Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Cognitive enhancing effect of rTMS combined with tDCS in patients with major depressive disorder: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled study
No full textBackground Cognitive dysfunction is one of the common symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been studied separately in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in MDD patients. We aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of rTMS combined with tDCS as a new therapy to improve neurocognitive impairment in MDD patients. Methods In this brief 2-week, double-blind, randomized, and sham-controlled trial, a total of 550 patients were screened, and 240 MDD inpatients were randomized into four groups (active rTMS + active tDCS, active rTMS + sham tDCS, sham rTMS + active tDCS, sham rTMS + sham tDCS). Finally, 203 patients completed the study and received 10 treatment sessions over a 2-week period. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) was performed to assess patients' cognitive function at baseline and week 2. Also, we applied the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-24) to assess patients' depressive symptoms at baseline and week 2. Results After 10 sessions of treatment, the rTMS combined with the tDCS group showed more significant improvements in the RBANS total score, immediate memory, and visuospatial/constructional index score (all p < 0.05). Moreover, post hoc tests revealed a significant increase in the RBANS total score and Visuospatial/Constructional in the combined treatment group compared to the other three groups but in the immediate memory, the combined treatment group only showed a better improvement than the sham group. The results also showed the RBANS total score increased significantly higher in the active rTMS group compared with the sham group. However, rTMS or tDCS alone was not superior to the sham group in terms of other cognitive performance. In addition, the rTMS combined with the tDCS group showed a greater reduction in HDRS-24 total score and a better depression response rate than the other three groups. Conclusions rTMS combined with tDCS treatment is more effective than any single intervention in treating cognitive dysfunction and depressive symptoms in MDD patients
Research on the Memory Processing Rules of Preschool Children in Tang Poetry Reading
No full text唐诗是中国古典文学的瑰宝，不仅承载着深厚的历史文化底蕴，更以其独特的艺术魅力和深邃的思想内涵，成为中华民族文化遗产中不可或缺的一部分。唐诗的学习对于儿童的语言表达能力有着显著的促进作用。唐诗的学习有助于提升儿童的审美能力和文化素养。唐诗的学习还能够培养儿童的想象力和创造力。唐诗的学习对于儿童的情感教育和品德培养也有着积极的影响。唐诗已经成为各个年龄段儿童的重要学习内容。
在学龄前儿童的唐诗教学活动中，发现以下两个问题：第一，儿童群体在唐诗学习活动中呈现出“客体差异性”的特点，即若把儿童群体看成一个整体，会发现儿童群体对于某些唐诗掌握较好，这部分唐诗通常被认为较为容易；而儿童群体对于另外一些唐诗掌握不够理想，这部分唐诗通常被认为较为困难。第二，儿童个体在唐诗学习活动中呈现出“主体差异性”的特点，即若把所有的唐诗看成一个整体，会发现某些儿童的唐诗学习效果较好（认知水平较高）；而另一些儿童的唐诗学习效果不够理想（认知水平一般）。论文在前人的研究成果基础上， 围绕上述两个问题展开研究。
针对问题一，论文首先基于认知心理学理论展开了理论分析，指出对于学龄前儿童而言，唐诗认知的难易程度与唐诗的内部特征存在相关性。其次，运用Pearson 相关性分析，进一步指出唐诗认知的难易程度与唐诗的发表时期、是否存在隐喻、句子数、句子长度、是否有生僻字等特征存在显著的正相关性。即唐诗创作的年代较晚、存在隐喻、句子数较多、句子较长、有生僻字，将导致唐诗较难掌握。唐诗认知的难易程度与是否遵从韵律、是否贴近现实生活存在显著的负相关性。即唐诗不遵从韵律、与现实生活不够贴近，也将导致唐诗较难掌握。再次，运用机器学习中的 CHAID 决策树算法，构建了基于唐诗内部特征的儿童认知难易程度预测模型。该模型指出，存在隐喻、发表时间较晚、句子数较多、句子较长以及风格为婉约派或浪漫主义，是学龄前儿童较难掌握的唐诗的画像特征。
针对问题二，论文首先基于学习动机理论展开了理论分析，指出儿童的唐诗认知水平与儿童的学习动机、家庭属性和基础属性存在相关性。其次，运用Pearson 相关性分析，进一步指出儿童的唐诗认知水平与外部学习动机、内部学习动机和主动控制感均存在显著的正相关性；与父母导向动机、父亲学历、母亲学历、母亲唐诗水平、家庭收入水平、父亲是否陪伴和母亲是否陪伴均存在显著的正相关性，与年龄、性别和每周课后复习时长均存在显著的正相关性。再次，运用 CHAID 决策树算法构建了基于学习动机、家庭属性和基础属性的儿童唐诗认知水平预测模型。该模型指出，外部动机较高、内部动机较高、主动控制感较强、年龄大、父亲经常陪伴是唐诗认知水平较高的儿童群体的画像特征。
然后，论文对上述研究结论展开了梳理和讨论，并给出了研究结论在唐诗教学工作数智化转型中的落地建议。首先，对面向唐诗教学的教学内容分层分级设计给出建议：基于学生学习水平的教学内容分级，教学内容的个性化推荐，实现动态化的教学内容调整等。其次，对面向唐诗教学的教学方案个性化+精准化设计给出建议：重视了解儿童的学习动机，重视了解儿童的家庭因素，实现动态化、个性化、精细化的教学设计。论文还给出了上述建议在智能化线上教学系统中的落地方案。</p
Road-crossing behavior and safety of pedestrians facing autonomous vehicles with an acceleration indicator eHMI in VR traffic flow
No full textTo support pedestrian road-crossing behavior in the presence of autonomous vehicles (AVs), we propose a novel external Human-Machine Interface (eHMI) that enhances the vehicle's inherent motion cues, which pedestrians already use in traditional traffic. Based on the Beta Movement, the eHMI design consists of light bands with multiple arrows moving forward or backward to indicate the vehicle's accelerating or decelerating motion state. We measured pedestrians' behavior and perceived safety when faced with AVs equipped with this acceleration indicator eHMI in a virtual reality (VR) street scene, where pedestrians had road-crossing tasks and vehicles did not always yield. We found that pedestrians exhibited crossing behavior according to the motion state of the oncoming vehicle. They almost always crossed if the vehicle yielded but considered the gap size to cross when it did not. With the acceleration indicator eHMI, they crossed more frequently if the vehicle yielded, yet less frequently if it did not. Although risky crossings could not be fully prevented, pedestrians crossed faster and maintained larger safety margins when the non-yielding vehicle used this eHMI. Additionally, pedestrians started to cross earlier when the eHMI indicated the vehicle's decelerating state. Regarding pedestrians' perceived safety, the eHMI did not increase perceived safety for decelerating vehicles but effectively decreased the perceived safety for accelerating vehicles. These results demonstrate the potential of enhancing vehicles' inherent motion cues with eHMIs, but also imply that making vehicles' motion state more apparent might not simply increase pedestrians' perceived safety. Overall, a trade-off seems to exist that it is pedestrians' sense of unsafety that leads to their safe road-crossing behavior. Suggestions for future research and VR experiments were also discussed
Psychometric properties of a Mandarin Chinese version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 among Chinese adolescents
No full textIn the present study, we explored the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Mandarin Chinese BAS2 among adolescents residing in the Chinese mainland. Exploratory factor analysis in Study 1 ( N = 790; 396 girls, 394 boys) supported the unidimensionality of the Mandarin Chinese BAS -2 among Chinese adolescents. Internal consistency reliability was upheld via McDonald's omega. Convergent validity was supported by its moderate-tostrong relationships with body satisfaction, functionality satisfaction, self-esteem, life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect, while its small -to -moderate correlation with social desirability provided somewhat weaker discriminant validity support. Criterion-related validity was upheld by its inverse correlation with eating disorder symptomatology and positive correlation with intuitive eating. It explained unique variance in self-esteem (for girls and boys), eating disorder symptomatology (for girls), and intuitive eating (for boys) beyond age, body satisfaction, and functionality satisfaction, providing incremental validity evidence. A subsample of 134 girls and 114 boys completed the Mandarin Chinese BAS -2 again after three months, and test -retest reliability was upheld. The confirmatory factor analysis in Study 2 ( N = 337; 192 girls, 145 boys) replicated the unidimensional structure and supported measurement invariance across gender. Collectively, the present study supported the unidimensionality, reliability, and validity of the Mandarin Chinese BAS-2 ' s scores among Chinese adolescents
Infants' use of the index finger for social and non-social purposes during the first two years of life: A cross-cultural study
No full textThe emergence of the pointing gesture is a major developmental milestone in human infancy. Pointing fosters preverbal communication and is key for language and theory of mind development. Little is known about its ontogenetic origins and whether its pathway is similar across different cultures. The goal of this study was to examine the theoretical proposal that social pointing is preceded by a non-social use of the index finger and later becomes a socialcommunicative gesture. Moreover, the study investigated to which extent the emergence of social pointing differs cross -culturally. We assessed non-social index -finger use and social pointing in 647 infants aged 3- to 24 months from 4 different countries (China, Germany, Japan, and T & uuml;rkiye). Non-social index -finger use and social pointing increased with infants ' age, such that social pointing became more dominant than non-social index -finger use with age. Whereas social pointing was reported across countries, its reported frequency differed between cultures with significantly greater social pointing frequency in infants from T & uuml;rkiye, China, and Germany compared to Japanese infants. Our study supports theoretical proposals of the dominance of nonsocial index -finger use during early infancy with social pointing becoming more prominent as infants get older. These findings contribute to our understanding of infants ' use of their index finger for social and non-social purposes during the first two years of life
Warmth, Competence, and the Determinants of Trust in Artificial Intelligence: A Cross-Sectional Survey from China
No full textTrust is critical in humans' interactions with artificial intelligence (AI). In this large-scale survey study (N = 2187), we examined the effects of 19 factors on people's trust in AI. Across the three dimensions of trust (i.e., the trustor, the trustee, and their interacting context), factors related to the trustee (i.e., AI) were found to affect trust in AI the most. Among factors in the trustee category, warmth and competence, two factors also critical to human trust relationships, emerged as the most pivotal ones, and they partially mediated the effects of other factors on trust in AI. We further show that trust in AI influenced participants' intentions to collaborate and use AI both directly and as the mediator between warmth, competence, and other factors and intentions. These findings indicate that trust in AI shares much common ground with trust in humans, and provide practical suggestions on how to promote people's trust in AI effectively
The social transmission of empathy relies on observational reinforcement learning
No full textTheories of moral development propose that empathy is transmitted across individuals. However, the mechanisms through which empathy is socially transmitted remain unclear. Here, we combine computational learning models and functional MRI to investigate whether, and if so, how empathic and non- empathic responses observed in others affect the empathy of female observers. The results of three independent studies showed that watching empathic or non- empathic responses generates a learning signal that respectively increases or decreases empathy ratings of the observer. A fourth study revealed that the learning- related transmission of empathy is stronger when observing human rather than computer demonstrators. Finally, we show that the social transmission of empathy alters empathy- related responses in the anterior insula, i.e., the same region that correlated with empathy baseline ratings, as well as its functional connectivity with the temporoparietal junction. Together, our findings provide a computational and neural mechanism for the social transmission of empathy that accounts for changes in individual empathic responses in empathic and non- empathic social environments
Developmental differences in children's adaptation to vehicle distance and speed in street-crossing decision-making
No full textIntroduction: Young children cannot effectively adapt their behaviors to vehicles at varied distances and speeds, which is a critical cause of road accidents. However, the impact of this crucial ability on children ' s street -crossing decision -making and the age at which they acquire it remain unclear. Method: This study examined the crossing decision -making behavior of children at 6, 8, and 11 years of age in facing 51 different videotaped traffic scenarios with varying vehicle distances and speeds. Sixty Chinese elementary school students, with 20 children evenly distributed into each of the three age groups (6 years, 8 years, and 11 years old), participated in a simulated street -crossing task using video projections. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to analyze how age moderated the effects of vehicular motion factors (vehicle - pedestrian distance, vehicle speed) on children ' s crossing safety, including dangerous crossing and crossing decision -making. Results: The results showed that when either vehicle - pedestrian distance decreased or vehicle speed increased all age groups tended to cross less frequently but probability of dangerous crossing increased. Compared to 8 -year -old and 11 -year -old children, 6 -year -old children showed a less pronounced tendency toward both of these crossing decision -making behaviors, and had more dangerous crossing outcomes. Conclusions: These findings suggest that inadequate adaptation to vehicle - pedestrian distance and vehicle speed may partly contribute to the inferior safety of streetcrossing behavior in 6 -year -olds compared to 8 -year -olds. No significant differences were observed between 8and 11 -year -old children, suggesting the turning point for this ability might occur between 6 and 8 years of age. Practical Applications: Preventive measures aimed to reduce crossing risks for children should consider children ' s developmental stages
How mind wandering influences motor control: The modulating role of movement difficulty
No full textIt has been found that mind wandering can impair motor control. However, it remains unclear whether the impact of mind wandering on motor control is modulated by movement difficulty and its associated neural mechanisms. To address this issue, we manipulated movement difficulty using handedness and finger dexterity separately in two signal -response tasks with identical experiment designs, in which right -handed participants performed key-pressing and key-releasing movements with the specified fingers, and they had to intermittently report whether their attention was "On task" or "Off task." Key-releasing with the right index finger (RI) had a faster reaction time and stronger contralateral delta-theta (1-7 Hz) functional connectivity than with the left index (LI) in Experiment 1, and mind wandering only reduced the contralateral delta-theta functional connectivity and midfrontal delta-theta activity for key-releasing with RI. Key-pressing with right index and middle fingers (RIR) had a faster reaction time and stronger midfrontal delta-theta activity than with right index and ring fingers (RIR) in Experiment 2, and mind wandering only reduced the midfrontal delta-theta activity for keypressing with RIM. Theta oscillations are vital in motor control. These findings suggest that mind wandering only impairs the motor control of relatively simple movements without affecting the difficult ones. It supports the notion that mind wandering competes for executive resources with the primary task. Moreover, the quantity of executive resources recruited for a task and how these resources are allocated is contingent upon the task difficulty, which may determine whether mind wandering would interfere with motor control
Development and initial validation of the parental response to adolescents' emotions scale: A mixed methods approach
No full textAn exploratory mixed methods design was used to explore age-appropriate characteristics of parental response to emotion (PRE) during adolescence in Chinese families and develop the parental response to adolescents' emotions scale (C-PRAES). Qualitative interviews with 21 parent-adolescent dyads were employed to explore characteristics of PRE in adolescence and generate item pools. Structural validity, criterion validity, measurement invariance across informants (adolescents vs. parents, mothers vs. fathers) and consistency reliability were examined in the quantitative phase (Nadolescent = 702, Nparent = 476). New age-appropriate strategies were generated from qualitative phase: Guidance in reappraisal, Allowing independent regulation, and Avoiding escalation of conflict. The formal version of the C-PRAES comprised items in two dimensions (supportive/non-supportive) and exhibited good validity, reliability, and measurement invariance
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