Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Prosocial behavior and reputation: how and when does helping a high-power recipient backfire?
No full textPeople are motivated to do good deeds to improve their reputation as a benevolent person. When prosocial behavior occurs within power hierarchies, some research suggests that helping high-power (versus low-power) recipients undermines the prosocial actors' reputation because it elicits lower perceptions of actors' authentic altruistic motivation. Nevertheless, prior research has predominantly focused on Western countries characterized by low power distance. Little is known about whether these findings hold in China, a society characterized by high power distance (i.e., emphasize highly on hierarchical social structures and respect for the powerholders). The current research investigated the generalizability of this negative effect in China and further explored whether this effect can be attenuated by some potential interventions or avenues. Across five studies (total N = 1,115), we consistently find that an actor who helps a higher-power person is perceived as less authentically motivated to care about others' welfare, and thus gains a less prosocial reputation in China. Moreover, the salience of actors' demonstration of authentic motivation (Study 2), the absence of recipients' direct reciprocity (Study 3a and a pre-registered Study 3b), and actors' previous good reputation (Study 4) can enhance actors' prosocial reputation through eliciting higher perceived authentic motivation, and serve to attenuate the negative effect of recipients' power on actors' prosocial reputation. These findings underscore the importance of actors' authentic motivation and cues indicating authentic motivation in reputation formation process when people act prosocially toward others, and therefore provide practical implications for solutions that encourage prosocial behavior.</p
Neural correlates of how egoistic, altruistic, and mixed motivations modulate the influence of self-deception on deceptive behavior
No full textUsing event-related potentials, this study investigated the interplay between self-deception and varying motivations in influencing deceptive behavior. Participants in either the self-deception or nonself-deception condition were instructed to make deceptive decisions under different motivational contexts. Behavioral responses and neural activity were recorded throughout the decision-making process. Behaviorally, there were no significant differences in deception proportions between the self-deception and nonself-deception conditions under egoistic or mixed motivations. However, under altruistic motivation, participants in the self-deception condition engaged in more deceptive behavior compared to those in the nonself-deception condition. Event-related potential results revealed no significant differences in P2 and N2 amplitudes between the self-deception and nonself-deception conditions under egoistic or mixed motivations. However, under altruistic motivation, the self-deception condition was associated with reduced P2 amplitudes and more negative N2 amplitudes relative to the nonself-deception condition. Additionally, no significant interaction in P3 amplitudes was found between self-deception and different motivations. These findings suggest that the effect of self-deception on deceptive behavior is modulated by different motivations. Specifically, egoistic or mixed motivations might be associated with a self-serving tendency in deceptive behavior, while altruistic motivation appeared to enhance deceptive behavior in the self-deception condition, potentially to foster a prosocial image.</p
Developmental Trajectories of Psychological Adaptation in Bullied Children
No full textThis paper examines the developmental trajectories of psychological adaptation between bullied children by using the variables such as depression, anxiety, and somatization. We detected and exemplified these trajectories using multivariate statistical analysis and assesses the impacts of psychological adaptability and gender as significant elements. This work makes use of past three years of data collected from primary and secondary school students using Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA). The sample size of 549 bullied children were identified based on the Olweus Bully Questionnaire. Experimental results shown that there are multiple distinct trajectories for depression, anxiety, and somatization among the bullied children. Adaptability and gender influence these outcomes with particular patterns emerging for each psychological variable. These results show the difficulty of psychological adaptation to bullying and the essentiality of specific support that addresses gender and adaptability to effectively care bullied children.</p
Burnout and its relationship with depressive symptoms in primary school teachers under the "Double Reduction" policy in China
No full textBackground: The "Double Reduction" policy requires schools to reduce Chinese students' extracurricular activities and homework to lessen academic stress and improve mental well-being. However, there is limited research on primary school teachers' psychological well-being within the context of the "Double Reduction" policy. This study examined self-reported burnout levels of primary school teachers and investigated the relationship between burnout and depressive symptoms in the context of the "Double Reduction" policy in China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey recruited 3,199 primary school teachers from 15 cities across China. The teachers' burnout levels were assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and depressive symptoms were evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale. Results: Under the "Double Reduction" policy in China, 66.6% of the primary school teachers experience burnout. Individual and work-related characteristics were independently correlated with burnout. These factors included holding a bachelor's degree (OR = 2.244, 95% CI: 1.559-3.230, p < 0.001), being married (OR = 0.598, 95% CI: 0.443-0.807, p < 0.001), being dissatisfied with one's income (OR = 2.602, 95% CI: 2.191-3.090, p < 0.001), and having an intermediate professional title (OR = 1.351, 95% CI: 1.086-1.681, p = 0.007). The correlation coefficients between burnout subscale scores and depressive symptoms were 0.588 for emotional exhaustion, 0.585 for cynicism, and - 0.180 for professional efficacy (all p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the prevalence of burnout among primary school teachers in China is exceptionally high, particularly under the "Double Reduction" policy. This situation is correlated with various psychological disorders, including depression. It is crucial to urgently implement psychological interventions for primary school teachers. Specifically, psychological assistance should be targeted at educators who are bachelor degree holders, married, dissatisfied with their income, and holders of an intermediate professional title.</p
The Effects of Confiding on Shift Work Nurses' Emotion Regulation and Self-Perceived Well-Being: An Online Randomized Controlled Trial
No full textShift work nurses suffered great stress and emotion dysregulation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpersonal emotion regulation has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach, often facilitated through confiding. It has been suggested that medical staff benefit from confiding, with the act of reflecting on the social support gained from confiding being associated with higher well-being. Consequently, we hypothesized that thinking about the social support derived from confiding about work-related hassles could enhance emotion regulation and well-being in shift work nurses. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the intervention "thinking about the social support obtained from confiding about work-related hassles" on shift work nurses' emotion regulation and self-perceived well-being. An online randomized controlled trial was conducted with 66 shift work nurses, including 34 in the experimental group and 32 in the control group, to assess the impact of an 8-week confiding intervention focused on thinking about the social support obtained from confiding. The results indicated that the intervention significantly improved the interpersonal emotion regulation of shift work nurses in the experimental group compared to the control group. In terms of intrapersonal emotion regulation, the intervention appeared to reduce the cognitive reappraisal in the intervention group; however, there was no significant difference in cognitive reappraisal or expressive inhibition between the intervention group and control group. Furthermore, self-rated general health and sleep quality showed significant improvement in the intervention group compared to pre-test levels, but no significant differences were observed between the experimental and control groups. In conclusion, the online confiding intervention effectively enhanced interpersonal emotion regulation among shift work nurses. However, its effects on intrapersonal emotion regulation were not significant. Similarly, while participants in the intervention group reported improved self-rated general health and sleep quality, these improvements did not significantly differ from those in the control group
Serial Multiple Mediation of Anxiety and Hostile Attribution Bias in the Relationship Between Need for Uniqueness and Adolescents' Cyberbullying Perpetration: A Two-Wave Study (Mar, 10.1007/s11469-024-01266-4, 2024)
No full textA comparison of the persuasiveness of human and ChatGPT generated pro-vaccine messages for HPV
No full textIntroduction Public health messaging is crucial for promoting beneficial health outcomes, and the latest advancements in artificial intelligence offer new opportunities in this field. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ChatGPT-4 in generating pro-vaccine messages on different topics for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination.Methods In this study (N = 60), we examined the persuasive effect of pro-vaccine messages generated by GPT-4 and humans, which were constructed based on 17 factors impacting HPV vaccination. Paired-samples t-tests were used to compare the persuasiveness of these messages.Results GPT-generated messages were reported as more persuasive than human-generated messages on some influencing factors (e.g., untoward effect, stigmatized perception). Human-generated messages performed better on the message regarding convenience of vaccination.Discussion This study provides evidence for the viability of ChatGPT, in generating persuasive pro-vaccine messages to influence people's vaccine attitudes. It is indicated that the feasibility and efficiency of using AI for public health communication.</p
The relationship between moral identity and prosocial behavior in adolescents: the parallel mediating roles of general belongingness and moral elevation
No full textAdolescence has long been acknowledged as a crucial period in fostering and advancing moral identity and prosocial behavior. While moral identity, in the social cognitive model, has generally been considered to promote prosocial behavior, yet a more in-depth investigation of the mediation mechanism underlying this relationship in adolescents still remains to be undertaken. Utilizing the latent variable structural equation model (SEM), this study examined both dimensions of moral identity and their relationship with prosocial behavior in adolescents (12 to 16 years), as well as the parallel mediating roles of general belongingness and moral elevation in this relationship. Participants (n = 1,000) from two public schools in China completed measures of moral identity internalization/symbolization, prosocial behavior, general belongingness, and moral elevation. Results demonstrated a positive relationship between two dimensions of moral identity and prosocial behavior. They supported that moral identity internalization and symbolization are associated with prosocial behavior through a parallel mediation effect of general belongingness and moral elevation, with moral elevation showing a stronger effect for both dimensions. In the comparison of indirect pathways, moral identity internalization demonstrated a stronger correlation with prosocial behavior than moral identity symbolization. Drawing from the social cognitive model of moral identity, this study examined the relationship between moral identity and prosocial behavior in adolescents, as well as the psychological mechanisms underlying this relationship. By examining both dimensions of moral identity and their mediating pathways to prosocial behavior, this study aimed to broaden our understanding of this relationship
Visual mental imagery of nonpredictive central social cues triggers automatic attentional orienting
No full textPrevious research has demonstrated that social cues (e.g., eye gaze, walking direction of biological motion) can automatically guide people's focus of attention, a well-known phenomenon called social attention. The current research shows that voluntarily generated social cues via visual mental imagery, without being physically presented, can produce robust attentional orienting similar to the classic social attentional orienting effect. Combining a visual imagery task with a dot-probe task, we found that imagining a non-predictive gaze cue could orient attention towards the gazed-at hemifield. Such attentional effect persisted even when the imagery gaze cue was counter-predictive of the target hemifield, and could be generalized to biological motion cue. Besides, this effect could not be simply attributed to low-level motion signal embedded in gaze cues. More importantly, an eye-tracking experiment carefully monitoring potential eye movements demonstrated the imagery-induced attentional orienting effect induced by social cues, but not by non-social cues (i.e., arrows), suggesting that such effect is specialized to visual imagery of social cues. These findings accentuate the demarcation between social and non-social attentional orienting, and may take a preliminary step in conceptualizing voluntary visual imagery as a form of internally directed attention.</p
Predicting cognitive aging through brain structural covariance networks: A decade of longitudinal insights using source-based morphometry
No full textCognitive aging presents significant challenges to public health as the global population ages. While functional connectivity changes in aging have been extensively studied, the predictive value of structural covariance networks remains understudied. This longitudinal study investigated whether baseline structural covariance networks could predict cognitive decline over a 10-year period using Source-Based Morphometry (SBM). Thirty-seven participants (23 males; mean age 54.97 +/- 1.14 years) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (T3) and cognitive assessments at baseline (T3) and follow-up (T4). SBM analysis identified twelve independent components (ICs) representing distinct structural covariance networks. After controlling for demographics and APOE genotype, IC1 strongly predicted working memory (beta = -3.12, p < 0.001), while IC2 predicted global cognitive function (beta = 0.37, p = 0.047). Brain-cognition relationships were significantly moderated by baseline cognitive performance, with key interactions observed for working memory and IC1 (beta = 0.50, p < 0.001), executive function and IC7 (beta = -0.25, p < 0.001), and processing speed and IC8 (beta = 0.28, p = 0.003). Sex-specific effects emerged for IC8 in relation to verbal memory (beta = 1.99, p = 0.007) and IC10 in relation to processing speed (beta = 2.17, p = 0.022). APOE genotype demonstrated pronounced moderation effects between IC8 and processing speed (beta = -7.68, p < 0.001) and for IC2 and global cognitive function (beta = 0.37, p = 0.018). These findings demonstrate that structural covariance networks can serve as predictive markers for cognitive aging trajectories, potentially informing early intervention strategies for preserving cognitive health.</p
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