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Analysis of Compounds Dissolved in Nonpolar Solvents by Electrospray Ionization on Conductive Nanomaterials
No full textElectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) technique has limitations in analysis of compounds that are dissolved in nonpolar solvents. In this study, ambient ionization of compounds in solvents that are not "friendly" to electrospray ionization, such as n-hexane, is achieved by conductive nanomaterials spray ionization (CNMSI) on nanomaterial emitters, including carbon nanotubes paper and mesodendritic silver covered metal, which applies high voltages to emitters made of these materials without the assistance of polar solvents. Although the time intensity curves (TIC) commonly vary from 4.5% to 23.7% over analyses, protonated molecular ions were found to be the most abundant species, demonstrating good reproducibility of the technique in terms of ionized species. Higher mass spectrometric responses are observed in analyzing nonpolar systems than polar systems. 2-Methoxyacetophenone, 4-methylacetophenone, benzothiazole, quinolone, and cycloheptanone as low as 2 pg in n-hexane can be directly detected using the developed method. The developed technique expands the analysis capability of ESI-MS for direct, online analysis of nonpolar systems, such as low polarity extracts, normal phase liquid chromatography eluates, and synthetic mixtures
HMPA-Catalyzed One-Pot Multistep Hydrogenation Method for the Synthesis of 1,2,3-Trisubstituted Indolines
No full textA convenient and facile method was developed for the synthesis of 1,2,3-trisubstituted indolines. Starting from indole derivatives and ketones/aldehydes, the corresponding indoline products could be obtained with high yield by the hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) catalyzed indole Friedel-Crafts reaction, reduction and direct reductive amination process
Amphibians and Reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines: the Herpetofauna of Pantabangan-Carranglan Watershed, Nueva Ecija Province, Caraballo Mountain Range
Get PDFWe present detailed species accounts for fifty-nine (59) species of amphibians and reptiles (17 frogs, 14 skinks, 3 agamids, 6 gekkonid lizards, 2 varanids, and 17 snakes) from Pantabangan-Carranglan Watershed, which lies within the Caraballo Mountain Range, whose biota is poorly-known. This was also the first extensive survey of herpetofauna within the watershed. Together with data from previous literature reviews, our records bring the total number of species of amphibians and reptiles for the Caraballo Mountain Range to 66. Forty-two (42) species from the area were Philippine endemics, with 25 species recorded only from Luzon faunal region. Seven species of herpetofauna are associated with unresolved taxonomic issues (new species and species complexes needing taxonomic partitioning, e.g. splitting of species groups). Two species recorded from the area were rarely represented in museum collections. Major distributional and elevational range extensions were recorded for several species. Comparison with Luzon’s other mountain ranges showed that the Caraballo Mountain Range is similar, in terms of species composition, to the northern Sierra Madre and Cordillera Mountain Ranges. The result of this survey showed the Caraballo Mountain Range and its mountains as a possible new center of herpetofaunal diversity and endemicity within Luzon. The importance of the Caraballo Mountain Range as an important biogeographic link merits further study
Maternal Thermal Effects on Female Reproduction and Hatchling Phenotype in the Chinese Skink (Plestiodon chinensis)</i>
Get PDFWe maintained gravid Chinese skinks (Plestiodon chinensis) at three constant temperatures (25, 28 and 31 °C) during gestation, and randomly assigned eggs from each female to one of the same three temperatures for incubation to determine maternal thermal effects on female reproduction and hatchling phenotype. Maternal temperature affected egg-laying date, hatching success and hatchling linear size (snout-vent length, SVL) but not clutch size, egg size, egg component, and embryonic stage at laying. More specifically, females at higher temperatures laid eggs earlier than did those at low temperatures, eggs laid at 31 °C were less likely to hatch than those laid at 25 °C or 28 °C, and hatchlings from eggs laid at 31 °C were smaller in SVL. Our finding that maternal temperature (pre-ovipositional thermal condition) rather than incubation temperature (post-ovipositional thermal condition) affected hatching success indicated that embryos at early stages were more vulnerable to temperature than those at late stages. Our data provide an inference that moderate maternal temperatures enhance reproductive fitness in P. chinensis
Tail Waving Speed Affects Territorial Response in the Toad-headed Agama Phrynocephalus vlangalii
Get PDFTerritorial response affects a resident's access to resources and mates, but the response level is likely flexible due to the trade-off between benefits and costs. Residents have to decide the response based on their own quality, resource benefits and intruder threat. Here we examined the association between territorial response and intruder threat using a newly developed 3D animation in male Phrynocephalus vlangalii. Three intruder stimuli (fast tail waving plus tail coil, slow tail waving plus tail coil and tail coil only) were animated based on display characters of real male P. vlangalii, and played to the resident in the field using a within subject design. We found that residents who faced fast tail waving plus tail coil displays more often emerged from their burrows compared with those faced slow tail waving plus tail coil displays and tail coil only displays, suggesting high speed tail waving display likely encodes high threat and triggers high territorial response. We also found that residents who faced slow tail waving plus tail coil displays opted to stay in the burrow compared with those faced tail coil only displays, suggesting slow tail waving display likely encodes low threat and functions in social conflict alleviation. Taken together, our study casts important insight on the association between intruder tail waving speed and resident's territorial response. and provides some evidence that intruder tail waving speed is positively associated with its threat level
A New Species of the Genus Sinomicrurus Slowinski, Boundy and Lawson, 2001 (Squamata: Elapidae) from Hainan Province, China
Get PDFA new species of the coral snake genus Sinomicrurus is described based on four specimens from southern Hainan Island (three specimens from Tianchi, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, one specimen from Diaoluoshan National Nature Reserve), Hainan Province, China. Morphologically, the new species is rather similar to Sinomicrurus kelloggi. However, it is distinct from S. kelloggi by the pattern on the head, the head length, head length/width, the number of infralabial scales, number of bands on dorsal body, and number of blotches on the belly
Carbon dioxide and methane emission from subsurface peatlands and its controlling factors
No full text泥炭地是陆地生态系统的重要碳库,其碳动态对全球碳循环起着重要影响.近年来,在人类活动和气候变化的影响下,泥炭地急剧退化.表层泥炭在有氧环境下快速分解,亚表层也可能加速代谢过程.结合国内外有关亚表层泥炭的研究进展,综述和阐释自然环境下和退化后亚表层泥炭地二氧化碳和甲烷两种含碳温室气体及其主要影响因子(自然因子和人为因子).结果表明,泥炭地退化后,亚表层会迅速参与到泥炭地生态系统碳循环;水位、植被、温度是影响泥炭地碳循环的主要自然因子,排水、耕作、放牧是主要人为因子.目前对泥炭地亚表层含碳温室气体排放及其影响因素的研究还不够深入,主要侧重于温室气体通量对不同影响因子的短期响应,在后续研究中应结合新的研究技术与方法,加强泥炭地亚表层碳排放机理的研究
Three New Ranidae Mitogenomes and the Evolution of Mitochondrial Gene Rearrangements among Ranidae Species
Get PDFVarious types of gene rearrangements have been discovered in the mitogenoes of the frog family Ranidae. In this study, we determined the complete mitogenome sequence of three Rana frogs. By combining the available mitogenomic data sets from GenBank, we evaluated the phylogenetic relationships of Ranidae at the mitogenome level and analyzed mitogenome rearrangement cases within Ranidae. The three frogs shared an identical mitogenome organization that was extremely similar to the typical Neobatrachian-type arrangement. Except for the genus Babina, the monophyly of each genus was well supported. The genus Amnirana occupied the most basal position among the Ranidae. The [Lithobates + Rana] was the closest sister group of Odorrana. The diversity of mitochondrial gene arrangements in ranid species was unexpectedly high, with 47 mitogenomes from 40 ranids being classified into 10 different gene rearrangement types. Some taxa owned their unique gene rearrangement characteristics, which had significant implication for their phylogeny analysis. All rearrangement events discovered in the Ranidae mitogenomes can be explained by the duplication and random loss model
Auditory perception exhibits sexual dimorphism and left telencephalic dominance in Xenopus laevis
No full textSex differences in both vocalization and auditory processing have been commonly found in vocal animals, although the underlying neural mechanisms associated with sexual dimorphism of auditory processing are not well understood. In this study we investigated whether auditory perception exhibits sexual dimorphism in Xenopus laevis. To do this we measured event-related potentials (ERPs) evoked by white noise (WN) and conspecific calls in the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon respectively. Results showed that (1) the N1 amplitudes evoked in the right telencephalon and right diencephalon of males by WN are significantly different from those evoked in females; (2) in males the N1 amplitudes evoked by conspecific calls are significantly different from those evoked by WN; (3) in females the N1 amplitude for the left mesencephalon was significantly lower than for other brain areas, while the P2 and P3 amplitudes for the right mesencephalon were the smallest; in contrast these amplitudes for the left mesencephalon were the smallest in males. These results suggest auditory perception is sexually dimorphic. Moreover, the amplitude of each ERP component (N1, P2 and P3) for the left telencephalon was the largest in females and/or males, suggesting that left telencephalic dominance exists for auditory perception in Xenopus
Planococcus halotolerans sp nov., isolated from a saline soil sample in China
No full textA novel Gram-stain-positive, coccoid or short rod-shaped, moderate-orange-pigmented, halotolerant and psychrotolerant bacterium, designated strain SCU63T, was isolated from a saline soil sample in China, and characterized by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of strain SCU63(T) to species in the genera Planococcus and Planomicrobium ranged from 96.5 to 98.6 %. Phylogenetic trees as well as diagnostic signature nucleotides in the 16S rRNA gene sequence supported the view that this strain should be assigned to the genus Planococcus. Further, average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization analyses confirmed the separate species status of strain SCU63T relative to the closely related taxa. The isolate grew at 0-40 degrees C (optimum, 30-35 degrees C), at pH 6.5-9.0 (pH 7.0-7.5) and in the presence of 015% (w/v) NaCl (3 %). The principal fatty acids were anteiso-C-15:0, C-16:1 omega 7c alcohol, iso-C16:0 and iso-C14:0, and the dominant isoprenoid quinones were MK-8 and MK-7. The peptidoglycan type was determined to be A4 alpha (L-Lys-D-Glu), and the polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminophospholipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content was 44.6 mol%. Based on the genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain SCU63(T) can be classified as a novel species in the genus Planococcus, for which the name Planococcus halotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SCU63T (=CGMCC 1.13628(T)= KCTC 43001(T))