Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Automating Social Science: LLMs vs. Human Experts in Variable Relationship Identification
No full textEmpirical research in social psychology centers on formulating testable hypotheses about variable relationships. However, the ability of human researchers to synthesize vast datasets and model intricate relationships is limited. Thus, this study evaluates the capacity of large language models (LLMs; Qwen2.5, Llama 3.1, and GPT-4) to identify variable relationships in social psychology, assessing their reasoning capabilities relative to both domain experts and non-domain experts. Therefore, we collected 56 meta-analyses of social psychology published in 2024, from which we extracted 247 variable relationships. We tasked LLMs and human experts to infer variable relationships based on variable definitions and compared their inferences with relationships reported in the meta-analyses, while also examining the impact of task difficulty, self-reported confidence levels, and relationship type on model performance. Our findings indicated that LLMs and domain experts performed similarly in identifying simple variable relationships (e.g., linear relationships and difference tests). However, the identification of more complex relationships, particularly moderating effects, presented a challenge for both. Furthermore, domain expertise significantly enhanced identification accuracy. Although a correlation was observed between model confidence and accuracy, it was not a strong predictor. Increased task complexity consistently reduced the performance of all LLMs. This study empirically examines the reasoning capabilities of LLMs, suggesting potential roles and limitations of algorithmic tools in social science, providing new evidence for data-driven academic practices.</p
How Priority Incentives Impact Organ Donation Registration Intention and Related Behavior in China
No full textThe scarcity of human transplant organs in China underscores the need for improved public engagement in organ donation. In this study, we examined a cognitive-noncognitive dual pathway model of organ donation registration (ODR). Based on this model, we explored the efficacy and underlying mechanism of priority incentives, a strategy that gives priority to receive an organ to those who register to donate, in promoting ODR. Two online studies involving 1,632 non-donor Chinese adults were conducted. Study 1 used the dual pathway model to measure the effect of cognitive factors (CF) (i.e., attitude and subjective norm) and noncognitive affective factors (NF) (i.e., ick and jink) on ODR intention and related behavior. Study 2 manipulated priority incentives to examine its effect on ODR intention and related behavior and the cognitive-noncognitive pathways underpinning how it works. Both studies provided support for the structural validity of the dual pathway model. Study 1 found that ODR intention can be predicted by both CF and NF, while ODR-related behavior was solely predicted by NF. Study 2 showed that offering priority incentives can enhance ODR intention. Its indirect effect on ODR-related behavior was mediated through the path from CF to ODR intention. These results bridge a gap in understanding mechanisms of incentives toward ODR and have practical implications for improving ODR rates
Quantitative Analysis and Mitigation of the Impact of Network Latency on Video Conferencing Communication Efficiency
No full textObjective To quantitatively analyze the impact of network latency on video conferencing communication efficiency, guide network latency design standards, and evaluate mitigation strategy.Background Network latency substantially affects the quality of video conferencing. Existing research has focused on subjective assessments. Networking designers require quantitative latency guidelines.Method This research involved two studies: one quantifying the effect of network latency on task performance and the other testing a mitigation strategy. Each study involved two experiments: one (N = 60) using a building block "exploratory task" and the second (N = 30) using a text communication "validation task." We followed similar test procedures across the experiments, using a different pool of participants for each of the four. For the second study, we also modified the apparatus by adding a foot pedal and light.Results The completion time for the building block experiment increased with higher latency. Linear regression analysis showed that one-way network latency added approximately 2.6 s per second of delay in each communication round. We observed similar patterns in the text-based experiment. The mitigation strategy involving low-latency communication feedback on the speaker's intent substantially reduced mean task completion time under high-latency conditions.Conclusion This research provides equations that describe the relationship between one-way network latency and communication efficiency. Implementing low-latency communication feedback on the speaker's intent can mitigate the impact of latency.Application Network designers can refer to the conclusions of this research to specify network latency requirements. Video conferencing manufacturers can adopt the mitigation strategy to reduce the negative impacts of high network latency
Enhancing Mental Health Through Retirement Planning Achievement: A Moderated Mediation Model and Income Group Differences
No full textThis study centers on retirement planning achievement, examining its impact mechanism on older adults' mental health and its boundary conditions. Drawing on self-determination theory (SDT) and conservation of resources (COR) theory, we tested a parallel mediation and a moderated mediation model using data from an online survey with 900 Chinese retirees aged 55-74. Structural equation modelling revealed that retirement planning achievement directly and positively predicted mental health, and indirectly through three pathways: greater active social participation, higher retirement enjoyment, and reduced retirement loss. Furthermore, retirement adjustment exhibited dual, and opposing, moderating effects on the direct path: low retirement loss, as a psychological resource, significantly amplified the positive impact of planning achievement (a resource gain spiral), whereas high retirement enjoyment attenuated its effect (a ceiling effect). Income-group analysis revealed that both the parallel mediation and moderated mediation models were fully supported in the average-income group, but effects were non-significant for the insufficient-income group and weakened in the sufficient-income group. These findings suggest that retirement planning achievement represents a key pathway to promoting mental health in later life, but its benefits are constrained by psychological resources and socioeconomic status. The "achievement dividend" is greatest among well-adjusted retirees in the average-income group, highlighting the heterogeneity in retirement adjustment and providing evidence for targeted, equitable ageing-support policies
Visual awareness sharpens and accelerates attentional sampling through enhancing inhibitory neural modulation in the attention network
No full textAttentional sampling, orchestrated by neural oscillations within the frontoparietal attention network, sequentially focuses on stimuli in a dynamic pattern, thereby enhancing the efficiency of attentional selection. However, the role of conscious awareness in this default attentional process remains largely unexplored. Here, we employed the Chromatic Flicker Fusion (CFF) method to render attentional cues invisible and investigated how cue awareness modulates attentional sampling. Using a high-temporal-resolution behavioral paradigm and electroencephalography (EEG) combined with the temporal response function (TRF) approach, we found that both visible and invisible cues induced rhythmic behavioral sampling and reset connectivity between the frontal and right occipito-parietal regions, indicating that attention samples rhythmically regardless of cue awareness. Crucially, visible cues not only elicited stronger behavioral inhibition and enhanced neural alpha activity, but also triggered faster attentional sampling (similar to 8 Hz vs. similar to 4 Hz) and higher-frequency frontoparietal coupling (alpha vs. theta band). These findings demonstrate that the conscious representation of attentional cues influences inhibitory neural responses within the frontoparietal attention network and modulates the attentional sampling process
Genome-Wide by Lifetime Environment Interaction Studies of Brain Imaging Phenotypes
No full textBrain structure and function show substantial individual differences, finely controlled by genes, environments, and their interactions. Despite the increasing knowledge about genetic and environmental main effects, gene-environment interaction effects on brain phenotypes remain elusive. This study investigates genome-wide by environment (41 exposures) interactions on 598 brain imaging phenotypes in 7084 healthy young adults. Both univariate and multivariate analyses identify 486 significant gene-environment interactions, scattered across the genome, exposome, and phenome. These interactions explain more variances of phenotypes than genetic and environmental main effects (100% of genetic and 96% of environmental main effects are non-significant). Variants with interactions are enriched in intronic and intergenic regions, comprising 79 regulatory variants and 145 associated with brain gene expression. Protein-protein interaction network analyses reveal distinct interaction networks for genes associated with air pollution (hubs: H4C6, SMARCA4, and RPS11) and urbanicity (hubs: CCND1, CALM3, and CDK2) exposures. Genes that interacted with air pollution exposures exhibit enrichment in pathways related to metal ion detoxification and homeostasis. For time-varying exposures, 144 interactions demonstrate sensitive periods, predominantly in childhood (ages 4-7) and adolescence (ages 12-15). These findings highlight the value of genome-wide by exposome-wide interaction studies, which may offer crucial information for optimizing brain health outcomes.</p
MEGC2025: Micro-Expression Grand Challenge on Spot Then Recognize and Visual Question Answering
No full textFacial micro-expressions (MEs) are involuntary movements of the face that occur spontaneously when a person experiences an emotion but attempts to suppress or repress the facial expression, typically found in a high-stakes environment. In recent years, substantial advancements have been made in the areas of ME recognition, spotting, and generation. However, conventional approaches that treat spotting and recognition as separate tasks are suboptimal, particularly for analyzing long-duration videos in realistic settings. Concurrently, the emergence of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) and large vision-language models (LVLMs) offers promising new avenues for enhancing ME analysis through their powerful multimodal reasoning capabilities. The ME grand challenge (MEGC) 2025 introduces two tasks that reflect these evolving research directions: (1) ME spot-then-recognize (ME-STR), which integrates ME spotting and subsequent recognition in a unified sequential pipeline; and (2) ME visual question answering (ME-VQA), which explores ME understanding through visual question answering, leveraging MLLMs or LVLMs to address diverse question types related to MEs. All participating algorithms are required to run on this test set and submit their results on a leaderboard. </p
MDPE: A Multimodal Deception Dataset with Personality and Emotional Characteristics
No full textDeception detection has garnered increasing attention in recent years due to the significant growth of digital media and heightened ethical and security concerns. It has been extensively studied using multimodal methods, including video, audio, and text. In addition, individual differences in deception production and detection are believed to play a crucial role. Although some studies have utilized individual information such as personality traits to enhance the performance of deception detection, current systems remain limited, partly due to a lack of sufficient datasets for evaluating performance. To address this issue, we introduce a multimodal deception dataset MDPE. Besides deception features, this dataset also includes individual differences information in personality and emotional expression characteristics. It can explore the impact of individual differences on deception behavior. It comprises over 104 hours of deception and emotional videos from 193 subjects. Furthermore, we conducted numerous experiments to provide valuable insights for future deception detection research. MDPE not only supports deception detection, but also provides conditions for tasks such as personality recognition and emotion recognition, and can even study the relationships between them. We believe that MDPE will become a valuable resource for promoting research in the field of affective computing.</p
The Influence of Fundamental Social Motives on Unethical Behaviors : The Mediation Effect of Risk Perception in the Ethical Domain and Antecedent Influence of Parental Emotional Warmth
No full text伦理道德是社会成员普遍遵循的行为规范与价值标准，但当前社会中仍存在着各类道德失范现象，既侵蚀个体利益，又削弱社会整体福祉，因此，探究道德伦理失范行为的心理成因与作用路径成为重要课题。本文通过两个研究，探讨了非伦理行为的影响因素，揭示了基础社会动机、道德领域风险感知和父母情感温暖在其中所起的作用。其中，研究一从更广泛的视角探讨基础社会动机对非伦理行为的影响以及道德领域风险感知所起的作用，研究二加入父母情感温暖变量，重点探究父母情感温暖、互依互惠动机、道德领域风险感知三者影响非伦理行为的心理路径。
研究一以网络问卷调查形式进行，对 305 名被试开展调查（多数为职场人士，平均年龄 32 岁），使用了基础社会动机量表、道德领域风险感知量表和非伦理行为量表进行了测量，通过相关分析和多层回归分析了上述变量之间的关系，并检验了道德领域风险感知在基础社会动机与非伦理行为之间的中介作用。结果发现：第一，互依互惠动机负向预测非伦理行为；第二，互依互惠动机正向预测道德领域风险感知；第三，道德领域风险感知在互依互惠动机对非伦理行为的影响中起到了中介作用。互依互惠动机越强，人们对道德领域风险的感知水平越高，非伦理行为倾向越弱。
研究二在研究一结果的基础上，增加了对父母情感温暖程度的测量，探讨互依互惠动机、道德领域风险感知在父母情感温暖影响非伦理行为过程中的链式中介作用。研究二同样以网络问卷调查形式进行，被试群体 263 人，多数为职场人士，平均年龄 32 岁，不与研究一重复。结果发现：第一，父母情感温暖正向预测互依互惠动机、道德领域风险感知，负向预测非伦理行为；第二，互依互惠动机、道德领域风险感知在父母情感温暖与非伦理行为之间的关系中起到了链式中介作用。即童年期父母情感越温暖，互依互惠动机越强，道德领域风险感知水平越高，非伦理行为倾向越弱。
以上研究，揭示了个体非伦理行为受到基础社会动机、道德领域风险感知和童年期父母情感温暖的影响情况及其心理机制。本研究在理论层面上丰富了基础社会动机影响因素的理论框架，探究了基础社会动机与道德失范行为之间的关系，以及道德领域风险感知、童年成长经历在其中的作用及相关心理机制；在实践层面上，为培育良好的亲子关系、营造和睦的家庭氛围提供了心理学支持，为深入理解个体非伦理行为成因提供了心理学依据，为进一步践行社会主义核心价值观、发扬社会主义道德风尚、防范伦理道德失范问题提供了心理学理论支撑。</p
Aging Anxiety in Middle Age: Measurement, Impacts, and the Role of Attentional Bias
No full text中年群体的心理健康影响其个人、家庭及整个社会的稳定运行。职业-家庭健康的三重压力使中年群体心理问题日益增多，而中年相关研究却明显不足。中年人开始经历生理机能退化、社会角色转变等问题，并引发老化焦虑。韩国学者开发的中年人老化焦虑量表于 2025 年推出中文版，但缺乏本土实证检验，亟需对其信效度及影响因素进行验证与分析。老化焦虑显著降低主观幸福感，但目前缺乏对其相关机制与干预手段的了解。本研究将社会情绪选择理论中针对老年人幸福感的研究成果扩展到中年人群体，在中年人老化焦虑与主观幸福感的关系中引入未来时间洞察力作为中介变量，认为老化焦虑通过扭曲中年个体对未来的感知 (使其变得更有限、更消极)，降低未来时间洞察力，进而间接损害幸福感；同时引入正念作为调节变量，认为正念水平高的个体可以通过对当下体验的觉察与接纳，在面对衰老迹象或相关负面想法时，不陷入过度的担忧或恐惧，从而缓冲其对主观幸福感的影响。此外，本研究认为与老化焦虑相关的注意偏向在以上中介调节模型中起重要作用，这种注意偏向会不断强化个体对衰老威胁的感知，窄化其对未来可能性的视野，从而塑造并维持其负向的未来时间洞察力；而高正念水平会降低对衰老信息的注意偏向。探索老化焦虑是否具有独特的注意偏向模式 及其认知机制，将有助于开发针对性的干预措施，从而缓解中年人的老化焦虑，提升其幸福感水平。
本文针对中年人老化焦虑展开三项研究：研究一通过对 219 名中年被试（40- 54 岁）的问卷调查，验证了中文版中年人老化焦虑量表的信效度。验证性因素分析显示模型拟合指标良好，量表总体 Cronbach's α 系数达 0.96，各分量表系数介于 0.84-0.95 之间。重测信度分析显示四周单次重测信度为 0.68，平均重测信度为 0.81。测试结果显示，被试老化焦虑处于中等水平 (2.62 ± 0.89)，其中"身体健康丧失"维度得分最高，其次分别为"对衰老的偏见"、"经济能力丧失"、"身体吸引力丧失"和"生活意义丧失"。分析发现主观健康和经济状况对老化焦虑具有显著影响。
研究二采用中年人老化焦虑量表中文版，Carstensen 未来时间洞察力量表中文版，Campbell 幸福感指数量表中文版，MAAS 正念注意知觉量表中文版对中年被试 (N = 219) 进行测量。结果发现：(1) 老化焦虑 (2.62 ± 0.89)、未来时间洞察力 (3.05 ± 0.68)、正念水平 (4.26 ± 0.79) 和主观幸福感 (8.92 ± 2.36) 均处于中等水平; (2) 主观健康和经济状况良好的个体表现出更低的老化焦虑，更高的未来时间洞察力、正念水平和主观幸福感；(3) 未来时间洞察力、正念与幸福感呈正相关，老化焦虑与其他变量呈负相关；(4) 在控制性别和主观健康及经济状况后，未来时间洞察力在老化焦虑与幸福感间起部分中介作用；(5) 正念水平调节老化焦虑与幸福感的关系，低正念水平下老化焦虑对幸福感的负面影响更为显著。
研究三采用点探测范式，通过中性-老化相关词汇对考察中年人对老化信息的注意偏向特征。实验设置四种呈现时间 (34ms、100ms、500ms、1000ms)，测量注意偏向 (BI)、注意定向 (OI) 和注意脱离困难 (DI)。25 名被试完成实验，结果发现：在 34ms 呈现时间下，注意朝向与老化焦虑呈正相关；而在 500ms 时转为负相关。具体表现为：高焦虑组在短时呈现时表现出对老化信息的注意定向，长时呈现时转为注意回避；低焦虑组在短时呈现时无显著定向或回避，长时呈现时出现注意定向。
结论：(1) 中年人老化焦虑量表中文版具有良好的信效度。中年人老化焦虑水平在主观健康情况及主观经济情况变量上存在显著差异。(2)未来时间洞察力在中年人老化焦虑和主观幸福感之间起部分中介作用，正念水平调节中年人老化焦虑对主观幸福感影响的直接路径。 (3) 中年人对老化相关信息的注意偏向特征与其老化焦虑水平及点探测实验中刺激呈现时间有关。
本研究探索了中年人老化焦虑的影响因素，其对主观幸福感的影响机制，及其引发的注意偏向特征，为降低中年人老化焦虑水平，纠正老化相关注意偏向，并最终提高主观幸福感提供了理论参考。</p
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