果表明，学业成绩与抑郁得分、家中儿童数量负相关，与主动控制感、父母学历、儿童学习是否由父母主导正相关，同时否定了学业成绩与焦虑的相关性。本研究创新在于采用机器学习中的决策树方法联合分析多个变量对儿童学业成绩的影响，并综合探讨了消极情绪与家庭系统因素对学业成绩的复合作用。这些发现为提升教育质量和学生学业成绩提供了重要参考。</p
The impact of media multitasking on information processing among college freshmen
No full text随着信息科技的飞速发展，智能手机、便携电脑等媒体产品和大数据、人工智能、移动互联等新技术相互融合，给人们的学习和工作带来了巨大的变革，媒体多任务正在成为年轻一代新的生活方式。大学生是使用媒体进行多任务操作的重要群体，他们的注意力在不同媒介之间切换更加频繁，注意力保持更加短暂，经常性的媒体多任务行为会使大学生在学习上产生较多的分心行为，导致工作记忆下降，对多信息源的获取、编码和提取等信息加工过程产生重要影响。个体长期的媒体多任务行为和信息加工二者的关系如何，目前学界研究较少。本研究旨在深入探索大学生媒体多任务和信息加工的关系，以此更有效指导大学生的教育 实践活动。
本研究包括两个子研究。
研究一基于问卷调查的方法，以班级为单位选取大学新生为调查对象，采用整群抽样，通过媒体使用问卷测量媒体多任务指数，比较高媒体多任务行为组被试和低媒体多任务行为组被试在高考成绩、大一第一学期期末考试公共课和专业课学业成绩上的差异，探索媒体多任务行为和加工深度之间的关联。研究一结果表明：(1)高媒体多任务行为组和低媒体多任务行为组被试的高考成绩没有显著差异（p=0.543），在初始状态的各项情况同质，经过一段时间的媒体多任务行为积累后，期末考试成绩出现了差异；(2)在公共课以考察学生的准确记忆为主 的考试中，长期的媒体多任务行为削弱了个体对信息进行深度加工的能力，对大学生的公共课学业成绩产生较为显著的负面影响（p=0.011）；(3)在专业课上提 高了大学生对信息加工和理解的深度，长期的媒体多任务行为并未对专业课的学业成绩产生显著影响。
研究二基于心理实验，选取高媒体多任务行为组和低媒体多任务行为组两组大学新生为被试，采用“回忆-判断-再认”的研究范式，进行 2×2 被试间设计。对比两组被试在深加工和浅加工学习下，在记忆任务的回忆、再认和判断阶段中的反应时、正确率和把握程度的绩效差异，进一步探索媒体多任务和信息加工水平之间的关系，考察媒体多任务行为是否削弱信息加工水平能力。研究二结果表明：高媒体多任务组在深加工和浅加工两种条件下的回忆正确率、回忆反应时间、再认正确率、再认反应时间、FOK 把握程度等信息加工记忆任务绩效方面，与低媒体多任务组没有显著差异，但是高媒体多任务组在深、浅加工条件下信息加 工绩效的差异比低媒体多任务组小，长期的媒体多任务确实在一定程度上削弱了个体对信息进行深度加工的能力。
本研究结合心理测量和行为实验，论证了长期的媒体多任务行为在一定程度上削弱了个体对信息进行深度加工的能力，高媒体多任务组的学业成绩明显低于低媒体多任务组。本研究的结果可以填补媒体多任务和信息加工的影响关系方面的研究，同时为大学生学习与教育、健康管理与促进等领域的实践工作提供指导与参考。</p
Psychological Richness and Innovation Behavior: A Moderated Chain Mediation Model
No full text创新，作为一种创造性的思维和行为，是国家和社会可持续发展的“第一动力”。作为创新的主体，近几年来，以积极心理学的幸福观角度探讨个体创新行为的研究逐渐受到重视。如主观幸福感可以增强个体的创新能力，在创新过程中更好地释放和增强他们的积极性。而心理丰富性作为一种新的幸福形式，与传统的幸福观（享乐主义和实现主义）不同，由新奇、复杂和充满不确定性的有趣经历，以及引发视角改变的生活经历组成。心理丰富性水平更高的个体，好奇心更强，思维更加灵活、深刻、复杂，更愿意尝试挑战、寻求学习的机会，更具智慧和开放性，而这些因素也是影响个体创新能力、创新行为的重要因素。因此，本研究主要以社会认知理论的创造性信念为核心，从自我扩展和创新自我效能感的角度，构建一个链式中介，试图打开心理丰富性影响个体创新行为的“黑匣子”。 同时，引入创造性思维模式作为调节变量，进一步考察上述链式中介机制是否存在个体差异，最终构建了一个有调节的链式中介模型。
本研究先后进行了两个量化研究的问卷调查：研究一、以在校大学生为研究对象，通过问卷星平台随机抽样，收集得到有效问卷 901 份，探析自我扩展与创新自我效能感在心理丰富性与大学生创新行为间的中介作用；研究二、以在职员工为研究对象，采取方便取样法，收集有效问卷 601 份，进一步将研究一的结果推广到实际工作场所，并在此基础上探究创造性思维模式的调节作用。
研究结果：研究一、（1）在控制了人口学变量后，心理丰富性与自我扩展、创新自我效能感、大学生创新行为之间两两显著正相关。（2）心理丰富性可以直接影响大学生创新行为，也可以分别通过自我扩展与创新自我效能感间接影响大学生创新行为，自我扩展—创新自我效能感在心理丰富性和大学生创新行为之间发挥链式中介作用。研究二、（1）心理丰富性与自我扩展、创新自我效能感、成长型思维模式、员工创新行为之间两两显著正相关。（2）心理丰富性可以直接影响员工创新行为，也可以分别通过自我扩展与创新自我效能感间接影响员工 创新行为，自我扩展—创新自我效能感在心理丰富性和员工创新行为之间发挥链式中介作用。（3）中介效应的差异性检验结果显示，大学生与员工的自我扩展和创新自我效能感分别在心理丰富性与创新行为的单独中介效应上差异显著；大学生和员工的自我扩展与创造性自我效能感在心理丰富性与创新行为的链式中介效应上存在显著差异。（4）创造性思维模式在心理丰富性对员工创新行为影响机制中起显著的调节作用，这种调节作用主要通过成长型思维模式调节创新自我效能感与创新行为的关系发挥作用。
本研究在一定程度上拓展了影响个体创新行为因素的研究，并为解释创新行为提供了新的理论框架。尤其是，从心理丰富性的角度来建构个人幸福能够扩大自我概念，帮助人们形成更多的身份认同，增强创新自我效能感，为促进个体创新行为提供一定的实践启发。</p
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