Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Dyadic learning shapes gaze-mediated social attentional orienting
No full textPeople tend to automatically shift their attention in response to social cues, such as eye gaze-a phenomenon known as social attentional orienting, which is crucial for adaptive social behaviors and interpersonal communication. While this ability is genetically influenced and typically stable, the current research shows that it can be enhanced within a specific social context by dyadic learning. We engaged pairs of participants in a standard gaze-cuing task, during which they received instant feedback on each other's performance. Unbeknownst to the participants, the feedback was designed to create a social context in which the partner appeared to respond to the cued location faster than the participant. We found that such a social context significantly increased the magnitude of gaze cuing effect. Importantly, the observed enhancement was not attributable to confounding factors such as arousal level or overall performance difference, nor to implicit learning from the feedback structure. Instead, drift-diffusion model analysis suggested that such a social context improved both the initial attentional orienting process and the sustained allocation of processing resources to the gazed-at location, resulting in a stronger gaze cuing effect. A subsequent experiment replaced gaze cues with non-social arrow cues and observed no modulatory effect, underscoring the distinction between social and non-social attentional orienting. The current research provides compelling evidence that social attentional orienting is malleable and highlights the significant impact of dyadic learning in shaping this capability.</p
Atrophy of hypothalamic subregions increases migraine risk: cross-sectional study and mendelian randomization analysis
No full textBackground The hypothalamus is a versatile structure comprising several nuclei that play key roles in regulating various biological processes associated with migraine, including hormone secretion, metabolism, circadian rhythm, and autonomic nervous system functions. However, the involvement of hypothalamic subregions in migraine remains unclear. Methods Based on T1-weighted MRI data from 76 migraine patients (23 episodic migraine [EM], 53 chronic migraine [CM]) and 35 healthy controls (HCs), we examined group differences in the volume of five hypothalamic subregions. To clarify causal relationships between migraine and hypothalamic volume, we conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. Mediation analysis was further performed to assess the role of gut microbiota composition in this association. Results Compared to HCs, migraine patients exhibited significantly reduced total hypothalamic volume (813.53 +/- 66.46 mm(3) vs. 831.86 +/- 57.91 mm(3); FDR q = 0.048) and inferior tuberal hypothalamic volume (255.26 +/- 30.17 mm(3) vs. 265.29 +/- 23.32 mm(3); FDR q = 0.046). These reductions were particularly pronounced in patients with CM, whereas no significant differences were observed in those with EM. MR analysis revealed causal effects of total hypothalamic volumes (OR = 0.80, FDR q = 7.28 x 10(-5)) and inferior tuberal hypothalamic volumes (OR = 0.85, FDR q = 2.61 x 10(-2)) on migraine, providing causal evidence to support the observational findings from the cross-sectional study. Furthermore, specific gut microbiome (genus DefluviitaleaceaeUCG011, genus Eubacteriumruminantiumgroup, and family FamilyXIII) were identified as partial mediators of the hypothalamus-migraine link (FDR q < 0.05). Conclusions This study suggests that atrophy of the inferior tuberal subregion of the hypothalamus plays a pivotal role in increasing migraine risk, and that this effect is partially mediated through alterations in gut microbiome composition
Predicting antidepressant response via local-global graph neural network and neuroimaging biomarkers
No full textDepressed mood and anhedonia, the core symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD), are linked to dysfunction in the brain's reward and emotion regulation circuits. To develop a predictive model for treatment remission in MDD based on pre-treatment neurocircuitry and clinical features. A total of 279 untreated MDD patients were analyzed, treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for 8-12 weeks, and assigned to training, internal validation, and external validation datasets. A hierarchical local-global imaging and clinical feature fusion graph neural network model was constructed. The model achieved 76.21% accuracy (AUC = 0.78) in predicting remission. Validation on the internal and external independent datasets yielded similar performance (accuracy = 72.73%, AUC = 0.74; accuracy = 71.43%, AUC = 0.72). Key contributing brain regions included the right globus pallidus, bilateral putamen, left hippocampus, bilateral thalamus, and bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus. These findings highlight the role of specific circuits in guiding antidepressant treatment
Individuals with High Social Anhedonia but not Schizophrenia Exhibited Altered Empathy in Daily Life
No full textBackground and Hypothesis Despite empathic abnormalities exhibited in both clinical and subclinical samples of schizophrenia (SCZ) in the laboratory, understanding of their empathy in the real world remains limited. This study applied the experience sampling method (ESM) to investigate empathy in people with SCZ and high social anhedonia (SocAnh), as well as its associations with social pleasure and emotional states in daily life.Study Design Thirty-one participants with SCZ, 31 individuals with high SocAnh, and 32 healthy controls completed a 7-day ESM survey (10 surveys per day) to assess empathy, social pleasure, and emotional states in daily life. The empathic accuracy task was used to measure empathy accuracy (EA) in the laboratory. Multilevel regression models were estimated to examine group differences of the ESM variables and their associations.Study Results Compared to controls, people with SCZ showed lower EA but comparable cognitive and affective empathy in daily life, whereas Individuals with high SocAnh exhibited similar EA but lower affective empathy in daily life. Positive association between social pleasure and empathy was found across 3 groups. Empathy for positive emotions predicted increased positive emotional states in individuals with high SocAnh and controls, but not in people with SCZ. Positive emotional states predicted greater empathy in individuals with high SocAnh, which was not observed in the other 2 groups.Conclusions Our findings revealed altered empathy in daily life among people at-risk for SCZ but not in clinical patients, shedding light on a better understanding of social cognitive changes in SCZ spectrum.</p
Unraveling consistently altered brain activations of language deficits in schizophrenia: evidence from ALE meta-analysis
No full textBackgroundLanguage deficits are commonly observed in patients with schizophrenia, significantly impacting their quality of life. Current medicine has little curing effects on language deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the underlying pathology of these deficits and unravel the potential intervention targets.MethodsWe systematically reviewed fMRI publications on language processing in schizophrenia and summarized the evidence quantitatively with activation likelihood estimation algorithms following PRISMA guidelines. A total of 82 experiments involving 1538 schizophrenia patients and 1413 healthy controls were included in the current study.ResultsOur findings revealed that the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) were consistently related to language deficits in schizophrenia across all modalities and all contrasts. Subsequent analysis revealed increased activation in the left MFG related to language deficits in schizophrenia. Subgroup analyses uncovered modality-specific alterations. Specifically, reduced activation in bilateral MFG in language comprehension, and increased activation in left IFG in language production in schizophrenia. Further evidence in comparison analysis also uncovered greater alteration in right MFG related to comprehension than production, while greater alterations in left IFG and others related to production than comprehension in schizophrenia. Moreover, we found that age modulates the altered activation patterns in schizophrenia, while positive or negative symptoms, or sex, did not show significant correlations with these patterns.ConclusionsIn summary, our study highlights convergent altered activation patterns in specific brain regions and identifies several heterogeneous sources (e.g., language modality, age) contributing to language deficits in schizophrenia
Assessing the rereading effect of digital reading through eye movements using artificial neural networks
No full textObjective This study aimed to investigate the differences in eye movement characteristics between first reading and rereading and to develop a neural network model for classifying these reading practices. The primary goal was to enhance the understanding of rereading identification and provide insights into assessing students' text familiarity.Methods We compared eye movement metrics during first reading and rereading, focusing on parameters such as total reading time, fixation duration, regression size, regression count, and local eye movement behaviors within areas of interest (AOIs). Pupil size, the proportion of fixation duration, and regression duration within and across lines were also examined. A neural network model was constructed to classify the reading practices based on these metrics.Results During rereading, students exhibited shorter total reading time, fixation durations, and fewer regression counts compared to first reading. Regression size was longer during rereading. Local eye movement behaviors within AOIs were also reduced. However, pupil size, the proportion of fixation duration, and regression duration within and across lines were not useful in identifying rereading. The neural network model achieved an accuracy of 0.769, precision of 0.774, recall of 0.788, and an F1-score of 0.781.Conclusion The findings demonstrate distinct eye movement patterns between first reading and rereading, highlighting the effectiveness of certain metrics in differentiating these practices. The neural network model provides a promising tool for rereading identification. These results expand our understanding of rereading behavior and offer valuable insights for assessing students' text familiarity
Development and Validation of the Polymedia Compensation Scale for Left-Behind Children in Migrant Families
No full textLeft-behind children (LBC) in China, whose parents migrate to urban areas for employment, face unique challenges in maintaining parent-child relationships. This study investigates how LBC utilise polymedia to compensate for physical parental absence and examines its association with parent-child attachment. Through exploratory factor analysis of data collected from 549 LBC in Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, we developed a Polymedia Compensation Scale comprising three dimensions: parental accessibility, parental engagement and perceived consolation. The scale structure was subsequently validated using a separate sample (N = 563), demonstrating robust psychometric properties. Analysis revealed that polymedia compensation experiences were significantly higher among younger LBC, LBC with migrant mothers and LBC reporting secure parent-child attachment. These findings contribute to our understanding of how digital communication technologies mediate parent-child relationships in the context of internal migration
Pain Perception of Dual-Modal Noxious Stimuli Under the Attentional Prompt
No full textIn certain situations, individuals may be simultaneously exposed to two distinct modalities of noxious stimuli. Attention plays a crucial role in shaping pain perception triggered by these stimuli. Pain perception accompanied by attentional modulation remains poorly understood in such scenarios. In two experiments, we administered heat and pressure stimuli separately to the right and left foot to explore pain perception when individuals simultaneously experienced dual-modal noxious stimuli under an attentional prompt. The behavioral experiments observed an inhibitory-like effect of the focused pain on the perception of
another unfocused pain when individuals perceived dual-modal noxious stimuli (Experiment 1a); however, no inhibitory-like effect was observed when there was no clear attentional orientation (Experiment 1b). Moreover, the functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment (Experiment 2) further revealed that the inhibitory effects on heat- and pressure-related pain were separately associated with the precentral and postcentral gyri, whereas the caudal anterior cingulate cortex was found to be involved in both inhibition processes. Our findings provide direct behavioral and neural evidence of pain perception in response to dual-modal noxious stimuli, highlighting the significance of directed attention.</p
Research on rain heterogeneity based on multimodal brain networks
No full text疼痛是一种复杂的感知与情感体验，严重情况下会伴有自主神经功能紊乱、精神抑郁等问，严重影响人们的正常健康生活，给患者及其家庭其他成员带来了极大的痛苦和负面影响，在个体之间存在较大的差异，有较强的异质性。疼痛的异质性指疼痛体验在不同个体之间以及同一个体在不同时间或不同情境下的多样性和差异性，不仅体现在疼痛的强度和类型上，还涵盖了疼痛的发病部位、持续时间以及对治疗的响应等多个层面。对于个体感知疼痛的强度和类型，可以用疼痛敏感性来衡量。之前的研究发现个体疼痛敏感性的差异和大脑的结构与功能有关。此外，可以使用大脑结构和功能影像提取特征，进行疾病的划分。但是，迄今为止，前人的研究虽然也开发出了可以预测疼痛敏感性的模型，但是众说纷纭，并未指出核心特征和模态信息是什么。此外，常见的慢性疼痛患者和病人的分析也停留在组水平分析，并没有一个标准的特征进行亚型间的区分。本文将疼痛的异质性聚焦在个体感知疼痛能力的不同和不同慢性疼痛患者的临床差异这两个方面，基于多模态磁共振成像技术，并结合机器学习、基因组学、神经递质影像学等方法，从如何更好地预测个体疼痛敏感性和怎么区分慢性疼痛亚型这两个问题入手，希望可以找到理解慢性疼痛特异性的生理机制，为临床上诊断和治疗不同种类的慢性疼痛提供影像学资料，对探寻的潜在生物学标记物具有重要指导意义。本论文涉及四个工作:
首先，为探究和疼痛敏感性相关的脑空间模式，研究内容一基于健康被试的fMRI数据，利用多元距离矩阵和疼痛敏感性问卷，在正常人上定位和疼痛敏感性问卷(PSQ)相关的脑区，后续分析为了证明筛选得到网络的稳定性，选择使用腰椎疼痛患者(LDP)进行验证，发现慢性疼痛患者的默认网络和突显网络内、外部可分离的异常脑连接模式，推测突显网络和默认网络的超连接可能是影响躯体疼痛的因素。而发现的网络模式不仅可以预测慢性疼痛患者的PSQ得分，也可以成功预测病人的麦吉尔疼痛问卷(MPQ)得分，进一步强调了这种网络模式在慢性疼痛患者的病理生理学中的重要作用。我们的研究结果强调了突显网络和默认网络在疼痛敏感性的研究以及未来慢性疼痛的病理生理学中的中心作用，这种异常的网络机制的存在强调了未来的临床试验需要关注潜在的特定网络环路，以提高慢性疼痛患者，尤其是LDP患者的个性化精准治疗。
针对慢性疼痛的高度异质性，考虑到临床很多患者的脑结构因为慢性疼痛的变异模式是不一样的，而个体间的异质性使得采用病例对照方法的神经影像学研究在识别个性化临床决策的潜在生物标志物时面临挑战，传统的病例对照研究方法通常使用的组水平分析等方法，忽视了个体间的变异性等因素，在研究内容二，我们提出了一个规范模型，假设临床表现的个体差异可以反映在因素组成中，疾病因子可以定量推导群体水平的形态学结果，并选择偏头痛这种最典型的慢性疼痛为例，从维度化的角度定量评估偏头痛患者灰质形态的变化，将灰质形态的改变解析为重叠的潜在疾病因子，并为每个患者分配不同的因子组合，从而保持个体间的变异性。基于来自英国生物银行和课题组内部采集的数据两个独立的样本集的T1结构数据，我们识别出了四个稳定的疾病因子，且每个因子与偏头痛患者中的临床症状和认知过程具有显著的关联。不仅如此，我们还推测并展示了组水平层面灰质形态差异与疾病因子之间的定量关系，强调个体变异性，为解决慢J性疼痛，尤其是偏头痛患者的神经解剖异质性提供了一种新的方法。
研究内容三在研究内容二的基础上，从偏头痛这一种慢性疼痛扩展到了偏头痛、膝骨关节炎和腰背痛这三种慢性疼痛疾病上，并基于来自英国生物银行和课题组内部采集的数据两个独立的样本集的T1结构数据，构建规范模型，定义描述慢性疼痛异质性的策略。我们确定了三种不同的神经解剖模式，并成功地把三种不同的亚型分离出来，为临床诊断和后面的个体化治疗提供不同的策略。
在研究内容五中，考虑到个体对痛感的敏感性差异在解释慢性疼痛条件的易
感性和对疼痛管理的反应方面非常重要，而痛阂和痛耐受是衡量痛感敏感性的常
见指标，分别代表引起明显痛感所需的最小刺激强度和个体能够忍受的最大强度，但是目前没有一个绝对的标准来确定出和疼痛敏感性相关的关键特征是什么。基于此，我们使用了有个体敏感性指标的大规模的健康被试的T1、静息态flVIRI和DTI数据等多种模态特征来构建一个融合模型，旨在发现和疼痛敏感性相关的关键模态特征以及不同类型的疼痛敏感性阂限和阂限和耐受之间的特异性脑空间模式。后续的基因和神经递质研究为理解不同类型疼痛感知的神经递质机制提供了新的视角，我们发现SCN9A和COMT基因可能是导致个体疼痛敏感性差异的关键基因，并且个体的疼痛敏感性可能和神经元的发育有关;此外，我们还发现多种神经递质受体(如GABA, NMDAR, CB1, mGluRS, SHT6, MOR等)在不同类型疼痛感知中发挥重要作用。这些发现不仅揭示了不同类型疼痛感知的复杂调控网络，也为开发新型镇痛药物提供了潜在的靶点。此外，我们还在UKBiobank和课题组内部采集的慢性疼痛病人数据上验证了我们发现的特征的稳定性。
综上所述，本研究基于大样本脑结构、静息态、DTI等多模态磁共振数据从如何更好地预测个体疼痛敏感性的差异和怎么辨别临床表型具有差异的慢性疼痛亚型这两个方面，系统探究了疼痛异质性的生理机制，不仅找到了和疼痛敏感性相关的特异脑空间模式，从基因和神经递质的角度出发，更好的理解其生理意义;还提出了辨别慢性疼痛患者个体差异的框架，并区分出3种临床亚型不同的慢性疼痛。总之，我们的研究希望为理解个体疼痛敏感性的差异和慢性疼痛的异质性提供了新的见解，为临床解决不同慢性疼痛患者的个性化治疗提供影像学资料。</p
Modulation Effects of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Attention Functions and Application in Patients with Migraine
No full text注意功能在个体与环境的交互中具有关键作用，尤其是在资源分配和信息过滤方面。注意功能下降会对个体的日常生活、工作和社交活动产生广泛的影响，例如学习困难和工作绩效下降，严重时可能威胁个人及他人生命财产安全。因此，改善注意缺陷及提升注意水平对临床患者和健康人群均具有重要价值。非侵入性神经调控技术的进展为临床提供了副作用较小、成瘾风险较低的非药物干预手段。其中，经皮耳迷走神经电刺激（taVNS）因其可通过迷走神经耳支的解剖通路激活蓝斑-去甲肾上腺素（LC-NE）系统，被认为有望成为调节注意功能的新兴方法。然而，以往研究因测量的注意功能片面且调控参数各异导致调控结论不一致， 限制了该技术的临床转化。
本研究旨在通过七个实验系统评估 taVNS 技术对注意各功能系统的行为和脑响应影响，并以偏头痛为例探究 taVNS 的临床应用能力。具体而言，实验一首先对 taVNS 的调控参数进行了优化，将健康被试随机分入 25 Hz-taVNS 组、 100 Hz-taVNS 组和1 Hz-taVNS 组，采用注意网络交互-执行/唤醒警戒任务 （ANTI-Vea）测量了 30 分钟调控的前、中、后总体注意水平、阶段性警戒、朝向、执行控制、执行警戒和唤醒警戒系统的相关行为和脑电指标。研究发现相比其他刺激频率，25 Hz-taVNS 对总体行为表现调控效果最佳，同时其对总体枕叶 g频段活动和唤醒警戒系统（P3 成分振幅）存在调控效应。基于此，后续均将采用 25 Hz 作为刺激频率继续探究 taVNS 对注意相关指标的影响及其临床转化能力。实验二在实验一基础上增收空白对照组和与 25 Hz-taVNS 组刺激参数相同的耳垂刺激组，后效分析显示只有 25 Hz-taVNS 组后测总体行为表现显著优于前测，且其对枕叶g频段活动、阶段性警觉（正确率）和唤醒警戒系统（P3 成分振幅）存在调控效应，即时效应分析表明 25 Hz-taVNS 组能够有效增强干预中的唤醒警戒系统，以上调控结果提示存在 25 Hz-taVNS 对 LC-NE 系统和 GABA 能系统的同时调控。此外，耳垂刺激存在对中央-枕叶b和g频段振荡活动的即时调控效应，提示了该设置在 taVNS 研究中作为单一对照组的不合理性。
基于基础注意模型，实验三和实验四分别从时间和空间维度探究了 25 Hz-taVNS 对注意过程中多刺激信息竞争的影响。实验三发现 taVNS 能够显著缓解干预后注意瞬脱效应，但无即时效应；实验四则未发现 taVNS 对视觉搜索任务有显著调控作用。实验五通过静息态脑电微状态分析探究了 taVNS 调控注意的脑网络机制，结果表明 25 Hz-taVNS 能够显著增加与警觉和警戒相关的微状态 c 的持续时间，支持了前序实验的结果。实验一至实验五结果表明，25 Hz-taVNS 能够显著提升健康群体的注意水平，尤其是在整体注意反应和警戒维持方面。
偏头痛是世界第二大神经系统失能性疾病，患者除疼痛症状外常伴有注意相关功能障碍，严重影响其生产生活。实验六和实验七以偏头痛患者为例探究了该群体存在的注意损伤以及 25 Hz-taVNS 对注意损伤的调控效果。实验六采用 ANTI-Vea 范式对比了发作间期的偏头痛患者和健康群体在各注意系统上的差异， 发现偏头痛患者存在整体注意损伤、对外界刺激的超敏以及相较健康群体维持警戒的能力更弱的问题。基于机器学习的分类模型显示，这些注意损伤指标能够有效区分偏头痛患者与健康个体（F1 值 74.90%，准确率 75.38%）。该实验还成功建立了注意损伤指标对过去三个月最久连续偏头痛时长、头痛病史、过去三个月 平均头痛发作次数、平均视觉模拟评分（VAS）和头痛影响测试量表（HIT-6）分数的回归预测模型。
最终，实验七进一步验证了 25 Hz-taVNS 对偏头痛患者注意功能的改善作用。与实验一一致的是，与空白对照组相比，25 Hz-taVNS 显著改善了患者整体注意行为表现，加快了其对唤醒警戒试次的反应时，同时还观测到相似的枕叶g频段活动变化趋势。实验六和实验七促进了对偏头痛如何影响注意功能的理解，为偏头痛的综合诊断和治疗方案规划提供了参考，提示未来临床诊疗不仅需要疼痛管理还应加强对注意损伤变化的关注，进而改善偏头痛患者的失能。
综上所述，本研究展现了 25 Hz-taVNS 调控整体注意表现和警戒的频率优势以及有效性。本研究结果不仅对之后 taVNS 研究的实验设置和参数选择提供了参考，为 taVNS 作为一种增强健康群体认知以及改善偏头痛和相关认知功能障碍的安全有效神经调控技术提供了数据和理论支持，也为 taVNS 调控提供了基于 LC-NE 系统和 GABA 能系统的双重神经调控基础的新视角。</p
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