Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Potential use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating pediatric avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: a case report
No full textBackground Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is a heterogeneous eating disorder that typically manifests during adolescence, potentially leading to various health issues, such as malnutrition, developmental delays, and psychological disturbances. Currently, the management of ARFID is multidisciplinary, involving dietary modifications, pharmacological treatments, and psychotherapy, but no standardized treatment protocol exists. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, has shown promise in treating various psychiatric disorders. However, its application in ARFID treatment remains under-explored.Case Report This case study presents a 5-year-old boy diagnosed with ARFID and severe malnutrition, who underwent adjunctive low-frequency rTMS therapy. The patient received 1 Hz rTMS stimulation targeting the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with a single session consisting of 1,200 pulses administered once daily for 11 consecutive days. After 11 sessions of TMS treatment, when evaluated using the clinical global impression-improvement scale, the patient was scored 2 points, indicating a moderate improvement in symptoms. Twelve days after hospital admission, the patient exhibited significant improvements in emotional status and eating behavior, and no adverse reactions were observed. Subsequently, the patient was discharged from the hospital. Within two months post-discharge, the patient's body weight was restored and remained stable throughout the one-year follow-up period.Conclusion This case report offers preliminary evidence regarding the application of low-frequency rTMS directed at the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as a potential therapeutic approach for childhood ARFID. Our findings add to the burgeoning body of literature on rTMS therapy for ARFID and lend support to the effectiveness and safety of low-frequency rTMS as a treatment modality for childhood ARFID.</p
A comparative diagnostic study using clinical and multimodal assessment, including functional neuroimaging and oculomotricity tools, to differentiate ADHD in young patients from healthy control group
No full textAim: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that may persist into adulthood, with no established objective diagnostic tool yet. This study aims to propose a multimodal objective assessment tool involving clinical assessments, functional neuroimaging, and oculomotricity measurement for ADHD in young adults. Methods: Seventy-one medication-na & iuml;ve patients and 71 healthy controls (HCs) aged 18 to 28 underwent clinical interviews, Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS) questionnaire, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), oculomotricity task, and Conners' Continuous Performance Task (CPT) 3rd edition. Student's t-tests with Bonferroni's correction were performed to compare the performance between groups, and logistic regression was used for classification. Results: ADHD patients had significantly lower frontal hemodynamic response during verbal fluency task (VFT) (P = 0.0003), more anticipatory eye movements during overlap task (P = 0.0006), higher latency (P < 0.0001), anticipatory (P < 0.0001), and errors (P < 0.0001) during anti-saccade task, as well as higher commission errors (P < 0.0001) and standard deviation in hit reaction time (HRT) (P = 0.0018). The multivariate logistic regression model featuring these seven parameters from the three objective tests (fNIRS-VFT, oculomotricity, and CPT) yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) value of 0.892 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.840-0.944), with sensitivity and specificity of 80.28% and 84.51%, respectively. Conclusion: This multimodal assessment offered an accurate diagnostic tool for ADHD in young adults and laid the foundation for future machine-learning approaches.</p
The neural basis of dialectical thinking: recent advances and future prospects
No full textDialectical thinking represents a cognitive style emphasizing change, contradiction, and holism. Cross-cultural studies reveal a stark contrast of dialectical thinking between East Asian and Western cultures, highlighting East Asians' superior ability to embrace contradictions and foresee transformation, fostering psychological resilience through emotional complexity and tolerance for contradictions. Despite its importance, the neural basis of dialectical thinking remains underexplored. This review synthesizes current neuroscientific findings and introduces the dialectical-integration network (DIN) hypothesis, which identifies key brain regions such as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), nucleus accumbens, basal ganglia, and amygdala. These regions, along with networks like the default mode network (DMN) and frontoparietal network (FPN), facilitate holistic reasoning, conflict resolution, and sensory-emotional integration. The psychological benefits of dialectical thinking include enhanced cognitive flexibility, reduced emotional extremes, and improved conflict resolution. This review emphasizes the need for cross-cultural and neuroscientific research to explore the principle of change, a core aspect of dialectical cognition. By bridging cultural psychology and cognitive neuroscience, this work offers theoretical and methodological insights into culturally shaped cognitive styles, with practical applications in education, mental health, and intercultural communication. The DIN model provides a framework for future research on dynamic neural interactions supporting dialectical thinking.</p
From overt deterrence to covert internalization: Moral effects of AI regulation and the moderating role of personality traits
No full text随着生成式人工智能逐步演变为具备自主影响力的社会代理,其对人类道德决策的影响愈加显著。然而,传统伦理监管模式基于理性人假设,忽视了人格特质对道德选择的深刻调节作用,导致监管效果因人而异,难以实现最优效率。为突破这一局限,本研究聚焦于道德研究中的诚实维度,构建了监管类型×人格特质交互模型,系统探讨显性监管、隐性激励与道德反馈三类AI驱动的干预策略对自恋、马基雅维利主义和精神病态人格的差异化影响。结果显示：(1)显性监管有效提升诚实行为,尤其对高马基雅维利主义与高精神病态个体具有显著约束力;(2)监管即使隐藏也能规范诚实行为,其不确定性加速了决策反应;(3)隐性激励促进诚实行为并具内化效应,但高马基雅维利主义者在奖励撤除后的诚实率显著降低,揭示了该策略在此类人群中的脆弱性;(4)道德反馈对整体诚实率提升有限,仅对高马基雅维利主义者具有一定影响,而高自恋者表现出持续不诚实倾向。本研究创新性地揭示了人格特质(黑暗三联征)在AI伦理监管中的关键作用,并为传统的理性人监管范式提供了一个基于人格差异化的视角,为未来设计情境化与个性化AI伦理干预策略提供了重要的理论与实践依据。</p
Advances in Mental Time Travel Research in Adolescent Depression: A Narrative Review
No full textAdolescent depression is a serious public health issue affecting the mental health and quality of life of adolescents worldwide. Mental time travel (MTT), an individual's capacity to recall the past or look to the future, plays an important role in emotion regulation and mental health. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted. Due to considerable heterogeneity among the included studies, a narrative synthesis approach was adopted. A total of 22 articles retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and EBSCO (up to October 31, 2024) were included to elucidate the mechanisms underlying MTT impairments and related interventions in depressed adolescents. The main findings indicated that depressed adolescents exhibit overgeneralization of autobiographical memories, impoverished future simulations, and negative bias in MTT constructs. Neuroimaging studies have revealed aberrant activation within the autobiographical memory network, hyperengagement of the self-referential network during MTT tasks, and alterations in emotion regulation circuits. Furthermore, the efficacy of cognitive therapy and memory/imagery-specific training in ameliorating temporal cognitive biases and fostering positive future expectations was demonstrated. These findings underscore the importance of examining adolescent depression through the lens of MTT, offering a promising framework for understanding its cognitive and neural mechanisms and the development of novel intervention strategies
A molecularly defined brain circuit module for regulating panic-like defensive state
No full textPanic is an episode of strong defensive state, characterized by intense fear and severe physical symptoms such as elevated cardiorespiratory activities. How the brain generates panic state remains poorly understood. Here, we developed a robot-based experimental paradigm to evoke panic-like defensive state in mice. When stimulated by the robot, mice exhibited jumping escapes and elevated cardiorespiratory activities. With this paradigm, we identified Cbln2-expressing (Cbln2+) neurons in the posterior hypothalamic nucleus (PHN) as a key neuronal population essential for the induction of panic-like defensive state. Activation of Cbln2+ PHN neurons induced behavioral and physical symptoms of panic-like defensive state. These neurons were strongly activated by noxious mechanical stimuli and encode jumping escape vigor. They were synaptically innervated by anxiety-associated brain areas and provoked panic-like defensive state via their projection to the periaqueductal gray. Together, our results reveal a molecularly defined circuit module that regulates the panic-like defensive state in mice.</p
Current state and future directions of biomarkers for bipolar disorder: A systematic review of studies from 2013 to 2025
No full textResults: Sixty-one studies were included in the review. Twenty-four of them reported mainly molecular, fluid-based biomarkers, twenty-five reported neurophysiological examinations as biomarkers, and six reported other forms of biomarkers. The most accurate biomarkers included voice features, apoptosis-related long non-coding RNAs, PIK3RBackground and objectives: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental disorder whose diagnosis heavily relies on subjective symptomatic assessments, thus a need for an objective tool to assist in the timely identification and treatment of BD. Methods: We systematically reviewed the performance of objective diagnostic biomarkers for classification of BD that presented sensitivity and specificity values. A search on Ovid MEDLINE (R) ALL, PubMed, as well as manual searching were performed for literature dating from December 2013 to February 2025. 1 (Phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1) and FYN mRNAs, electroencephalography (EEG), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and serum VGF protein, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) or accuracy values of greater than 0.93. The majority (thirty-six) of the studies utilized machine learning-based classification algorithms. Conclusions: The results have been promising and replicated for some biomarkers, but these results still need to be validated in larger samples. Future studies should focus on constructing larger cohorts of specific clinical subtypes of BD, predictive utility studies for BD patients initially diagnosed as major depressive disorder (MDD), and utilization of multimodal assessment and machine learning techniques.</p
Machine Learning-XGBoost Analysis of Fertility Intension
No full textThis study is based on data from the World Values Survey (WVS 7) and employs the artificial intelligence algorithm model XGBoost to explore the roles of various factors influencing individual fertility intentions in cross-cultural contexts. The research survey included 87,507 adult participants, and the results revealed the following findings: With 90% of the data used as a training set, an algorithm model is established to predict the remaining 10% of the data, and the results show an accuracy of 98.56% in predictions. Furthermore, XGBoost can rank the importance of independent variables, allowing for more timely and effective prediction and adjustment of Fertility Intension based on important factors.</p
Sustaining attention to positive while early vigilance for negative environmental information: Evidence from eye movements
No full textExploring how emotional environmental information in public spaces effectively attracts individual attention is crucial, as attention is the primary cognitive stage influencing perception and pro-environmental behavior change. Here, for the first time, we conducted two experiments using the dot-probe task and eye-tracking technology to investigate attentional bias toward emotional environmental stimuli and to examine the relationship between attentional processes and pro-environmental behavior. Results showed that individuals sustained attention toward positive stimuli while exhibiting early vigilance for negative stimuli. At early stages of information processing, participants automatically allocated more attention (less first fixation latency, more fixation locations, and larger pupil size) toward negative images compared to positive images. However, the overall results demonstrated that participants spent more time (longer fixation duration and total dwell time) on positive images than negative images. Furthermore, longer duration of fixations on positive images may be associated with increased environmental communication, whereas longer fixation on negative images may be linked to a greener lifestyle. These results reveal the underlying mechanism of dynamic attentional processing to emotional environmental information. The current research not only advances understanding of environmental behavior change but also lays the groundwork for developing effective publicity strategies and promoting sustainable behavior.</p
The anterior-posterior gradient of the fusiform gyrus modulates the transition between mnemonic and perceptual features during reminiscences
No full textOur cognition can be oriented either towards the external environment, as in perception, or towards our own self and its memories. However, the perception-memory continuum underlying the construction of memories remains unclear. Addressing this gap in our knowledge is the goal of our study; for that we uniquely investigate a rare mental phenomenon, namely internally- and externally-oriented reminiscences as manifest in memories and experiential hallucinations. To probe the causality of precisely located areas in eliciting and structuring such perceptual-mnemonic interactions, we studied a large sample of 335 patients with electrodes implanted across nearly the entire cortical surface, combining intracranial electrical stimulation (iES) and electrophysiological causal connectivity. We demonstrate that the likelihood of internally-oriented reminiscences was significantly higher during stimulation of the anterior fusiform gyrus. Conversely, externally-oriented hallucinations were far more likely to occur upon stimulation of the posterior fusiform gyrus. The probability of connections from regions outside the fusiform gyrus that displayed internally-oriented reminiscences to the fusiform gyrus decreased along the anterior-posterior axis. This suggests that an anterior-posterior gradient within the fusiform gyrus mediates an analogous external-internal perceptual-mnemonic continuum
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